The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) has garnered attention for its important role in shaping surface air temperature (SAT) patterns over Eurasia. While Eurasian winter SAT was traditionally attributed to changes in large-scale atmospheric circulations associated with the AMO, a careful examination of the latest unforced CMIP6 simulations in this study unveils a significant contribution of the AMO’s thermodynamic effects. Specifically, the heat released from the North Atlantic Ocean and transported to northern Eurasia through westerlies takes precedence over the effect of dynamic Rossby waves, resulting in warm (cold) phases during positive (negative) AMO cycles, along with increased (decreased) warm extremes and reduced (enhanced) cold extremes. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the dominating mechanism of the AMO’s impact on Eurasian SAT.
大西洋多年涛动（AMO）因其在塑造欧亚大陆表面气温（SAT）模式中的重要作用而备受关注。虽然欧亚冬季 SAT 传统上归因于与 AMO 相关的大尺度大气环流的变化，但本研究对最新的非强迫 CMIP6 模拟的仔细研究揭示了 AMO 的热力学效应的重要作用。具体来说，从北大西洋释放并通过西风输送到欧亚大陆北部的热量优先于动态罗斯比波的效应，导致在 AMO 正（负）周期期间出现暖（冷）阶段，同时极端暖现象增加（减少），极端冷现象减少（增强）。这项研究有助于更好地理解 AMO 对欧亚 SAT 影响的主导机制。
{"title":"Thermodynamic effect dictates influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on Eurasia winter temperature","authors":"Huan Wang, Zhiyan Zuo, Renhe Zhang, Li Peng, Kaiwen Zhang, Deliang Chen, Dong Xiao, Qinglong You, Guokun Dai, Ruonan Zhang, Haijun Yang, Xiaodan Chen, Zouxing Lin, Peiqiang Xu, Liang Qiao","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00686-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00686-2","url":null,"abstract":"The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) has garnered attention for its important role in shaping surface air temperature (SAT) patterns over Eurasia. While Eurasian winter SAT was traditionally attributed to changes in large-scale atmospheric circulations associated with the AMO, a careful examination of the latest unforced CMIP6 simulations in this study unveils a significant contribution of the AMO’s thermodynamic effects. Specifically, the heat released from the North Atlantic Ocean and transported to northern Eurasia through westerlies takes precedence over the effect of dynamic Rossby waves, resulting in warm (cold) phases during positive (negative) AMO cycles, along with increased (decreased) warm extremes and reduced (enhanced) cold extremes. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the dominating mechanism of the AMO’s impact on Eurasian SAT.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00686-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00682-6
Tiantian Wang, Kun Li, David M. Bell, Jun Zhang, Tianqu Cui, Mihnea Surdu, Urs Baltensperger, Jay G. Slowik, Houssni Lamkaddam, Imad El Haddad, Andre S. H. Prevot
Organic compounds released from wildfires and residential biomass burning play a crucial role in shaping the composition of the atmosphere. The solubility and subsequent reactions of these compounds in the aqueous phase of clouds and fog remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these compounds have the potential to become an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, we simulated the aqueous SOA (aqSOA) from residential wood burning emissions under atmospherically relevant conditions of gas-liquid phase partitioning, using a wetted-wall flow reactor (WFR). We analyzed and quantified the specific compounds present in these emissions at a molecular level and determined their solubility in clouds. Our findings reveal that while 1% of organic compounds are fully water-soluble, 19% exhibit moderate solubility and can partition into the aqueous phase in a thick cloud. Furthermore, it is found that the aqSOA generated in our laboratory experiments has a substantial fraction being attributed to the formation of oligomers in the aqueous phase. We also determined an aqSOA yield of 20% from residential wood combustion, which surpasses current estimates based on gas-phase oxidation. These results indicate that in-cloud chemistry of organic gases emitted from wood burning can serve as an efficient pathway to produce organic aerosols, thus potentially influencing climate and air quality.
{"title":"Large contribution of in-cloud production of secondary organic aerosol from biomass burning emissions","authors":"Tiantian Wang, Kun Li, David M. Bell, Jun Zhang, Tianqu Cui, Mihnea Surdu, Urs Baltensperger, Jay G. Slowik, Houssni Lamkaddam, Imad El Haddad, Andre S. H. Prevot","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00682-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00682-6","url":null,"abstract":"Organic compounds released from wildfires and residential biomass burning play a crucial role in shaping the composition of the atmosphere. The solubility and subsequent reactions of these compounds in the aqueous phase of clouds and fog remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these compounds have the potential to become an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, we simulated the aqueous SOA (aqSOA) from residential wood burning emissions under atmospherically relevant conditions of gas-liquid phase partitioning, using a wetted-wall flow reactor (WFR). We analyzed and quantified the specific compounds present in these emissions at a molecular level and determined their solubility in clouds. Our findings reveal that while 1% of organic compounds are fully water-soluble, 19% exhibit moderate solubility and can partition into the aqueous phase in a thick cloud. Furthermore, it is found that the aqSOA generated in our laboratory experiments has a substantial fraction being attributed to the formation of oligomers in the aqueous phase. We also determined an aqSOA yield of 20% from residential wood combustion, which surpasses current estimates based on gas-phase oxidation. These results indicate that in-cloud chemistry of organic gases emitted from wood burning can serve as an efficient pathway to produce organic aerosols, thus potentially influencing climate and air quality.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00682-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00697-z
Muzi Li, Si Cheng, Jianguo Wang, Li Cai, Yadong Fan, Jinxin Cao, Mi Zhou
High-voltage transmission lines are susceptible targets for lightning strikes. It is an interesting topic how the trip event of transmission line is related to the area, location, and intensity of thunderstorms occurring at that time and that place. Based on total lightning observation containing intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning, and transmission line trip information from relaying system of power system, 8 thunderstorms associated with the lightning strike trip of local transmission lines were selected in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Analysis was conducted on the total lightning activity of each thunderstorm process, including the characteristics of total lightning counts and density, followed by the variations in total lightning activity before and after lightning strike trips. Further, our investigation encompassed the spatial and temporal evolution, charge structure, and kinematic parameters of thunderstorms. It was revealed that almost all lightning trips in this area emerged in close proximity to bodies of water, accompanied by a discernible reduction in thunderstorm cloud altitude during line trip occurrences. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of total lightning and thunderstorm activity behavior, thereby providing valuable insights for lightning disaster prevention and mitigation in the meteorological bureau and power system.
{"title":"Thunderstorm total lightning activity behavior associated with transmission line trip events of power system","authors":"Muzi Li, Si Cheng, Jianguo Wang, Li Cai, Yadong Fan, Jinxin Cao, Mi Zhou","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00697-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00697-z","url":null,"abstract":"High-voltage transmission lines are susceptible targets for lightning strikes. It is an interesting topic how the trip event of transmission line is related to the area, location, and intensity of thunderstorms occurring at that time and that place. Based on total lightning observation containing intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning, and transmission line trip information from relaying system of power system, 8 thunderstorms associated with the lightning strike trip of local transmission lines were selected in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Analysis was conducted on the total lightning activity of each thunderstorm process, including the characteristics of total lightning counts and density, followed by the variations in total lightning activity before and after lightning strike trips. Further, our investigation encompassed the spatial and temporal evolution, charge structure, and kinematic parameters of thunderstorms. It was revealed that almost all lightning trips in this area emerged in close proximity to bodies of water, accompanied by a discernible reduction in thunderstorm cloud altitude during line trip occurrences. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of total lightning and thunderstorm activity behavior, thereby providing valuable insights for lightning disaster prevention and mitigation in the meteorological bureau and power system.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00697-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141448220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent years have shown that secondary ice production (SIP) is ubiquitous, affecting all clouds from polar to tropical regions. SIP is not described well in models and may explain biases in warm mixed-phase cloud ice content and structure. Through modeling constrained by in-situ observations and its synergy with radar we show that SIP in orographic clouds exert a profound impact on the vertical distribution of hydrometeors and precipitation, especially in seeder-feeder cloud configurations. The mesoscale model simulations coupled with a radar simulator strongly support that enhanced aggregation and SIP through ice-ice collisions contribute to observed spectral bimodalities, skewing the Doppler spectra toward the slower-falling side at temperatures within the dendritic growth layer, ranging from −20 °C to −10 °C. This unique signature provides an opportunity to infer long-term SIP occurrences from the global cloud radar data archive, particularly for this underexplored temperature regime.
{"title":"Unraveling ice multiplication in winter orographic clouds via in-situ observations, remote sensing and modeling","authors":"Paraskevi Georgakaki, Anne-Claire Billault-Roux, Romanos Foskinis, Kunfeng Gao, Georgia Sotiropoulou, Maria Gini, Satoshi Takahama, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Alexandros Papayannis, Alexis Berne, Athanasios Nenes","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have shown that secondary ice production (SIP) is ubiquitous, affecting all clouds from polar to tropical regions. SIP is not described well in models and may explain biases in warm mixed-phase cloud ice content and structure. Through modeling constrained by in-situ observations and its synergy with radar we show that SIP in orographic clouds exert a profound impact on the vertical distribution of hydrometeors and precipitation, especially in seeder-feeder cloud configurations. The mesoscale model simulations coupled with a radar simulator strongly support that enhanced aggregation and SIP through ice-ice collisions contribute to observed spectral bimodalities, skewing the Doppler spectra toward the slower-falling side at temperatures within the dendritic growth layer, ranging from −20 °C to −10 °C. This unique signature provides an opportunity to infer long-term SIP occurrences from the global cloud radar data archive, particularly for this underexplored temperature regime.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00671-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00693-3
Nathan P. Gillett
Uncertainties in projected 21st century warming were very large a decade ago, increasing the costs of climate change adaptation, especially those associated with long-lived infrastructure. Here we show that through progress in climate policy and climate science, these uncertainties have decreased dramatically over the past decade.
{"title":"Halving of the uncertainty in projected warming over the past decade","authors":"Nathan P. Gillett","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00693-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00693-3","url":null,"abstract":"Uncertainties in projected 21st century warming were very large a decade ago, increasing the costs of climate change adaptation, especially those associated with long-lived infrastructure. Here we show that through progress in climate policy and climate science, these uncertainties have decreased dramatically over the past decade.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00693-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00695-1
Ping Huang, Yue Chen, Jinbao Li, Hong Yan
Understanding the co-variability between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the background state in the tropical Pacific is critical for projecting future ENSO. The difficulty is rooted in a circular logic that the background state routinely defined by multi-decadal mean modulates, and is modulated by, ENSO. This circularity arises due to the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña, resulting in a non-zero mean, referred to as the ENSO rectification effect. Here, we develop a method based on Box-Cox normalization to define the tropical Pacific background state and its associated anomalies, which removes the ENSO rectification effect and is referred to as the normalized mean state. The normalized mean state accurately quantifies ENSO-related anomalies, ENSO asymmetry, and the ENSO rectification effect. It is evident in both observations and model simulations that the normalized mean state has a clear asymmetric impact on the amplitude of ENSO. A warm background state weakens El Niño but strengthens La Niña through two key processes: the nonlinear response of precipitation to SST and oceanic zonal advection feedback. The normalized mean state successfully solves the circular reasoning fallacy resulting from ENSO asymmetry and offers a framework to study ENSO and tropical climate dynamics with far-reaching impacts on global climate.
{"title":"Redefined background state in the tropical Pacific resolves the entanglement between the background state and ENSO","authors":"Ping Huang, Yue Chen, Jinbao Li, Hong Yan","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00695-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00695-1","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the co-variability between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the background state in the tropical Pacific is critical for projecting future ENSO. The difficulty is rooted in a circular logic that the background state routinely defined by multi-decadal mean modulates, and is modulated by, ENSO. This circularity arises due to the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña, resulting in a non-zero mean, referred to as the ENSO rectification effect. Here, we develop a method based on Box-Cox normalization to define the tropical Pacific background state and its associated anomalies, which removes the ENSO rectification effect and is referred to as the normalized mean state. The normalized mean state accurately quantifies ENSO-related anomalies, ENSO asymmetry, and the ENSO rectification effect. It is evident in both observations and model simulations that the normalized mean state has a clear asymmetric impact on the amplitude of ENSO. A warm background state weakens El Niño but strengthens La Niña through two key processes: the nonlinear response of precipitation to SST and oceanic zonal advection feedback. The normalized mean state successfully solves the circular reasoning fallacy resulting from ENSO asymmetry and offers a framework to study ENSO and tropical climate dynamics with far-reaching impacts on global climate.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00695-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00699-x
Shutong Guo, Xiaoyan Wang, Xiaowen Gui, Yanke Tan
Focusing on the anthropogenic aerosols effects on the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) progression, we found that aerosols delay the northward progression of EASM by one pentad in the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River (PD1: pentads 25-35) and the North-Northeast China (PD3: pentads 38-42). However, aerosols have minimal impact on the seasonal march of EASM over the Yangtze-Huai River basin (PD2: pentads 36-37). In PD1 and PD3, aerosols reduce sea-land temperature differences. Also, a southward shift in the westerly jet causing lower-level north winds, which weakens the EASM in PD3. The delayed EASM progress shows its weakness in PD1 and PD3. While in PD2, EASM intensity weakens without affecting its northward progression. Aerosols, though affecting the position and intensity of Western Pacific Subtropical High, minimally influence its northward movement speed, hence no effect on the seasonal march of EASM in PD2.
{"title":"Influence of aerosol forcing on the seasonal march of East Asia summer monsoon","authors":"Shutong Guo, Xiaoyan Wang, Xiaowen Gui, Yanke Tan","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00699-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00699-x","url":null,"abstract":"Focusing on the anthropogenic aerosols effects on the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) progression, we found that aerosols delay the northward progression of EASM by one pentad in the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River (PD1: pentads 25-35) and the North-Northeast China (PD3: pentads 38-42). However, aerosols have minimal impact on the seasonal march of EASM over the Yangtze-Huai River basin (PD2: pentads 36-37). In PD1 and PD3, aerosols reduce sea-land temperature differences. Also, a southward shift in the westerly jet causing lower-level north winds, which weakens the EASM in PD3. The delayed EASM progress shows its weakness in PD1 and PD3. While in PD2, EASM intensity weakens without affecting its northward progression. Aerosols, though affecting the position and intensity of Western Pacific Subtropical High, minimally influence its northward movement speed, hence no effect on the seasonal march of EASM in PD2.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00699-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00698-y
Matthew Graber, Robert J. Trapp, Zhuo Wang
Continued efforts to build human resilience to the impacts of tornadoes require updated knowledge of tornado occurrences as well as how their occurrence characteristics may be changing in time and varying by region. We have temporally and geospatially disaggregated annual tornado reports in the United States and revealed that significant, long-term decreases in tornado days from 1960 to 2022 have occurred over the months of June through August, primarily within the Southern Great Plains. In contrast, long-term increases in days of tornado outbreaks have occurred over this period, particularly within the Southeast U.S. and during warm- as well as cool-season months. There are indications that these dichotomous linear trends in tornado days and tornado outbreaks have relaxed over the most recent decade. Our study highlights the need to better understand the role of internal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing in modulating tornado activity.
{"title":"The regionality and seasonality of tornado trends in the United States","authors":"Matthew Graber, Robert J. Trapp, Zhuo Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00698-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00698-y","url":null,"abstract":"Continued efforts to build human resilience to the impacts of tornadoes require updated knowledge of tornado occurrences as well as how their occurrence characteristics may be changing in time and varying by region. We have temporally and geospatially disaggregated annual tornado reports in the United States and revealed that significant, long-term decreases in tornado days from 1960 to 2022 have occurred over the months of June through August, primarily within the Southern Great Plains. In contrast, long-term increases in days of tornado outbreaks have occurred over this period, particularly within the Southeast U.S. and during warm- as well as cool-season months. There are indications that these dichotomous linear trends in tornado days and tornado outbreaks have relaxed over the most recent decade. Our study highlights the need to better understand the role of internal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing in modulating tornado activity.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00698-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141439752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00696-0
You-Ting Wu, Yu-Chiao Liang, Michael Previdi, Lorenzo M. Polvani, Mark R. England, Michael Sigmond, Min-Hui Lo
Arctic amplification (AA), the greater Arctic surface warming compared to the global average, has been widely attributed to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG). However, less is known about the impacts of other forcings - notably, anthropogenic aerosols (AER) - and how they may compare to the impacts of GHG. Here we analyze sets of climate model simulations, specifically designed to isolate the AER and GHG effects on global climate. Surprisingly, we find stronger AA produced by AER than by GHG during the 1955–1984 period, when the strongest global AER increase. This stronger AER-induced AA is due to a greater sensitivity of Arctic sea ice, and associated changes in ocean-to-atmosphere heat exchange, to AER forcing. Our findings highlight the asymmetric Arctic climate response to GHG and AER forcings, and show that clean air policies which have reduced aerosol emissions may have exacerbated the Arctic warming over the past few decades.
北极放大效应（AA），即与全球平均水平相比北极地表变暖幅度更大，已被广泛归因于温室气体（GHG）浓度的增加。然而，人们对其他作用力--特别是人为气溶胶（AER）--的影响以及它们与温室气体影响的比较却知之甚少。在这里，我们分析了几组气候模型模拟，专门用于分离人为气溶胶和温室气体对全球气候的影响。令人惊讶的是，我们发现在 1955-1984 年期间，AER 产生的 AA 比 GHG 产生的 AA 更强，而在这一时期，全球 AER 的增幅最大。AER引起的更强的AA是由于北极海冰以及海洋-大气热交换的相关变化对AER强迫更敏感。我们的研究结果凸显了北极气候对温室气体和空气辐射强迫的非对称响应，并表明减少气溶胶排放的清洁空气政策可能加剧了过去几十年的北极变暖。
{"title":"Stronger Arctic amplification from anthropogenic aerosols than from greenhouse gases","authors":"You-Ting Wu, Yu-Chiao Liang, Michael Previdi, Lorenzo M. Polvani, Mark R. England, Michael Sigmond, Min-Hui Lo","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00696-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00696-0","url":null,"abstract":"Arctic amplification (AA), the greater Arctic surface warming compared to the global average, has been widely attributed to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG). However, less is known about the impacts of other forcings - notably, anthropogenic aerosols (AER) - and how they may compare to the impacts of GHG. Here we analyze sets of climate model simulations, specifically designed to isolate the AER and GHG effects on global climate. Surprisingly, we find stronger AA produced by AER than by GHG during the 1955–1984 period, when the strongest global AER increase. This stronger AER-induced AA is due to a greater sensitivity of Arctic sea ice, and associated changes in ocean-to-atmosphere heat exchange, to AER forcing. Our findings highlight the asymmetric Arctic climate response to GHG and AER forcings, and show that clean air policies which have reduced aerosol emissions may have exacerbated the Arctic warming over the past few decades.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00696-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00689-z
Qingzhe Zhu, Yuzhi Liu
Gobi Desert (GD) is one of the major global dust sources, where dust events are frequent. Based on satellite observations, we compiled extreme dust events (EDEs) over the GD during spring since 2000. Among all 43 extreme events, EDEs on 4–10 April 2001 (EDE 2001) and 14–19 March 2021 (EDE 2021) are the most pronounced, due to the longest duration and the most intense strength, while the generation mechanisms underlying these two EDEs are different. EDE 2001 is associated with extreme westerlies, which are caused by an abnormal low-pressure due to the extreme Eurasian teleconnection (EU). However, EDE 2021 is attributable to extreme droughts, which are caused by an abnormal high-pressure due to the extreme Arctic Oscillation (AO) and West Pacific teleconnection (WP). Moreover, the trends in EU, AO, and WP combined with the analysis of all EDEs indicate a shift in the dominant factor of EDEs over the GD from extreme winds to extreme droughts. Therefore, regional droughts should be given more importance in future EDE forecasts.
{"title":"The dominant factor in extreme dust events over the Gobi Desert is shifting from extreme winds to extreme droughts","authors":"Qingzhe Zhu, Yuzhi Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00689-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41612-024-00689-z","url":null,"abstract":"Gobi Desert (GD) is one of the major global dust sources, where dust events are frequent. Based on satellite observations, we compiled extreme dust events (EDEs) over the GD during spring since 2000. Among all 43 extreme events, EDEs on 4–10 April 2001 (EDE 2001) and 14–19 March 2021 (EDE 2021) are the most pronounced, due to the longest duration and the most intense strength, while the generation mechanisms underlying these two EDEs are different. EDE 2001 is associated with extreme westerlies, which are caused by an abnormal low-pressure due to the extreme Eurasian teleconnection (EU). However, EDE 2021 is attributable to extreme droughts, which are caused by an abnormal high-pressure due to the extreme Arctic Oscillation (AO) and West Pacific teleconnection (WP). Moreover, the trends in EU, AO, and WP combined with the analysis of all EDEs indicate a shift in the dominant factor of EDEs over the GD from extreme winds to extreme droughts. Therefore, regional droughts should be given more importance in future EDE forecasts.","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00689-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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