Pub Date : 2025-01-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105544
Yinghui Liu , Qing Peng , Zhongze Fan , Yonghuang Zheng , Haifeng Wang , Dan Wu , Yueguang Wei , Xiaoming Liu
Risk assessment plays a crucial role in the arrangement design of storage vessels with flammable fuels or explosible chemicals. Underestimating the safety distance between vessels may lead to a domino catastrophe caused by scattered fragments from an unexpected explosion: an individual explosion resulting in a chain of explosions. In this work, we proposed a general mathematical model to study the fragment trajectory after explosion, with a focus on how the trajectory is affected by wind. Considering the wind effect in the proposed model, we predicted the fragment trajectory and probability distribution by solving the equations of motion for a projectile in the quadratic-resistant medium. Our results show that the maximum projection distance of the fragment varies linearly with the wind speed and increases nonlinearly with the explosion energy. Also, the derived probability distribution of scattering fragments aids in estimating safety distances between vessels with explosive fuel, providing a guideline for the risk assessment for vessel arrangement.
{"title":"Safety assessment of explosion fragment projection in a wind field","authors":"Yinghui Liu , Qing Peng , Zhongze Fan , Yonghuang Zheng , Haifeng Wang , Dan Wu , Yueguang Wei , Xiaoming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Risk assessment plays a crucial role in the arrangement design of storage vessels with flammable fuels or explosible chemicals. Underestimating the safety distance between vessels may lead to a domino catastrophe caused by scattered fragments from an unexpected explosion: an individual explosion resulting in a chain of explosions. In this work, we proposed a general mathematical model to study the fragment trajectory after explosion, with a focus on how the trajectory is affected by wind. Considering the wind effect in the proposed model, we predicted the fragment trajectory and probability distribution by solving the equations of motion for a projectile in the quadratic-resistant medium. Our results show that the maximum projection distance of the fragment varies linearly with the wind speed and increases nonlinearly with the explosion energy. Also, the derived probability distribution of scattering fragments aids in estimating safety distances between vessels with explosive fuel, providing a guideline for the risk assessment for vessel arrangement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105538
Trygve Skjold
Knowledge and competence related to process safety is relevant for a broad range of systems in industry and society where loss of containment of hazardous materials, fires, and explosions represent a hazard to people, property, and the environment. Process safety is an interdisciplinary subject, as well as an applied discipline that evolves with the development of industry and society, and it may not be straightforward to decide which topics to include in a curriculum on process safety, what level of detail to cover, and how courses and teaching should be organised to maximise learning outcomes and relevance for future employment. This paper summarises results from a survey targeting practitioners of process safety, from academia and various branches of the labour market. The main objective of the study was to explore global trends, practices, and priorities related to process safety, with a view to promote sharing of knowledge and best practices between stakeholders. Overall, the responses from academia and the labour market are reasonably aligned. The results reflect the global efforts to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources in conjunction with energy carriers such as hydrogen, ammonia, and batteries.
{"title":"Teaching process safety in the twenty-first century","authors":"Trygve Skjold","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge and competence related to process safety is relevant for a broad range of systems in industry and society where loss of containment of hazardous materials, fires, and explosions represent a hazard to people, property, and the environment. Process safety is an interdisciplinary subject, as well as an applied discipline that evolves with the development of industry and society, and it may not be straightforward to decide which topics to include in a curriculum on process safety, what level of detail to cover, and how courses and teaching should be organised to maximise learning outcomes and relevance for future employment. This paper summarises results from a survey targeting practitioners of process safety, from academia and various branches of the labour market. The main objective of the study was to explore global trends, practices, and priorities related to process safety, with a view to promote sharing of knowledge and best practices between stakeholders. Overall, the responses from academia and the labour market are reasonably aligned. The results reflect the global efforts to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources in conjunction with energy carriers such as hydrogen, ammonia, and batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105538"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105541
Benedetta A. De Liso, Gianmaria Pio, Ernesto Salzano
An innovative and multicriteria procedure based on the experimental characterization of solid materials exposed to fire was developed in this work. The validity and potentialities of this approach were tested for the evaluation of polymeric materials of potential use in electrochemical energy storage systems. To this aim, different experimental techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and cone calorimetry, were implemented to quantify fundamental-based key performance indicators (KPIs) accounting for environmental (e.g., toxicity), ignitability, and flame characteristics. The developed approach enabled us to thoroughly examine the implications of key variables, including sample thickness, thermal flux, and composition. Considering the analyzed scale, the flexibility in boundary conditions, and the variety of collected data, the use of bench-scale equipment such as the cone calorimeter is recommended for the implementation of the proposed procedure. Based on the combination of collected data an overall ranking in terms of sustainability was obtained, showing that PVC is the least-performing material among the ones investigated. Therefore, the presented methodology can be also intended as a powerful tool for the comparison of final products and materials, paving the way for a more informed decision-making process.
{"title":"Multicriteria approach to assess the fire behaviour of polymers in electrochemical energy storage","authors":"Benedetta A. De Liso, Gianmaria Pio, Ernesto Salzano","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An innovative and multicriteria procedure based on the experimental characterization of solid materials exposed to fire was developed in this work. The validity and potentialities of this approach were tested for the evaluation of polymeric materials of potential use in electrochemical energy storage systems. To this aim, different experimental techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and cone calorimetry, were implemented to quantify fundamental-based key performance indicators (KPIs) accounting for environmental (e.g., toxicity), ignitability, and flame characteristics. The developed approach enabled us to thoroughly examine the implications of key variables, including sample thickness, thermal flux, and composition. Considering the analyzed scale, the flexibility in boundary conditions, and the variety of collected data, the use of bench-scale equipment such as the cone calorimeter is recommended for the implementation of the proposed procedure. Based on the combination of collected data an overall ranking in terms of sustainability was obtained, showing that PVC is the least-performing material among the ones investigated. Therefore, the presented methodology can be also intended as a powerful tool for the comparison of final products and materials, paving the way for a more informed decision-making process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105541"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105542
Osama Hassan, Zohaib Atiq Khan, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Imran Rashid
Accidental releases of toxic chemicals pose a significant threat to both human safety and the environment. Simulating and preventing chemical leaks is a critical aspect of environmental and process safety. This study utilizes the Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model to simulate chlorine gas leakage, focusing on four key parameters: wind speed, ambient temperature, gas pressure, and reactor hole diameter. In this study, we carried out over two thousand simulations by changing four specific parameters. The common ALOHA software is well-known for consequence modelling. Typically, the initial run takes around 30–40 min, while subsequent runs can be completed in about 2 min. This delay can be quite a challenge when used in industrial settings. To address this issue, we looked into using machine learning (ML) as a better alternative to traditional consequence modelling methods. Our goal was to cut down the estimation time to just 15 s for each simulation especially initial run. We trained the ML model using 80% of the simulation data. The leftover 20% was used for testing. The results, shown in a series of performance curves, indicate that our model has been effectively trained. It shows high accuracy in predicting chlorine levels across different conditions. In summary, these findings imply that ML models hold significant potential as a more efficient means for conducting in-depth consequence modelling in industrial environments. This study opens future research opportunities in replacing ALOHA with machine learning based models for very quick prediction of accidental release of toxic chemicals.
{"title":"Beyond ALOHA- quickly predict accidental release of toxic chemicals using machine learning","authors":"Osama Hassan, Zohaib Atiq Khan, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Imran Rashid","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accidental releases of toxic chemicals pose a significant threat to both human safety and the environment. Simulating and preventing chemical leaks is a critical aspect of environmental and process safety. This study utilizes the Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model to simulate chlorine gas leakage, focusing on four key parameters: wind speed, ambient temperature, gas pressure, and reactor hole diameter. In this study, we carried out over two thousand simulations by changing four specific parameters. The common ALOHA software is well-known for consequence modelling. Typically, the initial run takes around 30–40 min, while subsequent runs can be completed in about 2 min. This delay can be quite a challenge when used in industrial settings. To address this issue, we looked into using machine learning (ML) as a better alternative to traditional consequence modelling methods. Our goal was to cut down the estimation time to just 15 s for each simulation especially initial run. We trained the ML model using 80% of the simulation data. The leftover 20% was used for testing. The results, shown in a series of performance curves, indicate that our model has been effectively trained. It shows high accuracy in predicting chlorine levels across different conditions. In summary, these findings imply that ML models hold significant potential as a more efficient means for conducting in-depth consequence modelling in industrial environments. This study opens future research opportunities in replacing ALOHA with machine learning based models for very quick prediction of accidental release of toxic chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105540
F. Baumann, M. Himstedt, D. Möckel, M. Beyer
Pump pressures of a few tens to several hundred MPa are used for vessel cleaning processes with water. Where an explosive atmosphere is present, the pump pressure used must be limited to 50 MPa in order to avoid electrostatic ignition hazards due to brush discharges from charged droplet clouds to earthed installed parts. Pressures above 50 MPa are not considered in electrostatic regulations such as technical specification IEC TS 60079-32-1. This pressure limit originates from the performance limits of the cleaning technologies investigated in the past. The pump pressure above which an electrostatic ignition hazard exists is, however, unknown. This limitation works to impair the effectiveness of the cleaning processes. To satisfy the technical state of the art, tests were conducted in vessels of up to 44 m³ and pump pressures of up to 250 MPa. Based on the outcome of these extensive tests and on relevant references, an assessment method is described that takes account of the space charge densities present in the vessel when water is sprayed into it. The derived flow chart enables manufacturers and operators to safely carry out assessments of cleaning processes with water up to 250 MPa in explosive atmospheres, factoring in the vessel dimensions, cleaning technology parameters, and water type. This opens new possibilities for more economical cleaning processes and better-quality cleaning results while maintaining the same level of safety.
{"title":"Assessment of electrostatic ignition hazards during water spray cleaning processes above 50 MPa","authors":"F. Baumann, M. Himstedt, D. Möckel, M. Beyer","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pump pressures of a few tens to several hundred MPa are used for vessel cleaning processes with water. Where an explosive atmosphere is present, the pump pressure used must be limited to 50 MPa in order to avoid electrostatic ignition hazards due to brush discharges from charged droplet clouds to earthed installed parts. Pressures above 50 MPa are not considered in electrostatic regulations such as technical specification IEC TS 60079-32-1. This pressure limit originates from the performance limits of the cleaning technologies investigated in the past. The pump pressure above which an electrostatic ignition hazard exists is, however, unknown. This limitation works to impair the effectiveness of the cleaning processes. To satisfy the technical state of the art, tests were conducted in vessels of up to 44 m³ and pump pressures of up to 250 MPa. Based on the outcome of these extensive tests and on relevant references, an assessment method is described that takes account of the space charge densities present in the vessel when water is sprayed into it. The derived flow chart enables manufacturers and operators to safely carry out assessments of cleaning processes with water up to 250 MPa in explosive atmospheres, factoring in the vessel dimensions, cleaning technology parameters, and water type. This opens new possibilities for more economical cleaning processes and better-quality cleaning results while maintaining the same level of safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Quantitative risk assessment and risk reduction of worst-case accident scenario at fuel storage terminal” [J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind., Volume 88, April 2024, 105272]","authors":"Juwari Juwari , Rendra Panca Anugraha , Mabrur Zanata , Nutfah Amirah Leksono , Mahar Diana Hamid , Teguh Cahyono","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105532","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105537
Kai Yang , Manru Zhai , Jihe Chen , Jiaqi Li , Tingrui Zhu , Shuaishuai Huang , Ruofan Huang , Pengfei Lv , Jing Shen
To expose the influence of wire mesh number and dust characteristics on the suppression of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) dust explosion, this paper investigates the effects of both the spread of flame behavior and overpressure distribution features of LDPE dust explosion by using a high-speed camera and a semi-open vertical glass pipe. The consequence indicates that the characteristics of wire mesh number and dust have a collaborative restraint effect on the LDPE dust explosion. Augment the mesh number of single-layer wire mesh will enhance the irregularity of the flame front, which can promote the explosion of dust clouds in the range of 1040 g/m3 ∼ 2080 g/m3 before the flame is fully quenched; dust particle size dispersed is the same, and the average flame speed with the enhanced mesh number and reduced; the higher the mesh number, the more significant the quenching effect of the wire mesh on the explosion flame, and the non-uniformity of the overpressure distribution in the pipe gradually increases; the bottom of the pipeline overpressure and the size of the particle is negatively correlated to the mesh number of the positively correlated, and increased and then decreased with the increase of the dust cloud concentration, and showed a significant change in the working conditions with a wire number of 60, a D50 of 104 μm, and a dust cloud concentration of 1040 g/m3. Therefore, the coupling action of mesh number, dust particle size, and dust cloud concentration should be fully considered when the wire mesh is used for explosion suppression design.
{"title":"Experimental studies on the explosion characteristics of LDPE dust under the action of wire mesh","authors":"Kai Yang , Manru Zhai , Jihe Chen , Jiaqi Li , Tingrui Zhu , Shuaishuai Huang , Ruofan Huang , Pengfei Lv , Jing Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To expose the influence of wire mesh number and dust characteristics on the suppression of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) dust explosion, this paper investigates the effects of both the spread of flame behavior and overpressure distribution features of LDPE dust explosion by using a high-speed camera and a semi-open vertical glass pipe. The consequence indicates that the characteristics of wire mesh number and dust have a collaborative restraint effect on the LDPE dust explosion. Augment the mesh number of single-layer wire mesh will enhance the irregularity of the flame front, which can promote the explosion of dust clouds in the range of 1040 g/m<sup>3</sup> ∼ 2080 g/m<sup>3</sup> before the flame is fully quenched; dust particle size dispersed is the same, and the average flame speed with the enhanced mesh number and reduced; the higher the mesh number, the more significant the quenching effect of the wire mesh on the explosion flame, and the non-uniformity of the overpressure distribution in the pipe gradually increases; the bottom of the pipeline overpressure and the size of the particle is negatively correlated to the mesh number of the positively correlated, and increased and then decreased with the increase of the dust cloud concentration, and showed a significant change in the working conditions with a wire number of 60, a D<sub>50</sub> of 104 μm, and a dust cloud concentration of 1040 g/m<sup>3</sup>. Therefore, the coupling action of mesh number, dust particle size, and dust cloud concentration should be fully considered when the wire mesh is used for explosion suppression design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105537"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mixing inert materials with combustible powders can mitigate electrostatic ignition risks and prevent dust explosions. In the agri-food sector, adding mineral powders to complex organic blends (premixes) is of interest for both nutritional quality and process safety. This research investigates the influence of the minerals' chemical nature and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) on the Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of binary mixtures to better understand the inerting effects in premixes. DL-Methionine was mixed with CaCO3, NaCl, and NaHCO3, each featuring distinct PSDs and inerting mechanisms. Ignition tests were performed using the MIKE3 apparatus following ISO/IEC 80079-20-2 standards, complemented by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, dust cloud pyrolysis tests in a modified Godbert-Greenwald oven, and gas analysis by micro gas chromatography. The mineral's PSD exhibited the most significant effect on MIE moderation, although its efficacy depended on its chemical nature. For CaCO3 and NaCl, finer PSDs (median particle diameters of 52 and 35 μm, respectively) effectively inhibited methionine ignition due to their high thermal stability (Tdecomp > 900K). NaHCO3 was the most effective inerting agent, increasing the mixture's decomposition enthalpy by 80% and releasing 30% more CO2 into the flame zone. These findings support the implementation of inherently safer measures in premix manufacturing.
{"title":"Moderating electrostatic ignition of organic/mineral animal feed mixtures","authors":"José Serrano , Fabrice Putier , Laurent Perrin , Olivier Dufaud","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixing inert materials with combustible powders can mitigate electrostatic ignition risks and prevent dust explosions. In the agri-food sector, adding mineral powders to complex organic blends (premixes) is of interest for both nutritional quality and process safety. This research investigates the influence of the minerals' chemical nature and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) on the Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of binary mixtures to better understand the inerting effects in premixes. DL-Methionine was mixed with CaCO<sub>3</sub>, NaCl, and NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, each featuring distinct PSDs and inerting mechanisms. Ignition tests were performed using the MIKE3 apparatus following ISO/IEC 80079-20-2 standards, complemented by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, dust cloud pyrolysis tests in a modified Godbert-Greenwald oven, and gas analysis by micro gas chromatography. The mineral's PSD exhibited the most significant effect on MIE moderation, although its efficacy depended on its chemical nature. For CaCO<sub>3</sub> and NaCl, finer PSDs (median particle diameters of 52 and 35 μm, respectively) effectively inhibited methionine ignition due to their high thermal stability (T<sub>decomp</sub> > 900K). NaHCO<sub>3</sub> was the most effective inerting agent, increasing the mixture's decomposition enthalpy by 80% and releasing 30% more CO<sub>2</sub> into the flame zone. These findings support the implementation of inherently safer measures in premix manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105535
Xiaoyang Luan , Bin Zhang , Michael Short , Tao Chen
Accidental leaks from high-pressure hydrogen storage containers can lead to under-expanded jet flows, posing risks of fires or explosions. Practitioners traditionally harness Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to assess the hazards of such hydrogen releases. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, often chosen by their efficiency and reliability and significantly influences CFD results. However, the closure coefficients within RANS harbor uncertainties. These coefficients, often defaulting to values ascertained from foundational flow experiments, may not generalize across diverse flow contexts, especially for intricate flow challenges like under-expanded hydrogen jets with high velocities and pressures. This study employs surrogate modelling to recalibrate these closure coefficients for CFD simulations of under-expanded hydrogen jets. Sensitivity analysis with Sobol indices quantifies their impact. The recalibration resulted in significantly improved accuracy, compared to their default values, of the CFD against literature reported experimental data. The results can enhance safety assessments and measures for hydrogen applications.
{"title":"Calibration and sensitivity analysis of under-expanded hydrogen jet CFD simulation based on surrogate modeling","authors":"Xiaoyang Luan , Bin Zhang , Michael Short , Tao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accidental leaks from high-pressure hydrogen storage containers can lead to under-expanded jet flows, posing risks of fires or explosions. Practitioners traditionally harness Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to assess the hazards of such hydrogen releases. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, often chosen by their efficiency and reliability and significantly influences CFD results. However, the closure coefficients within RANS harbor uncertainties. These coefficients, often defaulting to values ascertained from foundational flow experiments, may not generalize across diverse flow contexts, especially for intricate flow challenges like under-expanded hydrogen jets with high velocities and pressures. This study employs surrogate modelling to recalibrate these closure coefficients for CFD simulations of under-expanded hydrogen jets. Sensitivity analysis with Sobol indices quantifies their impact. The recalibration resulted in significantly improved accuracy, compared to their default values, of the CFD against literature reported experimental data. The results can enhance safety assessments and measures for hydrogen applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105535"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105533
Zhenbao Li , Weichen Zhao , Chao Li , Zichen Fan , Mingneng Chen , Liang Xian
Coal dust is highly susceptible to explosions when exposed to an ignition source, leading to significant casualties and property damage. To develop a more effective coal dust suppressant, a composite inhibitor consisting of fly ash (FA) and KH2PO4 was prepared using a planetary ball mill. The suppression characteristics of the FA/KH2PO4 composite were investigated using a 20 L spherical explosion test system and FTIR analysis. Kinetic modeling of the FA/KH2PO4 inhibition of explosions was performed in conjunction with Chemkin software. The results indicated that a 1:1 ratio of FA to KH2PO4 provided optimal suppression. At a dosage of 55 wt%, complete suppression was achieved. The FA/KH2PO4 composite inhibited the oxidation of coal by reducing the reaction rate of radicals originating from the preheating zone. KH2PO4 suppresses explosions by capturing active radicals and inhibiting the formation of key functional groups, while FA contributes to suppression through the creation of physical barriers and radical adsorption. This combination exhibits a synergistic effect in suppressing coal dust explosions.
{"title":"The characteristics and mechanism of core-shell structure fly ash/KH2PO4 composite inhibitor in suppressing coal dust explosions","authors":"Zhenbao Li , Weichen Zhao , Chao Li , Zichen Fan , Mingneng Chen , Liang Xian","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal dust is highly susceptible to explosions when exposed to an ignition source, leading to significant casualties and property damage. To develop a more effective coal dust suppressant, a composite inhibitor consisting of fly ash (FA) and KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> was prepared using a planetary ball mill. The suppression characteristics of the FA/KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> composite were investigated using a 20 L spherical explosion test system and FTIR analysis. Kinetic modeling of the FA/KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> inhibition of explosions was performed in conjunction with Chemkin software. The results indicated that a 1:1 ratio of FA to KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> provided optimal suppression. At a dosage of 55 wt%, complete suppression was achieved. The FA/KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> composite inhibited the oxidation of coal by reducing the reaction rate of radicals originating from the preheating zone. KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> suppresses explosions by capturing active radicals and inhibiting the formation of key functional groups, while FA contributes to suppression through the creation of physical barriers and radical adsorption. This combination exhibits a synergistic effect in suppressing coal dust explosions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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