This paper describes a three dimensional (3D) finite element model of micromachined stimulating microelectrode arrays for cortical stimulation. These micromachined probes, known as Michigan probes, are lithographically defined in geometry and fabricated though mostly standard silicon processing technology. However, the fabrication process requires the highly conductive boron-doped shanks, which provide mechanical support for the electrode array, to be grounded especially in active electrodes that incorporate integrated circuits on the same chip. We have examined the effects of grounding this portion (body) of the electrode arrays using finite element analysis (FEA) and drawn a few conclusions about their design. Further, using information gained from our FEA models, we evaluate the current distribution and volume of the excited tissue in a proposed design that would increase the density of electrodes in a given volume and provides greater precision for targeted stimulation
{"title":"Finite Element Analysis of Planar Micromachined Silicon Electrodes for Cortical Stimulation","authors":"R. Field, Maysam Ghovanloo","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251533","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a three dimensional (3D) finite element model of micromachined stimulating microelectrode arrays for cortical stimulation. These micromachined probes, known as Michigan probes, are lithographically defined in geometry and fabricated though mostly standard silicon processing technology. However, the fabrication process requires the highly conductive boron-doped shanks, which provide mechanical support for the electrode array, to be grounded especially in active electrodes that incorporate integrated circuits on the same chip. We have examined the effects of grounding this portion (body) of the electrode arrays using finite element analysis (FEA) and drawn a few conclusions about their design. Further, using information gained from our FEA models, we evaluate the current distribution and volume of the excited tissue in a proposed design that would increase the density of electrodes in a given volume and provides greater precision for targeted stimulation","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131222751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the characterization of adhesion-based cell velocity regulation in a prototype microfabricated cell separation device for regenerative medicine. The principle of cell sorting is based on immunoreaction for accurate recognition of target stem cells. Target-cell specific antibody is immobilized on the micro channel wall to form a selectively adhesive surface, where a new class of functionalized parylene is used as the surface material for antibody immobilization. The flowing velocity of sample cells in a prototype microfabricated cell separation column is examined under the microscope. The measurement results show that the cell velocity is reduced by 40% due to the effect of antigen/antibody interaction
{"title":"Evaluation of Cell Velocity Regulation in a Microfabricated Adhesion-Based Cell Separation Device","authors":"J. Miwa, Y. Suzuki, N. Kasagi","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251501","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the characterization of adhesion-based cell velocity regulation in a prototype microfabricated cell separation device for regenerative medicine. The principle of cell sorting is based on immunoreaction for accurate recognition of target stem cells. Target-cell specific antibody is immobilized on the micro channel wall to form a selectively adhesive surface, where a new class of functionalized parylene is used as the surface material for antibody immobilization. The flowing velocity of sample cells in a prototype microfabricated cell separation column is examined under the microscope. The measurement results show that the cell velocity is reduced by 40% due to the effect of antigen/antibody interaction","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131356404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With an attempt to expand the versatilities and applications in chitosan microspheres, distinct morphological structures and properties of chitosan microspheres were produced by treating with various pH values of Na5P3O10/NaOH solution reagents, also under various volume ratio of these solution (17/3, 19/1, pure Na5P3O10 or pure NaOH solution). The prepared chitosan microsphere had a good spherical shape and was in a range of 185.8plusmn13.8 mum to 380.9plusmn11.5 mum in diameter. When pH values decreased from initially pH 12 (except in case for pure Na5P3O10 where the pH being 8.8) to pH 7, the chitosan microspheres size varied, and reached a maximum diameter after treatment with pH 7 of these reaction agents. The prepared chitosan microspheres upon treatment with pH 7 of various ratios Na5P3O10/NaOH solution, all exhibited a shrunken surface morphological structure. This densely shrunken structure of microspheres yielded a stronger mechanical strength and a slower release rate of drug (5-FU), no matter what the ratios of Na5P3O10/NaOH solution was used. From the data of FTIR analyses, the protonated amino peak of NH 3+ at around 1562 cm-1 has decreased significantly. It could be attributed to the crosslinking reaction between phosphoric and ammonium ion of the chitosan microspheres
{"title":"Effects of pH on the Morphological Structures and Release Properties in Chitosan Microspheres","authors":"S. Kuo, S. Chang, Pei-Hwa Tsai, S. Chen","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251535","url":null,"abstract":"With an attempt to expand the versatilities and applications in chitosan microspheres, distinct morphological structures and properties of chitosan microspheres were produced by treating with various pH values of Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>/NaOH solution reagents, also under various volume ratio of these solution (17/3, 19/1, pure Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> or pure NaOH solution). The prepared chitosan microsphere had a good spherical shape and was in a range of 185.8plusmn13.8 mum to 380.9plusmn11.5 mum in diameter. When pH values decreased from initially pH 12 (except in case for pure Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> where the pH being 8.8) to pH 7, the chitosan microspheres size varied, and reached a maximum diameter after treatment with pH 7 of these reaction agents. The prepared chitosan microspheres upon treatment with pH 7 of various ratios Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>/NaOH solution, all exhibited a shrunken surface morphological structure. This densely shrunken structure of microspheres yielded a stronger mechanical strength and a slower release rate of drug (5-FU), no matter what the ratios of Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>/NaOH solution was used. From the data of FTIR analyses, the protonated amino peak of NH <sub>3</sub> <sup>+</sup> at around 1562 cm<sup>-1</sup> has decreased significantly. It could be attributed to the crosslinking reaction between phosphoric and ammonium ion of the chitosan microspheres","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125334640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Actin and myosin are of interest as potential force-generating elements in engineered nanodevices. Such applications require surface coatings which are both biocompatible and amenable to nanolithographic processing, but the manner in which surfaces modulate motor protein function has not been rigorously studied. Here we examine motor protein surface density and bioactivity on a variety of polymer surfaces, and compare the results to in vitro actomyosin motility characteristics. Filament velocities were found to be controlled by the proportion, rather than density, of active heavy meromyosin (HMM), consistent with the imposition of an effective drag force by inactivated HMM due to weak actin-binding interactions. Interpretation of the results with respect to previous models suggests that the inactive HMM fraction has no force-generating ability, and that the effective drag imposed on polystyrene is lower than that on methacrylate polymers and nitrocellulose, consistent with a higher degree of protein denaturation on aromatic surface structures
{"title":"Adsorption-induced inactivation of heavy meromyosin on polymer surfaces imposes effective drag force on sliding actin filaments in vitro","authors":"K. Hanson, G. Solana, V. Vaidyanathan, D. Nicolau","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251514","url":null,"abstract":"Actin and myosin are of interest as potential force-generating elements in engineered nanodevices. Such applications require surface coatings which are both biocompatible and amenable to nanolithographic processing, but the manner in which surfaces modulate motor protein function has not been rigorously studied. Here we examine motor protein surface density and bioactivity on a variety of polymer surfaces, and compare the results to in vitro actomyosin motility characteristics. Filament velocities were found to be controlled by the proportion, rather than density, of active heavy meromyosin (HMM), consistent with the imposition of an effective drag force by inactivated HMM due to weak actin-binding interactions. Interpretation of the results with respect to previous models suggests that the inactive HMM fraction has no force-generating ability, and that the effective drag imposed on polystyrene is lower than that on methacrylate polymers and nitrocellulose, consistent with a higher degree of protein denaturation on aromatic surface structures","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"250 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115206491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Calderón, Y. Heo, D. Huh, F. Nobuyuki, S. Takayama, J. Fowlkes, J. Bull
Lodging of cardiovascular gas bubbles is investigated in a microfluidic model of small arteriole bifurcations. These experiments address the dynamics of the lodging mechanism of gas bubbles in bifurcations. This work is motivated by a novel gas embolotherapy technique for the potential treatment of cancer by tumor infarction. The experimental model arteriole bifurcations were constructed from a transparent elastomer (polydimethylsiloxane). A single air bubble was suspended in water within the parent tube of the bifurcation and a specified driving pressure was imposed via constant elevation reservoirs that were open to atmospheric pressure. The driving pressure and bubble size were varied, and their effects on the bubble lodging were assessed. The results show that the pressure to lodge a bubble in a bifurcation is less than to dislodge it. It was also possible to occlude an entire bifurcation and multiple bifurcation devices with bubbles. Splitting ratios were assessed in the range of lodging to dislodging pressure where we observed an instability in bubble splitting. From the results we estimate that gas bubbles from embolotherapy can lodge in vessels 21 mum or smaller in diameter. These findings may be useful in developing strategies for microbubble delivery in gas embolotherapy
{"title":"Bubble lodging in bifurcating microvessel networks: a microfluidic model","authors":"A. Calderón, Y. Heo, D. Huh, F. Nobuyuki, S. Takayama, J. Fowlkes, J. Bull","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251528","url":null,"abstract":"Lodging of cardiovascular gas bubbles is investigated in a microfluidic model of small arteriole bifurcations. These experiments address the dynamics of the lodging mechanism of gas bubbles in bifurcations. This work is motivated by a novel gas embolotherapy technique for the potential treatment of cancer by tumor infarction. The experimental model arteriole bifurcations were constructed from a transparent elastomer (polydimethylsiloxane). A single air bubble was suspended in water within the parent tube of the bifurcation and a specified driving pressure was imposed via constant elevation reservoirs that were open to atmospheric pressure. The driving pressure and bubble size were varied, and their effects on the bubble lodging were assessed. The results show that the pressure to lodge a bubble in a bifurcation is less than to dislodge it. It was also possible to occlude an entire bifurcation and multiple bifurcation devices with bubbles. Splitting ratios were assessed in the range of lodging to dislodging pressure where we observed an instability in bubble splitting. From the results we estimate that gas bubbles from embolotherapy can lodge in vessels 21 mum or smaller in diameter. These findings may be useful in developing strategies for microbubble delivery in gas embolotherapy","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129506977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have developed cell-based field effect devices for cell adhesion analysis. Mouse fibroblast cells were adhered on the Si3 N4 gate surface of the field effect devices. Attachment and detachment of the cell could be detected as a shift of the flat hand voltage of the field effect devices based on the negative charges of sialic acid at the surface of the cell membrane. Quantitative analysis of cell adhesion could be demonstrated when diluted cell samples are used. The cell-based field effect devices are useful to study cell adhesion characteristics on different surface materials and structures as well as cell functional analysis
{"title":"Cell-based field effect devices for cell adhesion analysis","authors":"T. Sakata, Y. Miyahara","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251521","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed cell-based field effect devices for cell adhesion analysis. Mouse fibroblast cells were adhered on the Si3 N4 gate surface of the field effect devices. Attachment and detachment of the cell could be detected as a shift of the flat hand voltage of the field effect devices based on the negative charges of sialic acid at the surface of the cell membrane. Quantitative analysis of cell adhesion could be demonstrated when diluted cell samples are used. The cell-based field effect devices are useful to study cell adhesion characteristics on different surface materials and structures as well as cell functional analysis","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129738260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Etoh, M. Iwakura, K. Nakashi, R. Hattori, R. Hayashi, K. Toko
This paper reports miniaturization on one-chip size of a receptor part of taste sensor, which can measure the taste using lipid/polymer membranes. The miniaturization was made by producing metal electrodes and making lipid/polymer membranes deposit on a glass substrate. The reference electrode also realized a miniaturization and stabilization of potential according to laminating structures of pHEMA and polymer layers. Therefore, an integration of the working and the reference electrodes was attained on the chip. By realization of this taste sensor chip, taste measurement can be easily performed now in all places, such as the distribution industry and the medicine manufacture industry, including the food industry. Moreover, we succeeded to fabricate the portable taste sensor system which unified the amplifier, a data-processing unit and an LCD display
{"title":"Fabrication of Taste Sensor Chip and Portable Taste Sensor System","authors":"S. Etoh, M. Iwakura, K. Nakashi, R. Hattori, R. Hayashi, K. Toko","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251522","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports miniaturization on one-chip size of a receptor part of taste sensor, which can measure the taste using lipid/polymer membranes. The miniaturization was made by producing metal electrodes and making lipid/polymer membranes deposit on a glass substrate. The reference electrode also realized a miniaturization and stabilization of potential according to laminating structures of pHEMA and polymer layers. Therefore, an integration of the working and the reference electrodes was attained on the chip. By realization of this taste sensor chip, taste measurement can be easily performed now in all places, such as the distribution industry and the medicine manufacture industry, including the food industry. Moreover, we succeeded to fabricate the portable taste sensor system which unified the amplifier, a data-processing unit and an LCD display","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127817531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min Cheol Park, J. Hur, K. Kwon, Jee-Won Park, Sang-Hyun Park, K. Suh
We present a simple receding meniscus induced method to capture non-adherent yeast cells onto microwells inside microfluidic channels. Microwells were fabricated by capillary molding onto glass substrate using a UV curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) solution, leading to well-defined, robust microstructures. A cell suspension of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was introduced into microfluidic channels by capillary filling and a receding meniscus was subsequently generated by evaporation. As the meniscus receded, one to five yeast cells were spontaneously captured onto microwells by lateral capillary force created at the thin region of the meniscus. Using this cell-based platform, we observed the response of yeast cells upon stimulation by a mating pheromone (alpha-factor) by monitoring the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with time. It was observed that alpha-factor triggered the expression of GFP at 60 min after stimulation and the fluorescence intensity was sustained for additional 60 min without changes
{"title":"Receding meniscus induced docking of yeast cells inside microfluidic channels at single cell level","authors":"Min Cheol Park, J. Hur, K. Kwon, Jee-Won Park, Sang-Hyun Park, K. Suh","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251540","url":null,"abstract":"We present a simple receding meniscus induced method to capture non-adherent yeast cells onto microwells inside microfluidic channels. Microwells were fabricated by capillary molding onto glass substrate using a UV curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) solution, leading to well-defined, robust microstructures. A cell suspension of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was introduced into microfluidic channels by capillary filling and a receding meniscus was subsequently generated by evaporation. As the meniscus receded, one to five yeast cells were spontaneously captured onto microwells by lateral capillary force created at the thin region of the meniscus. Using this cell-based platform, we observed the response of yeast cells upon stimulation by a mating pheromone (alpha-factor) by monitoring the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with time. It was observed that alpha-factor triggered the expression of GFP at 60 min after stimulation and the fluorescence intensity was sustained for additional 60 min without changes","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"500 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116542157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The failure of the application of tissue engineering in clinical trials is questionable. Tissue-engineering scaffolds used in tissue regeneration have micron structures that fail to be analogous to native extracellular matrix (ECM) in terms of both chemical composition and physical structure as a suitable surface structure for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study we designed an artificial ECM in order to mimic the nano-structured topography created by ECM components of native tissue. Selective differentiation of cardiomyocytes cells by self assembly of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers was studied for in vivo cardiac infarction therapy
{"title":"A new injectable tissue engineered scaffold for regenerative medicine","authors":"H. Hosseinkhani, M. Hosseinkhani, H. Kobayashi","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251477","url":null,"abstract":"The failure of the application of tissue engineering in clinical trials is questionable. Tissue-engineering scaffolds used in tissue regeneration have micron structures that fail to be analogous to native extracellular matrix (ECM) in terms of both chemical composition and physical structure as a suitable surface structure for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study we designed an artificial ECM in order to mimic the nano-structured topography created by ECM components of native tissue. Selective differentiation of cardiomyocytes cells by self assembly of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers was studied for in vivo cardiac infarction therapy","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133675814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration and exploitation of biological components onto micronanorobots and modern engineered microsystems such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), lab-on-a-chip, or Micro-Total-Analysis Systems (muTAS) offer new possibilities. In particular, the flagellar motor found in many bacteria is a compact and extremely effective biological micro-actuator that is presently impossible to match with modern engineering techniques while requiring no electrical power to operate, a significant advantage especially in the conception of untethered microsystems. Previously, because chemotaxis-based bacteria such as E. Coli have been used for the exploitation of the flagellar motor, the number of possible applications have been very limited due to the absence of an effective method to control the motion of the bacteria. Controlling the direction of propulsion of the flagellar motor with computer software is demonstrated by exploiting magnetotaxis inherent in Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB). The possibilities and advantages of this method are shown through a simple experiment where the controlled manipulation of microbeads is performed by MTB
{"title":"Controlled Bacterial Micro-actuation","authors":"Sylvain Martel","doi":"10.1109/MMB.2006.251498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MMB.2006.251498","url":null,"abstract":"The integration and exploitation of biological components onto micronanorobots and modern engineered microsystems such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), lab-on-a-chip, or Micro-Total-Analysis Systems (muTAS) offer new possibilities. In particular, the flagellar motor found in many bacteria is a compact and extremely effective biological micro-actuator that is presently impossible to match with modern engineering techniques while requiring no electrical power to operate, a significant advantage especially in the conception of untethered microsystems. Previously, because chemotaxis-based bacteria such as E. Coli have been used for the exploitation of the flagellar motor, the number of possible applications have been very limited due to the absence of an effective method to control the motion of the bacteria. Controlling the direction of propulsion of the flagellar motor with computer software is demonstrated by exploiting magnetotaxis inherent in Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB). The possibilities and advantages of this method are shown through a simple experiment where the controlled manipulation of microbeads is performed by MTB","PeriodicalId":170356,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115718865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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