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High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a common disease observed in climbers, skiers and soldiers who ascend to high altitudes without previous acclimatization. Thus, a reliable and reproducible animal model that can mimic the mechanisms of pathophysiologic response in humans is crucial for successful investigations. Our results showed that exposure to 4500 m for 2 days had little influence on lung function or blood gas, and exposure to 6000 m for 2 or 3 days could change lung function and blood gas, but most parameters returned to nearly normal levels within 48 hours. This study indicates that exposure to 6000 m for 3 days may induce evident lung edema and significantly alter lung function and blood gas, which may mimic HAPE in clinical practice. Thus, this animal model of HAPE may be used in future studies on HAPE.

Aim: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are thought to exert a clinical effect through various mechanisms, including through alteration in synaptic plasticity. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can induce temporary changes in synaptic excitability in cerebral cortex that resemble long-term potentiation and long-term depression that serve as a measure of synaptic plasticity in vivo. A version of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation called continuous theta burst stimulation can induce inhibition of cortical excitability that can be measured through a motor evoked potential. Previous work has suggested that this response can be modulated by administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Method: Thirty-one healthy volunteers received both fluoxetine 20 mg and placebo in randomly ordered sessions, followed by spaced continuous theta burst stimulation to motor cortex. Changes in Motor Evoked Potentials were then recorded over 60 min.

Results: The response to spaced continuous theta burst stimulation did not differ significantly between fluoxetine and placebo sessions. Spaced continuous theta burst stimulation produced a paradoxical excitatory response in an unexpected number of participants.

Conclusion: A single dose of fluoxetine 20 mg does not influence the response to continuous theta burst stimulation. Previous results suggesting an effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on inhibitory non-invasive brain stimulation protocols may be due to insufficiently large sample sizes.

Aim: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on weight, body mass index (BMI), and lipid metabolism in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients with TRD who received rTMS treatment at the Jikei University Hospital from September 2018 to August 2021. The patients were diagnosed based on the DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria and treated using the NeuroStar TMS System. For 3-6 weeks, 10-Hz rTMS was administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 120% motor threshold. The primary outcomes were changes in weight and BMI, whereas the secondary outcomes included changes in total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, thyroid function indicators, as well as HAMD-17, HAMD-24, and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA.

Results: Among the 34 patients (20 men and 14 women) included, no significant changes were observed in weight or BMI after rTMS treatment (average weight reduction: -0.50 kg, 95% CI: -0.14 to 0.56, p = 0.24; average BMI reduction: -0.21, 95% CI: -0.10 to 0.61, p = 0.15). However, significant reductions in total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels and FT4 were observed. Furthermore, the HAMD-17, HAMD-24, and MADRS scores significantly increased post-treatment.

Conclusion: rTMS treatment did not affect weight or BMI in patients with TRD but is believed to improve lipid metabolism.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Some children with ASD show enhanced cortisol response to stress. BTBR T⁺ Itpr3^tf/J (BTBR) mice, an ASD model, display behavior consistent with the three diagnostic categories of ASD and exhibit an exaggerated response to stress in adulthood. However, it remains unclear how basal corticosterone levels change and how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responds to stress during the early life stages in BTBR mice. In this study, we found that basal corticosterone levels showed characteristic changes, peaking at weaning during postnatal development in both BTBR and control C57BL/6J (B6J) mice. Furthermore, we observed higher corticosterone and corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in BTBR mice than in B6J mice following acute stress exposure during weaning; however, adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were lower in BTBR mice. Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus and lateral septum after stress were higher in BTBR mice than in B6J mice. This study documented changes in corticosterone levels at baseline during postnatal development in mice and showed that BTBR mice exhibited disrupted stress responses at weaning.

The use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO 2 ) in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is becoming more widespread and increasing yearly, however there are few prognostic reports on long-term functional efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess the functional prognosis of patients with moderate-to-severe TBI 5-8 years following HBO 2 treatments and to explore the optimal HBO 2 regimen associated with prognosis, using a retrospective study. Clinical data were retrospectively collected as a baseline for patients with moderate-to-severe TBI treated with HBO 2 during inpatient rehabilitation from January 2014 to December 2017. The primary outcome measure was the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and the secondary outcome measure was the Glasgow Outcome Scale. A total of 133 patients enrolled, with 9 (6.8%) dying, 41 (30.8%) remaining moderately disabled or worse (DRS scores 4-29), 83 (62.4%) remaining partially/mildly disabled or no disability (DRS scores 0-3). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age at injury (odds ratio (OR), 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92-0.99), length of intensive care unit stay (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99), and HBO 2 sessions (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99) were variables that independently influenced long-term prognosis. Cubic fitting models revealed that 14 and 21.6 sessions of HBO 2 could be effective for moderate and severe TBI, respectively. This study highlighted that HBO 2 in moderate-to-severe TBI may contribute to minimize death and reduce overall disability in the long-term. However, clinicians should be cautious of the potential risk of adverse long-term prognosis from excessive HBO 2 exposure when tailoring individualized HBO 2 regimens for patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05387018) on March 31, 2022.

Plasmonic nanostructures have emerged as indispensable components in the construction of high-performance gas sensors, playing a pivotal role across diverse applications, including industrial safety, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. This review paper critically examines seminal research that underscores the remarkable efficacy of plasmonic materials in achieving superior attributes such as heightened sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response times in gas detection. Offering a synthesis of pivotal studies, this review aims to furnish a comprehensive discourse on the contemporary advancements within the burgeoning domain of plasmonic gas sensing. The featured investigations meticulously scrutinize various plasmonic structures and their applications in detecting gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide. The discussed frameworks encompass cutting-edge approaches, spanning ideal absorbers, surface plasmon resonance sensors, and nanostructured materials, thereby elucidating the diverse strategies employed for advancing plasmonic gas sensing technologies.