Abstract Coccidiosis is an infectious parasitic disease. Increasing drug resistance and variable vaccine effectiveness have stimulated interests in developing alternate control strategies. Our research studied the effects of dietary supplementation of multienzyme (phytase, xylanase, β-glucanase, amylase, hemicellulase, and pectinase) in broiler chickens infected with coccidial pathogens by assessing (i) nutrient utilization, immunological response, and gut health-related indicators in small intestine; and (ii) intestinal microbiome modulations. One-day-old male Ross 708 chicks were assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising of 0 or 50 g·kg−1 multienzyme and oral challenge with phosphate buffer saline or mixed Eimeria spp. oocysts (250000 E. acervulina, 50000 E. maxima, and 50000 E. tenella). Multienzyme reduced (P < 0.05) Eimeria-induced loss in feed efficiency and nutrient utilization, partially explained by reduced decrease of b0,+ amino acid transporter in jejunum. Multienzyme suppressed (P < 0.05) the overexpression of interleukin-8 in duodenum and jejunum and ameliorated (P = 0.05) the decreased expression of antioxidant heme oxygenase 1 in ileum induced by Eimeria infection. Multienzyme facilitated (P < 0.01) the bloom of short-chain fatty acid-producing and fiber-degrading microbes. Multienzyme supplementation partly mitigated the adverse effects of Eimeria infection through multiple mechanisms: improving nutrient utilization, reducing local inflammation, and restoring microbial homeostasis.
{"title":"Eimeria infection-related intestinal dynamics and microbiome, growth performance, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with multienzyme","authors":"Jingjing Yuan, T. Johnson, K. Ajuwon, O. Adeola","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2022-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2022-0046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Coccidiosis is an infectious parasitic disease. Increasing drug resistance and variable vaccine effectiveness have stimulated interests in developing alternate control strategies. Our research studied the effects of dietary supplementation of multienzyme (phytase, xylanase, β-glucanase, amylase, hemicellulase, and pectinase) in broiler chickens infected with coccidial pathogens by assessing (i) nutrient utilization, immunological response, and gut health-related indicators in small intestine; and (ii) intestinal microbiome modulations. One-day-old male Ross 708 chicks were assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising of 0 or 50 g·kg−1 multienzyme and oral challenge with phosphate buffer saline or mixed Eimeria spp. oocysts (250000 E. acervulina, 50000 E. maxima, and 50000 E. tenella). Multienzyme reduced (P < 0.05) Eimeria-induced loss in feed efficiency and nutrient utilization, partially explained by reduced decrease of b0,+ amino acid transporter in jejunum. Multienzyme suppressed (P < 0.05) the overexpression of interleukin-8 in duodenum and jejunum and ameliorated (P = 0.05) the decreased expression of antioxidant heme oxygenase 1 in ileum induced by Eimeria infection. Multienzyme facilitated (P < 0.01) the bloom of short-chain fatty acid-producing and fiber-degrading microbes. Multienzyme supplementation partly mitigated the adverse effects of Eimeria infection through multiple mechanisms: improving nutrient utilization, reducing local inflammation, and restoring microbial homeostasis.","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"81 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47672424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the potential expression regularity of POSTN in ovarian tissue. In this study, the uterus, ovarian follicles, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and muscle tissues of Merino sheep (10) were collected and detected by Western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistofluorescence, and fluorescence staining, respectively. The expression of POSTN in various organizations was analyzed. The results showed that the POSTN in Merino sheep had close homology with Bos mutus and Bos taurus. The expression of POSTN was detected in the uterus, follicle, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and muscle tissue, among which the expression of POSTN was highest in ovarian tissue. In addition, the expression of POSTN gradually increased with the increase of follicle diameter, among which POSTN was highly expressed in the granulosa cells (GCs) of follicles. Meanwhile, POSTN were distributed throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm of GCs, suggesting that POSTN may be involved in the regulation of follicle development.
{"title":"Expression analysis of POSTN gene in ovine follicles","authors":"Jiapeng Lin, Chunjie Liu, Liqin Wang, Ying Chen, Xiaolin Li, Yangsheng Wu, Juncheng Huang","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2021-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2021-0036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the potential expression regularity of POSTN in ovarian tissue. In this study, the uterus, ovarian follicles, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and muscle tissues of Merino sheep (10) were collected and detected by Western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistofluorescence, and fluorescence staining, respectively. The expression of POSTN in various organizations was analyzed. The results showed that the POSTN in Merino sheep had close homology with Bos mutus and Bos taurus. The expression of POSTN was detected in the uterus, follicle, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and muscle tissue, among which the expression of POSTN was highest in ovarian tissue. In addition, the expression of POSTN gradually increased with the increase of follicle diameter, among which POSTN was highly expressed in the granulosa cells (GCs) of follicles. Meanwhile, POSTN were distributed throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm of GCs, suggesting that POSTN may be involved in the regulation of follicle development.","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"66 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46854165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A total of 240 geese (28 days old; 120 ganders and 120 gooses) with an average initial body weight of 1068.19 ± 6.59 g were used to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary methionine (Met) levels on growth performance, blood hematology, organ indexes, and myofiber traits. The experimental period was 42 days. All birds were randomly assigned to four treatment groups based on the initial body weight. There were six replicate cages per treatment, and 10 geese per cage (5 ganders and 5 gooses). Dietary treatments were based on a basal diet containing 0.25% Met, and extra supplied 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% Met to form different dietary groups (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00% Met, as-fed basis). The results of this study indicated that final body weight, body weight gain, and feed efficiency increased quadratically, relative weight of breast muscle and myofiber diameter increased cubically, serum total protein and uric acid concentrations, relative weight of liver and abdominal fat, and myofiber diameter increased linearly, whereas myofiber density decreased linearly, with the level of Met increased. The maximized growth performance and breast muscle parameters were observed in 0.75% Met-containing group.
{"title":"Response of growth performance, blood hematology, organ indexes, and myofiber traits to increasing dietary methionine levels in Jilin White goose","authors":"D. Dang, Yan Cui, Haizhu Zhou, Y. Lou, Desheng Li","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2021-0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2021-0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A total of 240 geese (28 days old; 120 ganders and 120 gooses) with an average initial body weight of 1068.19 ± 6.59 g were used to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary methionine (Met) levels on growth performance, blood hematology, organ indexes, and myofiber traits. The experimental period was 42 days. All birds were randomly assigned to four treatment groups based on the initial body weight. There were six replicate cages per treatment, and 10 geese per cage (5 ganders and 5 gooses). Dietary treatments were based on a basal diet containing 0.25% Met, and extra supplied 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% Met to form different dietary groups (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00% Met, as-fed basis). The results of this study indicated that final body weight, body weight gain, and feed efficiency increased quadratically, relative weight of breast muscle and myofiber diameter increased cubically, serum total protein and uric acid concentrations, relative weight of liver and abdominal fat, and myofiber diameter increased linearly, whereas myofiber density decreased linearly, with the level of Met increased. The maximized growth performance and breast muscle parameters were observed in 0.75% Met-containing group.","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"73 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42846754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Cargo-Froom, R. Newkirk, C. Marinangeli, A. Shoveller, Y. Ai, D. Columbus
Abstract Alternative sources of protein will be required in both human and animal nutrition to support ingredient sustainability and nutrient demands of a growing world population. Extrusion is one technique utilized to process pulses and is reported to increase starch and protein digestibility but also has the potential to transform nutrients into non-nutritious compounds. This study sought to compare the effects of extrusion on nutrient composition in Amarillo peas, Dun peas, lentils, chickpeas, and faba beans, with soybean meal (control). Each pulse was extruded at 18% or 22% moisture and 110, 130, or 150 °C. Compared to whole samples, extrusion increased crude protein content of Amarillo and Dun peas, and lentils, and it decreased in soybean meal (P < 0.05). Compared with whole samples, extrusion increased methionine content in chickpeas and lentils (P < 0.05), with no effect in Amarillo or Dun peas, faba beans, and soybean meal. Cysteine content increased in extruded Amarillo peas compared with whole pulses, and decreased in soybean meal (P < 0.05). Results suggest that extrusion can positively affect protein and amino acid content of pulses, however, specific changes differ by pulse/legume type.
{"title":"The effects of extrusion on nutrient content of Canadian pulses with a focus on protein and amino acids","authors":"C. Cargo-Froom, R. Newkirk, C. Marinangeli, A. Shoveller, Y. Ai, D. Columbus","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2022-0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2022-0088","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Alternative sources of protein will be required in both human and animal nutrition to support ingredient sustainability and nutrient demands of a growing world population. Extrusion is one technique utilized to process pulses and is reported to increase starch and protein digestibility but also has the potential to transform nutrients into non-nutritious compounds. This study sought to compare the effects of extrusion on nutrient composition in Amarillo peas, Dun peas, lentils, chickpeas, and faba beans, with soybean meal (control). Each pulse was extruded at 18% or 22% moisture and 110, 130, or 150 °C. Compared to whole samples, extrusion increased crude protein content of Amarillo and Dun peas, and lentils, and it decreased in soybean meal (P < 0.05). Compared with whole samples, extrusion increased methionine content in chickpeas and lentils (P < 0.05), with no effect in Amarillo or Dun peas, faba beans, and soybean meal. Cysteine content increased in extruded Amarillo peas compared with whole pulses, and decreased in soybean meal (P < 0.05). Results suggest that extrusion can positively affect protein and amino acid content of pulses, however, specific changes differ by pulse/legume type.","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"44 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47239985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effects of high- versus low-dose (3000 vs. 300) zinc oxide (ZnO) in combination with or without a probiotic complex (0.1%) on weaned piglet production efficiency, nutrient absorption, fecal bacterial counts, noxious gas emissions, and fecal score. A 42-day experiment included 180 crossbred weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace); 28 days old; 6.61 ± 1.29 kg] and four dietary treatments. An HZ (high ZnO) diet increased body weight at week 6, average daily gain at week 3, week 6, and overall period, and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) at week 3 compared with an LZ (low ZnO) diet. G:F tended to increase with the LZP (LZ with probiotic) diet compared with the HZP (HZ with probiotic) diet at week 1. Escherichia coli count decreased by HZ diet compared with the LZ diet. In addition, E. coli count decreased and Lactobacillus count increased with the HZP diet compared with the LZP diet. There was no effect of treatment on nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission, and fecal score. No interactive effect was seen between ZnO and probiotic. Therefore, high-dose ZnO inclusion improved growth performance and probiotic addition improved fecal microbiota, but no synergistic effect was found from ZnO and probiotic complex interaction.
{"title":"Comparative study of the effects of high- versus low-dose zinc oxide in the diet with or without probiotic supplementation on weaning pigs' growth performance, nutrient utilization, fecal microbes, noxious gas discharges, and fecal score","authors":"Sarbani Biswas, M. Kim, J. Park, Y. Kim, I. Kim","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2022-0080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2022-0080","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effects of high- versus low-dose (3000 vs. 300) zinc oxide (ZnO) in combination with or without a probiotic complex (0.1%) on weaned piglet production efficiency, nutrient absorption, fecal bacterial counts, noxious gas emissions, and fecal score. A 42-day experiment included 180 crossbred weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace); 28 days old; 6.61 ± 1.29 kg] and four dietary treatments. An HZ (high ZnO) diet increased body weight at week 6, average daily gain at week 3, week 6, and overall period, and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) at week 3 compared with an LZ (low ZnO) diet. G:F tended to increase with the LZP (LZ with probiotic) diet compared with the HZP (HZ with probiotic) diet at week 1. Escherichia coli count decreased by HZ diet compared with the LZ diet. In addition, E. coli count decreased and Lactobacillus count increased with the HZP diet compared with the LZP diet. There was no effect of treatment on nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission, and fecal score. No interactive effect was seen between ZnO and probiotic. Therefore, high-dose ZnO inclusion improved growth performance and probiotic addition improved fecal microbiota, but no synergistic effect was found from ZnO and probiotic complex interaction.","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"33 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42125360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in faba beans (FB) and field peas (FP) fed to growing pigs were estimated by the difference procedure in two experiments using the total collection method. Twenty-four barrows with mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.13) and 20.4 kg (SD = 0.56) in the first (Exp. 1) and second experiments (Exp. 2), respectively, were assigned to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. A reference diet was prepared using corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil as the energy-contributing ingredients. Organic FB and DS Admiral FP (FPD) in Exp. 1 and Hampton FP (FPH) and 4010 FP (FP4) in Exp. 2 were included at 30% in the reference diet. In Exp. 1, the determined DE and ME were 3772 and 3606 kcal·kg−1 dry matter (DM) in FB and 3683 and 3589 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPD, respectively. In Exp. 2, the respective DE and ME were 4164 and 4014 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPH and 3574 and 3467 kcal·kg−1 DM in FP4. In conclusion, the determined ME values for FB and FP were 77% to 90% of gross energy.
{"title":"Digestible and metabolizable energy values of faba beans and field peas fed to growing pigs","authors":"A. Adekoya, O. Adeola","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2022-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2022-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in faba beans (FB) and field peas (FP) fed to growing pigs were estimated by the difference procedure in two experiments using the total collection method. Twenty-four barrows with mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.13) and 20.4 kg (SD = 0.56) in the first (Exp. 1) and second experiments (Exp. 2), respectively, were assigned to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. A reference diet was prepared using corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil as the energy-contributing ingredients. Organic FB and DS Admiral FP (FPD) in Exp. 1 and Hampton FP (FPH) and 4010 FP (FP4) in Exp. 2 were included at 30% in the reference diet. In Exp. 1, the determined DE and ME were 3772 and 3606 kcal·kg−1 dry matter (DM) in FB and 3683 and 3589 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPD, respectively. In Exp. 2, the respective DE and ME were 4164 and 4014 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPH and 3574 and 3467 kcal·kg−1 DM in FP4. In conclusion, the determined ME values for FB and FP were 77% to 90% of gross energy.","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"59 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48482625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Achyranthes japonica root extract (AJE) added to a low-protein diet on broiler growth performance, nutrient utilization, cecal microbiota, and meat quality parameters. A total of 450 Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were standard crude protein (SCP) diet, low crude protein (LCP) diet, and LCP diet supplemented with 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06% AJE. Here, the SCP and LCP diets were 21.50% and 21.07% CP during days 8–21 and 20.00% and 19.40% CP during days 22–35, respectively. The LCP diet tended to decrease total body weight gain (TBWG) compared with the SCP diet. Increasing levels of AJE inclusion linearly increased (P < 0.05) TBWG and the LCP diet supplemented with AJE also increased (P < 0.05) TBWG compared with the LCP diet, whereas feed intake and feed conversion ratio were unaffected. AJE supplementation to the LCP diet tended to increase energy digestibility compared with the LCP diet. Breast muscle weight tended to increase by a graded level of AJE supplementation. In conclusion, AJE supplementation represented a potential ability to maintain a similar growth performance when added to a low-protein diet by enhancing nitrogen digestibility and meat quality in broilers. Résumé Cette étude a été effectuée afin d’examiner l’effet de l’extrait de racine d’Achyranthes japonica (AJE — «Achyranthes japonica root extract») ajouté à une diète à faible teneur en protéines sur la performance de croissance, l’utilisation des éléments nutritifs, le microbiote du cæcum, et les paramètres de qualité de viande chez les poulets à griller. Un total de 450 poulets à griller Ross-308 ont été assignés de façon aléatoire à l’un de cinq traitements alimentaires. Les traitements alimentaires étaient : diète standard de protéines brutes (SCP — «standard crude protein»), diète à faible teneur en protéines brutes (LCP — «low crude protein») sans suppléments, et diète LCP avec suppléments de 0,02, 0,04, et 0,06 % d’AJE. Ici, les diètes SCP et LCP étaient : jours 8 à 21 (21,50 % et 21,07 % de protéines brutes [CP — «crude protein»]) et jours 22 à 35 (20,00 % et 19,40 %), respectivement. La diète LCP sans suppléments tendait a diminuer le gain de poids corporel total (TBWG — «total body weight gain») par rapport à la diète SCP. Les niveaux croissants d’inclusion d’AJE ont augmenté (P < 0,05) de façon linéaire le TBWG et la diète LCP avec suppléments d’AJE a aussi augmenté (P < 0,05) le TBWG par rapport à la diète LCP sans suppléments, tandis qu’il n’y avait pas d’effet sur la consommation et le taux de conversion alimentaire (FCR — «feed conversion ratio»). Les suppléments d’AJE dans la diète LCP tendaient a augmenter la digestibilité d’énergie comparée à la diète LCP sans suppléments. Le poids du muscle de la poitrine tendait vers une augmentation selon les différents niveaux de suppléments d’AJE. En conclusion, les suppléments d’AJE représentent un
{"title":"Effects of adding graded levels of Achyranthes japonica root extract to low crude protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and meat quality parameters in broilers","authors":"M. Hossain, Sungbo Cho, I. Kim","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2022-0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2022-0092","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Achyranthes japonica root extract (AJE) added to a low-protein diet on broiler growth performance, nutrient utilization, cecal microbiota, and meat quality parameters. A total of 450 Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were standard crude protein (SCP) diet, low crude protein (LCP) diet, and LCP diet supplemented with 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06% AJE. Here, the SCP and LCP diets were 21.50% and 21.07% CP during days 8–21 and 20.00% and 19.40% CP during days 22–35, respectively. The LCP diet tended to decrease total body weight gain (TBWG) compared with the SCP diet. Increasing levels of AJE inclusion linearly increased (P < 0.05) TBWG and the LCP diet supplemented with AJE also increased (P < 0.05) TBWG compared with the LCP diet, whereas feed intake and feed conversion ratio were unaffected. AJE supplementation to the LCP diet tended to increase energy digestibility compared with the LCP diet. Breast muscle weight tended to increase by a graded level of AJE supplementation. In conclusion, AJE supplementation represented a potential ability to maintain a similar growth performance when added to a low-protein diet by enhancing nitrogen digestibility and meat quality in broilers. Résumé Cette étude a été effectuée afin d’examiner l’effet de l’extrait de racine d’Achyranthes japonica (AJE — «Achyranthes japonica root extract») ajouté à une diète à faible teneur en protéines sur la performance de croissance, l’utilisation des éléments nutritifs, le microbiote du cæcum, et les paramètres de qualité de viande chez les poulets à griller. Un total de 450 poulets à griller Ross-308 ont été assignés de façon aléatoire à l’un de cinq traitements alimentaires. Les traitements alimentaires étaient : diète standard de protéines brutes (SCP — «standard crude protein»), diète à faible teneur en protéines brutes (LCP — «low crude protein») sans suppléments, et diète LCP avec suppléments de 0,02, 0,04, et 0,06 % d’AJE. Ici, les diètes SCP et LCP étaient : jours 8 à 21 (21,50 % et 21,07 % de protéines brutes [CP — «crude protein»]) et jours 22 à 35 (20,00 % et 19,40 %), respectivement. La diète LCP sans suppléments tendait a diminuer le gain de poids corporel total (TBWG — «total body weight gain») par rapport à la diète SCP. Les niveaux croissants d’inclusion d’AJE ont augmenté (P < 0,05) de façon linéaire le TBWG et la diète LCP avec suppléments d’AJE a aussi augmenté (P < 0,05) le TBWG par rapport à la diète LCP sans suppléments, tandis qu’il n’y avait pas d’effet sur la consommation et le taux de conversion alimentaire (FCR — «feed conversion ratio»). Les suppléments d’AJE dans la diète LCP tendaient a augmenter la digestibilité d’énergie comparée à la diète LCP sans suppléments. Le poids du muscle de la poitrine tendait vers une augmentation selon les différents niveaux de suppléments d’AJE. En conclusion, les suppléments d’AJE représentent un","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"26 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42142521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Nutritive and functional values of fruit pomaces in poultry are unexplored. We determined apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and plasma metabolites in broiler chickens fed diets containing apple (APL), low-bush wild blueberry (LBP), cranberry (CRP), and grape (GRP) pomaces without or with multi-enzyme supplement (ENZ). A total of 360 one-day old Ross 708 male chicks were placed in 72 cages; 5 birds/cage were reared to day13 and transitioned to either cornstarch–soy protein isolate basal diet or basal with 30% of either pomace without or with ENZ. Excreta samples were collected from day17 to 20 and one bird/cage bled for plasma metabolites on day 21. Apple pomace showed a higher AME (P=0.008) than other pomaces; however, ENZ had no effect on AME. The AMEs were 3250, 2613, 2394, and 3008 kcal/kg DM for APL, LBP, CRP, and GRP, respectively. There was pomace and ENZ interaction on plasma alkaline phosphatase (P=0.04), and APL increased cholesterol levels (P<0.01). In conclusion, ENZ had no impact on energy increment in pomaces, but the AME values this study has established are nonetheless valuable for accurate poultry feed formulation. Plasma metabolites suggested pomace components are amenable to supplemental ENZ. Résumé Les valeurs nutritives et fonctionnelles des marcs de fruits sont inexplorées chez les poulets. Nous avons déterminé l’énergie métabolisable apparente (AME — «apparent metabolizable energy») et les métabolites plasmatiques chez les poulets à griller ayant reçu des diètes contenant des marcs de pomme (APL — «apple»), de bleuets sauvages à buisson bas (LB — «low bush wild blueberry»), de canneberges (CRP — «cranberry») et de raisins (GRP — «grape») avec ou sans un supplément à multiples enzymes (ENZ). Un total de 360 poussins Ross 708 mâles âgés de un jour ont été placés en 72 cages, 5 par cage, et ont été élevés jusqu’au jour 13 puis transitionnés soit à une diète de base avec isolat de protéines d’amidon de maïs/soja, soit une diète de base avec 30 % de marc avec ou sans ENZ. Les échantillons de fèces ont été collectés des jours 17 à 20 et un poulet/cage saigné pour déterminer les métabolites plasmatiques au jour 21. Le marc APL a montré une AME plus élevée (P = 0,008) que les autres marcs, mais, les ENZ n’ont pas eu d’effet sur l’AME. L’AME était de 3250, 2613, 2394 et 3008 kcal/kg de matières sèches (DM — «dry matter») pour les marcs de APL, LBP, CRP, et GRP, respectivement. Il y avait une interaction entre marc et ENZ pour la phosphatase alcaline (P = 0,04) et l’APL a augmenté les niveaux de cholestérol (P < 0,01). En conclusion, l’ENZ n’a pas eu d’impact sur l’incrément d’énergie dans les marcs, mais les valeurs d’AME établies dans cette étude ont néanmoins une valeur pour la formulation précise des aliments à poulets. Les métabolites plasmatiques suggèrent que les composantes des marcs sont susceptibles aux suppléments d’ENZ. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
{"title":"Utilization of grape (Vitis vinifera), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), and apple (Malus pumila/domestica) pomaces in broiler chickens when fed without or with multi-enzyme supplement","authors":"M. Kithama, K. Ross, M. Diarra, E. Kiarie","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nutritive and functional values of fruit pomaces in poultry are unexplored. We determined apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and plasma metabolites in broiler chickens fed diets containing apple (APL), low-bush wild blueberry (LBP), cranberry (CRP), and grape (GRP) pomaces without or with multi-enzyme supplement (ENZ). A total of 360 one-day old Ross 708 male chicks were placed in 72 cages; 5 birds/cage were reared to day13 and transitioned to either cornstarch–soy protein isolate basal diet or basal with 30% of either pomace without or with ENZ. Excreta samples were collected from day17 to 20 and one bird/cage bled for plasma metabolites on day 21. Apple pomace showed a higher AME (P=0.008) than other pomaces; however, ENZ had no effect on AME. The AMEs were 3250, 2613, 2394, and 3008 kcal/kg DM for APL, LBP, CRP, and GRP, respectively. There was pomace and ENZ interaction on plasma alkaline phosphatase (P=0.04), and APL increased cholesterol levels (P<0.01). In conclusion, ENZ had no impact on energy increment in pomaces, but the AME values this study has established are nonetheless valuable for accurate poultry feed formulation. Plasma metabolites suggested pomace components are amenable to supplemental ENZ. Résumé Les valeurs nutritives et fonctionnelles des marcs de fruits sont inexplorées chez les poulets. Nous avons déterminé l’énergie métabolisable apparente (AME — «apparent metabolizable energy») et les métabolites plasmatiques chez les poulets à griller ayant reçu des diètes contenant des marcs de pomme (APL — «apple»), de bleuets sauvages à buisson bas (LB — «low bush wild blueberry»), de canneberges (CRP — «cranberry») et de raisins (GRP — «grape») avec ou sans un supplément à multiples enzymes (ENZ). Un total de 360 poussins Ross 708 mâles âgés de un jour ont été placés en 72 cages, 5 par cage, et ont été élevés jusqu’au jour 13 puis transitionnés soit à une diète de base avec isolat de protéines d’amidon de maïs/soja, soit une diète de base avec 30 % de marc avec ou sans ENZ. Les échantillons de fèces ont été collectés des jours 17 à 20 et un poulet/cage saigné pour déterminer les métabolites plasmatiques au jour 21. Le marc APL a montré une AME plus élevée (P = 0,008) que les autres marcs, mais, les ENZ n’ont pas eu d’effet sur l’AME. L’AME était de 3250, 2613, 2394 et 3008 kcal/kg de matières sèches (DM — «dry matter») pour les marcs de APL, LBP, CRP, et GRP, respectivement. Il y avait une interaction entre marc et ENZ pour la phosphatase alcaline (P = 0,04) et l’APL a augmenté les niveaux de cholestérol (P < 0,01). En conclusion, l’ENZ n’a pas eu d’impact sur l’incrément d’énergie dans les marcs, mais les valeurs d’AME établies dans cette étude ont néanmoins une valeur pour la formulation précise des aliments à poulets. Les métabolites plasmatiques suggèrent que les composantes des marcs sont susceptibles aux suppléments d’ENZ. [Traduit par la Rédaction]","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"15 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44116724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Palacio, S. Adam, R. Bergeron, D. Pellerin, A. D. de Passillé, J. Rushen, D. Haley, T. DeVries, E. Vasseur
Abstract Tie-stalls are the most confining method of housing for dairy cows and remain commonly used to house cows in many countries. Finding methods to improve animal welfare through housing modifications and alternative management strategies are of increasing importance. Twelve tie-stall dairy farms in Ontario and Quebec, Canada were visited four times in a 12 month period. Visits were spread to observe the effects of pasture (visit 1), short-term effects of stall modifications (visit 2), effects of winter confinement (visit 3), and final measures after 1 year (visit 4). Lameness, injuries, cow cleanliness, lying and rising behaviors, and production parameters were assessed at each visit. Outdoor access had the largest effect: cows with access to pasture had a lower prevalence of various outcome measures throughout all four visits. Also, cows in modified stalls had a higher prevalence of dirty udders compared to cows in unmodified stalls, but only on farms that provided outdoor access. Although applying minor stall modifications to tie-stalls can help improve aspects of animal welfare, providing year-round outdoor access may represent a more effective method; the continued provision of time outside the stall helps maintain the positive impact of outdoor/pasture access on the welfare of tie-stall dairy cows. Résumé La stabulation entravée est la méthode de logement des vaches laitières qui confine le plus les animaux, mais elle demeure communément utilisée pour leur logement dans de nombreux pays. Il devient ainsi de plus en plus important de trouver des méthodes pour améliorer le bien-être animal, par l’entremise de modifications au logement et/ou via des stratégies alternatives de gestion. Douze fermes laitières à stabulation entravée de l'Ontario et du Québec (Canada) ont été visitées 4 fois sur une période de 12 mois. Les visites ont été étalées afin d’observer les effets du pâturage (visite 1), les effets à court terme de modifications apportées aux stalles (visite 2), les effets du confinement hivernal (visite 3), et les résultats finaux après 1 an (visite 4). Boiterie, blessures, propreté des vaches, comportements de lever et de coucher, et paramètres de production ont été évalués à chaque visite. L'impact de l'accès à l'extérieur était le plus important, les vaches ayant accès au pâturage obtenaient de meilleurs résultats pour la plupart des indicateurs de bien-être évalués lors des 4 visites. Chez les fermes offrant un accès à l'extérieur, la prévalence de pis sales était plus élevée chez les vaches dans des stalles modifiées que chez les vaches dans des stalles non modifiées . Si appliquer des modifications mineures aux stalles en stabulation entravée pourrait aider à améliorer des aspects du bien-être animal, offrir un accès à l’extérieur toute l'année pourrait représenter une méthode plus efficace; continuer d’offrir du temps à l’extérieur des stalles aide à maintenir l’impact positif de l’accès à l’extérieur/aux pâturages sur le bie
{"title":"Minor stall modifications and outdoor access can help improve dairy cow welfare in tie-stalls","authors":"S. Palacio, S. Adam, R. Bergeron, D. Pellerin, A. D. de Passillé, J. Rushen, D. Haley, T. DeVries, E. Vasseur","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2022-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2022-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tie-stalls are the most confining method of housing for dairy cows and remain commonly used to house cows in many countries. Finding methods to improve animal welfare through housing modifications and alternative management strategies are of increasing importance. Twelve tie-stall dairy farms in Ontario and Quebec, Canada were visited four times in a 12 month period. Visits were spread to observe the effects of pasture (visit 1), short-term effects of stall modifications (visit 2), effects of winter confinement (visit 3), and final measures after 1 year (visit 4). Lameness, injuries, cow cleanliness, lying and rising behaviors, and production parameters were assessed at each visit. Outdoor access had the largest effect: cows with access to pasture had a lower prevalence of various outcome measures throughout all four visits. Also, cows in modified stalls had a higher prevalence of dirty udders compared to cows in unmodified stalls, but only on farms that provided outdoor access. Although applying minor stall modifications to tie-stalls can help improve aspects of animal welfare, providing year-round outdoor access may represent a more effective method; the continued provision of time outside the stall helps maintain the positive impact of outdoor/pasture access on the welfare of tie-stall dairy cows. Résumé La stabulation entravée est la méthode de logement des vaches laitières qui confine le plus les animaux, mais elle demeure communément utilisée pour leur logement dans de nombreux pays. Il devient ainsi de plus en plus important de trouver des méthodes pour améliorer le bien-être animal, par l’entremise de modifications au logement et/ou via des stratégies alternatives de gestion. Douze fermes laitières à stabulation entravée de l'Ontario et du Québec (Canada) ont été visitées 4 fois sur une période de 12 mois. Les visites ont été étalées afin d’observer les effets du pâturage (visite 1), les effets à court terme de modifications apportées aux stalles (visite 2), les effets du confinement hivernal (visite 3), et les résultats finaux après 1 an (visite 4). Boiterie, blessures, propreté des vaches, comportements de lever et de coucher, et paramètres de production ont été évalués à chaque visite. L'impact de l'accès à l'extérieur était le plus important, les vaches ayant accès au pâturage obtenaient de meilleurs résultats pour la plupart des indicateurs de bien-être évalués lors des 4 visites. Chez les fermes offrant un accès à l'extérieur, la prévalence de pis sales était plus élevée chez les vaches dans des stalles modifiées que chez les vaches dans des stalles non modifiées . Si appliquer des modifications mineures aux stalles en stabulation entravée pourrait aider à améliorer des aspects du bien-être animal, offrir un accès à l’extérieur toute l'année pourrait représenter une méthode plus efficace; continuer d’offrir du temps à l’extérieur des stalles aide à maintenir l’impact positif de l’accès à l’extérieur/aux pâturages sur le bie","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45527656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fiber diameter, a quantitative trait, is controlled by minor effect polygenes. Keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs) are an important part of hair, and their rich polymorphisms facilitate the mining of cashmere trait molecular markers. In this study, Jiangnan and Tibetan cashmere goats were taken as the research object; multiplex PCR and exome sequencing technology were used to identify the exon regional polymorphisms of cashmere goats KRTAP15-1, KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, and KRTAP24-1. The effects of mutation sites on the fiber diameter of cashmere were analyzed by least square method. The results showed that there were 28 mutation sites in the four KRTAP genes in Jiangnan cashmere goats and Tibetan cashmere goat populations. Among them, the KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, and KRTAP24-1 gene polymorphisms were found to be significantly related to the fiber diameter of Jiangnan cashmere goats. The exploration of molecular markers in this study will help to improve the fiber diameter of the down, while the identification of gene polymorphisms will provide original data for the utilization and protection of germplasm resources of cashmere goats. Le diamètre de la fibre, une caractéristique quantitative, est contrôlé par des polygènes à effet mineur. Les protéines associées à la kératine (KRTAPs — «keratin-associated proteins») sont parties importantes des poils, et leurs polymorphismes riches facilitent le minage des marqueurs moléculaires des caractéristiques du cachemire. Dans cette étude, les chèvres à cachemire de Jiangnan et du Tibet ont été utilisées comme objets de recherche. La PCR multiplexe et la technologie de séquençage d’exons ont été utilisées afin de déterminer les polymorphismes régionaux des exons des chèvres à cachemire KRTAP15-1, KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, et KRTAP24-1. Les effets des sites de mutation sur le diamètre de la fibre du cachemire ont été analysés par la méthode des moindres carrés. Les résultats ont montré qu’il y avait 28 sites de mutation dans les quatre gènes KRTAP dans les populations de chèvres à cachemire de Jiangnan et du Tibet. Parmi ceux-ci, les polymorphismes de gènes KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, et KRTAP24-1 se sont avérés reliés de façon significative au diamètre de la fibre des chèvres à cachemire de Jiangnan. L’exploration des marqueurs moléculaires dans cette étude aidera à améliorer le diamètre de la fibre du duvet, tandis que l’identification des polymorphismes des gènes offrira des données originales pour l’utilisation et la protection des ressources du patrimoine génétique des chèvres à cachemire. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
摘要纤维直径是一种数量性状，受微效多基因控制。角蛋白相关蛋白(Keratin-associated protein, KRTAPs)是毛发的重要组成部分，其丰富的多态性为羊绒性状分子标记的挖掘提供了便利。本研究以江南、藏绒山羊为研究对象;利用多重PCR和外显子组测序技术鉴定了绒山羊KRTAP15-1、KRTAP13.1、KRTAP27-1和KRTAP24-1的外显子区域多态性。利用最小二乘法分析了突变位点对羊绒纤维直径的影响。结果表明，在江南绒山羊和西藏绒山羊群体中，KRTAP 4个基因共有28个突变位点。其中，KRTAP13.1、KRTAP27-1和KRTAP24-1基因多态性与江南绒山羊纤维直径显著相关。本研究中分子标记的探索将有助于提高绒山羊的纤维直径，而基因多态性的鉴定将为绒山羊种质资源的利用和保护提供原始数据。纤维的直径，一个caracacririque定量，est contrôlé par des polyg效应mineur。“角蛋白相关蛋白”(KRTAPs -«角蛋白相关蛋白»)是一种重要的蛋白质组合，而“角蛋白相关蛋白”(KRTAPs -«角蛋白相关蛋白»)则是一种重要的蛋白质组合，可以促进“角蛋白相关蛋白”的形成。当一个人的生活中，有一个人的生活中，有一个人的生活中，有一个人的生活中，有一个人的生活。KRTAP15-1、KRTAP13.1、KRTAP27-1、KRTAP24-1等基因的克隆和扩增技术。对变异位点的影响，如对变异位点的影响，如对变异位点的影响，如对变异位点的影响，如对变异位点的影响，如对变异位点的影响，如对变异位点的影响。里面的结果的东西我们28日网站de基因突变在四点KRTAP在人口de山羊cachemire de江南等杜西藏。Parmi ceux-ci, les多态性基因KRTAP13.1 KRTAP27-1等KRTAP24-1 se是主张依靠德这样有意义的非盟直径de la纤维des山羊cachemire de江南。在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上，在《研究如何利用和保护遗传资源》的基础上。[贸易协定]
{"title":"Correlation analysis of four KRTAP gene polymorphisms and cashmere fiber diameters in two cashmere goat breeds","authors":"Cuiling Wua, Chongkai Qin, Xuefeng Fu, Bingru Zhao, Yujiang Wu, Junmin He, Jin-ming Mao, Jing Liu, Xixia Huang, K. Tian","doi":"10.1139/cjas-2021-0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2021-0112","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fiber diameter, a quantitative trait, is controlled by minor effect polygenes. Keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs) are an important part of hair, and their rich polymorphisms facilitate the mining of cashmere trait molecular markers. In this study, Jiangnan and Tibetan cashmere goats were taken as the research object; multiplex PCR and exome sequencing technology were used to identify the exon regional polymorphisms of cashmere goats KRTAP15-1, KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, and KRTAP24-1. The effects of mutation sites on the fiber diameter of cashmere were analyzed by least square method. The results showed that there were 28 mutation sites in the four KRTAP genes in Jiangnan cashmere goats and Tibetan cashmere goat populations. Among them, the KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, and KRTAP24-1 gene polymorphisms were found to be significantly related to the fiber diameter of Jiangnan cashmere goats. The exploration of molecular markers in this study will help to improve the fiber diameter of the down, while the identification of gene polymorphisms will provide original data for the utilization and protection of germplasm resources of cashmere goats. Le diamètre de la fibre, une caractéristique quantitative, est contrôlé par des polygènes à effet mineur. Les protéines associées à la kératine (KRTAPs — «keratin-associated proteins») sont parties importantes des poils, et leurs polymorphismes riches facilitent le minage des marqueurs moléculaires des caractéristiques du cachemire. Dans cette étude, les chèvres à cachemire de Jiangnan et du Tibet ont été utilisées comme objets de recherche. La PCR multiplexe et la technologie de séquençage d’exons ont été utilisées afin de déterminer les polymorphismes régionaux des exons des chèvres à cachemire KRTAP15-1, KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, et KRTAP24-1. Les effets des sites de mutation sur le diamètre de la fibre du cachemire ont été analysés par la méthode des moindres carrés. Les résultats ont montré qu’il y avait 28 sites de mutation dans les quatre gènes KRTAP dans les populations de chèvres à cachemire de Jiangnan et du Tibet. Parmi ceux-ci, les polymorphismes de gènes KRTAP13.1, KRTAP27-1, et KRTAP24-1 se sont avérés reliés de façon significative au diamètre de la fibre des chèvres à cachemire de Jiangnan. L’exploration des marqueurs moléculaires dans cette étude aidera à améliorer le diamètre de la fibre du duvet, tandis que l’identification des polymorphismes des gènes offrira des données originales pour l’utilisation et la protection des ressources du patrimoine génétique des chèvres à cachemire. [Traduit par la Rédaction]","PeriodicalId":9512,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"561 - 570"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48157414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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