M. Mihajlović, E. Rekanović, J. Hrustić, M. Grahovac, B. Tanović
A survey of in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was undertaken. In in vitro assays, the tested isolate of V. dahliae proved to be very sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 = 0.02 mg/l). However, under greenhouse conditions, the highest efficacy in V. dahliae control on inoculated pepper plants was recorded for a product based on thiophanate-methyl (83.10% compared to control). Among the tested fungicides, the lowest efficacy was recorded for a product based on azoxystrobin (23.10 %) with no significant difference compared to control (p > 0.05). In in vitro assays, the tested F. oxysporum isolate was the most sensitive to prochloraz (EC50 = 0.07 mg/l) and the least sensitive to fluopyram (EC50 = 1075.01 mg/l). In in vivo assay, the highest efficacy was achieved by products based on captan (95.60%), and the lowest by a product based on thiophanate-methyl (54.40%). Antagonistic activity of the bacterium B. subtilis under laboratory conditions was not satisfying. Also, the antifungal activity and spectrum of a tested product based on tee tree oil was not efficient in suppressing pepper wilting caused by V. dahliae and F. oxysporum.
{"title":"In vitro and in vivo toxicity of fungicides and biofungicides for the control of verticillium and fusarium wilt of pepper","authors":"M. Mihajlović, E. Rekanović, J. Hrustić, M. Grahovac, B. Tanović","doi":"10.2298/pif2101023m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2101023m","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was undertaken. In in vitro assays, the tested isolate of V. dahliae proved to be very sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 = 0.02 mg/l). However, under greenhouse conditions, the highest efficacy in V. dahliae control on inoculated pepper plants was recorded for a product based on thiophanate-methyl (83.10% compared to control). Among the tested fungicides, the lowest efficacy was recorded for a product based on azoxystrobin (23.10 %) with no significant difference compared to control (p > 0.05). In in vitro assays, the tested F. oxysporum isolate was the most sensitive to prochloraz (EC50 = 0.07 mg/l) and the least sensitive to fluopyram (EC50 = 1075.01 mg/l). In in vivo assay, the highest efficacy was achieved by products based on captan (95.60%), and the lowest by a product based on thiophanate-methyl (54.40%). Antagonistic activity of the bacterium B. subtilis under laboratory conditions was not satisfying. Also, the antifungal activity and spectrum of a tested product based on tee tree oil was not efficient in suppressing pepper wilting caused by V. dahliae and F. oxysporum.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Potocnik, B. Todorovic, S. Milijasevic-Marcic, J. Lukovic, Gabriella Kanižai-Šarić, I. Majić, E. Rekanović
The aim of this study was to test a biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 and its effectiveness in the control of green mould disease of cultivated mushroom in comparison with the fungicide prochloraz. Biofungicide effectiveness in disease control and impact on yield were evaluated on Agaricus bisporus after its natural infection with Trichoderma aggressivum in a commercial mushroom growing facility. An assay for testing the microbial efficacy of the biofungicide was conducted in two different procedures involving either three or two split doses. The highest statistically significant effectiveness in green mould control was shown by the fungicide prochloraz (71.43%), followed by the biofungicide applied in tree split doses (53.57%), and finally its two doses (45.46%). The biofungicide significantly improved yield in comparison with an untreated control and the fungicide prochloraz. Three split applications of B. subtilis strain Ch-13 enhanced mushroom yield to a larger extent than its two split doses, although the same final amount was used in both procedures. Biofungicide application in three split doses increased the total mass of harvested mushrooms 8.41% compared to the untreated control, and 10.53% compared to the fungicide prochloraz. These results implied that the biofungicide should be applied in three split applications: 30 ml (second day after casing) + 15 ml (two weeks after casing) + 15 ml (after first flush, 20-25 days after casing). The biofungicide B. subtilis Ch-13 should be further investigated regarding its joint usage with chemical fungicides in different application procedures, as it showed remarkable characteristics both in terms of promoting mushroom yield and inhibiting the spread of mycopathogenic T. aggressivum.
{"title":"A large-scale study on the effectiveness of a Bacillus subtilis Ch-13-based biofungicide against green mould disease and mushroom yield improvement","authors":"I. Potocnik, B. Todorovic, S. Milijasevic-Marcic, J. Lukovic, Gabriella Kanižai-Šarić, I. Majić, E. Rekanović","doi":"10.2298/pif2102083p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2102083p","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to test a biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 and its effectiveness in the control of green mould disease of cultivated mushroom in comparison with the fungicide prochloraz. Biofungicide effectiveness in disease control and impact on yield were evaluated on Agaricus bisporus after its natural infection with Trichoderma aggressivum in a commercial mushroom growing facility. An assay for testing the microbial efficacy of the biofungicide was conducted in two different procedures involving either three or two split doses. The highest statistically significant effectiveness in green mould control was shown by the fungicide prochloraz (71.43%), followed by the biofungicide applied in tree split doses (53.57%), and finally its two doses (45.46%). The biofungicide significantly improved yield in comparison with an untreated control and the fungicide prochloraz. Three split applications of B. subtilis strain Ch-13 enhanced mushroom yield to a larger extent than its two split doses, although the same final amount was used in both procedures. Biofungicide application in three split doses increased the total mass of harvested mushrooms 8.41% compared to the untreated control, and 10.53% compared to the fungicide prochloraz. These results implied that the biofungicide should be applied in three split applications: 30 ml (second day after casing) + 15 ml (two weeks after casing) + 15 ml (after first flush, 20-25 days after casing). The biofungicide B. subtilis Ch-13 should be further investigated regarding its joint usage with chemical fungicides in different application procedures, as it showed remarkable characteristics both in terms of promoting mushroom yield and inhibiting the spread of mycopathogenic T. aggressivum.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Iličić, F. Bagi, M. Blagojević, Jovica Gosic, P. Milovanović, T. Popović
In the summer and autumn of 2019-2020, young walnut orchards were monitored for the presence of bacterial diseases. Diseased walnut samples comprising trunks and branches with symptoms of vertical oozing canker (VOC), walnut bacterial blight (WBB) and superficial bark necrosis were collected from eight locations in Serbia. Based on phenotypic features, pathogenicity, and molecular assays using PCR with specific primers, 49 isolates obtained from samples showing VOC and WBB symptoms were identified as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, while further two isolates obtained from bark necrosis were identified as Brenneria rubrifaciens. One tested X. a. pv. juglandis isolate obtained from a VOC sample produced deep cankers in the bark of inoculated trunks of young walnut trees (cultivars Chandler, Franquette and Sejnovo). Therefore, this is the first report of an association between X. a. pv. juglandis and VOC symptom in Serbia. Considering that X. a. pv. juglandis significantly endangers walnut production, the presence of this pathogen in walnut transplant imports needs to be assessed by an authorised laboratory. Furthermore, as this is also the first report of B. rubrifaciens on walnut trees in Serbia, it is noteworthy that this pathogen is not particularly harmful to young walnut trees.
在2019-2020年夏、秋两季对核桃幼园进行了细菌性病害监测。从塞尔维亚的8个地点收集了患病核桃样本，包括树干和树枝，具有垂直渗液溃疡病(VOC)、核桃细菌性枯萎病(WBB)和表面树皮坏死的症状。基于表型特征、致病性和特异引物的PCR分子分析，从VOC和WBB症状的样品中获得的49株分离物被鉴定为树黄单胞菌pv。另外两株从树皮坏死中分离得到的菌株被鉴定为红布氏布伦纳氏菌。一个测试x。a。pv。从挥发性有机化合物样品中获得的juglandis分离物在幼龄核桃树(栽培品种Chandler, Franquette和Sejnovo)接种后的树干树皮上产生深度溃疡病。因此，这是第一个关于X. a. pv。塞尔维亚的腺炎和挥发性有机化合物症状。考虑到x。a。pv。Juglandis严重危害核桃生产，在核桃移植进口中是否存在这种病原体需要由授权实验室进行评估。此外，由于这也是塞尔维亚核桃树上首次报道红分枝杆菌，值得注意的是，该病原体对幼树的危害并不特别大。
{"title":"Etiology of bacterial diseases of young walnut trees in Serbia","authors":"R. Iličić, F. Bagi, M. Blagojević, Jovica Gosic, P. Milovanović, T. Popović","doi":"10.2298/pif2103101i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2103101i","url":null,"abstract":"In the summer and autumn of 2019-2020, young walnut orchards were monitored for the presence of bacterial diseases. Diseased walnut samples comprising trunks and branches with symptoms of vertical oozing canker (VOC), walnut bacterial blight (WBB) and superficial bark necrosis were collected from eight locations in Serbia. Based on phenotypic features, pathogenicity, and molecular assays using PCR with specific primers, 49 isolates obtained from samples showing VOC and WBB symptoms were identified as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, while further two isolates obtained from bark necrosis were identified as Brenneria rubrifaciens. One tested X. a. pv. juglandis isolate obtained from a VOC sample produced deep cankers in the bark of inoculated trunks of young walnut trees (cultivars Chandler, Franquette and Sejnovo). Therefore, this is the first report of an association between X. a. pv. juglandis and VOC symptom in Serbia. Considering that X. a. pv. juglandis significantly endangers walnut production, the presence of this pathogen in walnut transplant imports needs to be assessed by an authorised laboratory. Furthermore, as this is also the first report of B. rubrifaciens on walnut trees in Serbia, it is noteworthy that this pathogen is not particularly harmful to young walnut trees.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Žunić, S. Vukovic, D. Šunjka, S. Lazic, D. Boskovic
Mixtures of two or more pesticides are very common in contemporary agriculture. However, changes in their efficacy or biological activity, such as synergism and antagonism, phytotoxicity, persistence, toxicity to non-target organisms, may occur as a consequence. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the compatibility of insecticides (cyantraniliprole - Exirel, chlorantraniliprole - Coragen 20 SC), a fungicide (captan - Merpan 50 WP) and a foliar fertilizer (Folia Stim Mix TE), as well their mixtures, in spray liquids, depending on water quality (well water from two locations in Serbia - Mala Remeta and Cerevic). These products are used to control the most significant peach pests, and as an additional source of nutrients. Water analysis (pH, hardness, electroconductivity, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, calcium and iron content) and tests of physico-chemical properties of the spray liquids (pH, suspensibility, dispersibility, surface tension, and electroconductivity) were performed in a laboratory experiment according to standard methods. The physico-chemical properties of the liquids changed depending on water quality and components incorporated in the mixture. However, all tested spray liquids showed consistency and compatibility over a period of 24 hours.
{"title":"Impact of water quality on pesticides and fertilizer compatibility","authors":"A. Žunić, S. Vukovic, D. Šunjka, S. Lazic, D. Boskovic","doi":"10.2298/pif2101035z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2101035z","url":null,"abstract":"Mixtures of two or more pesticides are very common in contemporary agriculture. However, changes in their efficacy or biological activity, such as synergism and antagonism, phytotoxicity, persistence, toxicity to non-target organisms, may occur as a consequence. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the compatibility of insecticides (cyantraniliprole - Exirel, chlorantraniliprole - Coragen 20 SC), a fungicide (captan - Merpan 50 WP) and a foliar fertilizer (Folia Stim Mix TE), as well their mixtures, in spray liquids, depending on water quality (well water from two locations in Serbia - Mala Remeta and Cerevic). These products are used to control the most significant peach pests, and as an additional source of nutrients. Water analysis (pH, hardness, electroconductivity, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, calcium and iron content) and tests of physico-chemical properties of the spray liquids (pH, suspensibility, dispersibility, surface tension, and electroconductivity) were performed in a laboratory experiment according to standard methods. The physico-chemical properties of the liquids changed depending on water quality and components incorporated in the mixture. However, all tested spray liquids showed consistency and compatibility over a period of 24 hours.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field trial was conducted at the Institute of Forage Crops (Pleven, Bulgaria) from 2015 to 2017. It studied the effects of natural products on Acyrthosiphon pisum density, as well as changes in the chemical composition, content of plant fibre components and enzyme degradability in forage pea. Treatments with the natural insecticides Madex and Agricolle, applied alone or in combination with the organic fertilizers Lithovit and Nagro were performed twice - at the beginning of the flowering stage and one week later. The fertilizers used in the trial are environmentally safe and approved for use in organic production. The synthetic products Kristalon, a foliar fertilizer, and Proteus 110 OD, an insecticide, were used for comparison. The application of natural products, either alone and in combination, resulted in a reduction in pea aphid density. Applying Agricolle with Nagro, followed by Lithovit with Agricolle, led to the highest aphid number decrease (70.0 and 51.1%, respectively). An optimal combination of decrease in the content of plant cell wall fibre components, cellulose and lignification degree with a significant increase in forage in vitro enzyme digestibility was established after applying Agricolle with Lithovit and Agricole with Nagro. Digestibility reached 71.8 and 69.8%, respectively, an increase of 8.2-5.2%, while ADF, cellulose and lignification degree decreased from 7.1 and 7.7%, 8.0 and 23.4%, amd 10.5 and 6.8% after applying Agricolle with Lithovit and Agricole with Nagro, respectively. In comparison, the synthetic products Kristalon and Kristalon with Proteus increased forage quality, but to a relatively lesser extent. A stronger linear relationship was found between aphid density and dry matter digestibility, compared to the content of neutral detergent fibres. Pea forage with low content of plant cell wall fibre components, cellulose and lignification degree, high protein content, and digestibility after treatment with the natural product Agricolle, and its combinations with Lithovit and Nagro, make it a very good complement to other forages in dairy cow rations.
{"title":"Impact of natural products on Acyrthosiphon pisum density on Pisum sativum L. and forage quality","authors":"I. Nikolova","doi":"10.2298/pif2101015n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2101015n","url":null,"abstract":"A field trial was conducted at the Institute of Forage Crops (Pleven, Bulgaria) from 2015 to 2017. It studied the effects of natural products on Acyrthosiphon pisum density, as well as changes in the chemical composition, content of plant fibre components and enzyme degradability in forage pea. Treatments with the natural insecticides Madex and Agricolle, applied alone or in combination with the organic fertilizers Lithovit and Nagro were performed twice - at the beginning of the flowering stage and one week later. The fertilizers used in the trial are environmentally safe and approved for use in organic production. The synthetic products Kristalon, a foliar fertilizer, and Proteus 110 OD, an insecticide, were used for comparison. The application of natural products, either alone and in combination, resulted in a reduction in pea aphid density. Applying Agricolle with Nagro, followed by Lithovit with Agricolle, led to the highest aphid number decrease (70.0 and 51.1%, respectively). An optimal combination of decrease in the content of plant cell wall fibre components, cellulose and lignification degree with a significant increase in forage in vitro enzyme digestibility was established after applying Agricolle with Lithovit and Agricole with Nagro. Digestibility reached 71.8 and 69.8%, respectively, an increase of 8.2-5.2%, while ADF, cellulose and lignification degree decreased from 7.1 and 7.7%, 8.0 and 23.4%, amd 10.5 and 6.8% after applying Agricolle with Lithovit and Agricole with Nagro, respectively. In comparison, the synthetic products Kristalon and Kristalon with Proteus increased forage quality, but to a relatively lesser extent. A stronger linear relationship was found between aphid density and dry matter digestibility, compared to the content of neutral detergent fibres. Pea forage with low content of plant cell wall fibre components, cellulose and lignification degree, high protein content, and digestibility after treatment with the natural product Agricolle, and its combinations with Lithovit and Nagro, make it a very good complement to other forages in dairy cow rations.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bagi, G. Barać, R. Iličić, Z. Savić, Milan Burmazovic, Viktor Meszaros, T. Popović
The present study was conducted on 106 leaf samples of Prunus species (44 plum, 47 myrobalan plum, 10 apricot, 3 peach, 1 blackthorn, and 1 sour cherry) collected from the Vojvodina province of Serbia and assessed for the presence of Plum pox virus (PPV) with the aim of establishing whether trees growing along roadsides and in backyards could be sources of PPV infection in commercial orchards. Analyses confirmed PPV infection in 68.2%, 38.6%, and 20% of plum, myrobalan plum and apricot samples, respectively. The infection level varied considerably across locations, with 80% noted in Uljma, followed by 69% in Sremska Kamenica, 60% in Becej, 50% in Temerin, 50% in Senta, 40% in Petrovaradin, 31% in Novi Sad, 30% in Susek, and 20% in Subotica. As no difference in infection rates was noted between young and older plum trees, the infections seemed to have occurred in their early life stage. Trees growing along roadsides were infected to a higher extent (89.6%) than those in backyards (66.6%). In some cases, symptomless trees were also proven to be PPV positive, indicating that they are a potentially important source of further virus infections. Due to the widespread presence of the virus, tolerant or hypersensitive cultivars are recommended for planting new orchards.
{"title":"Plum pox virus infection level in Prunus species growing along roadsides or in backyards in Vojvodina province","authors":"F. Bagi, G. Barać, R. Iličić, Z. Savić, Milan Burmazovic, Viktor Meszaros, T. Popović","doi":"10.2298/pif2103111b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2103111b","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted on 106 leaf samples of Prunus species (44 plum, 47 myrobalan plum, 10 apricot, 3 peach, 1 blackthorn, and 1 sour cherry) collected from the Vojvodina province of Serbia and assessed for the presence of Plum pox virus (PPV) with the aim of establishing whether trees growing along roadsides and in backyards could be sources of PPV infection in commercial orchards. Analyses confirmed PPV infection in 68.2%, 38.6%, and 20% of plum, myrobalan plum and apricot samples, respectively. The infection level varied considerably across locations, with 80% noted in Uljma, followed by 69% in Sremska Kamenica, 60% in Becej, 50% in Temerin, 50% in Senta, 40% in Petrovaradin, 31% in Novi Sad, 30% in Susek, and 20% in Subotica. As no difference in infection rates was noted between young and older plum trees, the infections seemed to have occurred in their early life stage. Trees growing along roadsides were infected to a higher extent (89.6%) than those in backyards (66.6%). In some cases, symptomless trees were also proven to be PPV positive, indicating that they are a potentially important source of further virus infections. Due to the widespread presence of the virus, tolerant or hypersensitive cultivars are recommended for planting new orchards.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68627059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present research study identified garden pea varieties with pronounced tolerance to the allelopatic action of Sorghum halepense. Nine varieties were selected to study the effects of shoot and root weed biomass, applied in three extract concentrations (1, 5 and 10%), on seed germination and initial germ growth. A variance analysis of data revealed significant influence (p <0.05) of three studied factors (variety, type and concentration of extracts) on the investigated parameters. Statistically insignificant was only the influence of extract type (root/aboveground biomass) on seed germination. Based on absolute values of the allelopathic indicator RI, which determines the degree of allelopathic inhibition in terms of germination, germ length and weight in different varieties, the variation was as follows: from -0.30 to -0.04, from -1.31 to -2.96 and from -0.47 to 0.02. The total effect of allelopathic action of S. halepense on all studied parameters, presented as a GGE-biplot analysis, defined Pulpudeva and Puldin varieties as exhibiting higher tolerance, in contrast to Denitsa and Vyatovo, which were sensitive. Ran I, Mira, Musala and Vechernitsa occupied an intermediate position. Cultivation of allelopathic tolerant varieties is a promising addition to the current weed control strategy, especially in organic production.
{"title":"A study on the allelopathic tolerance of garden pea varieties to Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. extracts","authors":"N. Georgieva, V. Kosev, S. Kalapchieva","doi":"10.2298/pif2102091g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2102091g","url":null,"abstract":"The present research study identified garden pea varieties with pronounced tolerance to the allelopatic action of Sorghum halepense. Nine varieties were selected to study the effects of shoot and root weed biomass, applied in three extract concentrations (1, 5 and 10%), on seed germination and initial germ growth. A variance analysis of data revealed significant influence (p <0.05) of three studied factors (variety, type and concentration of extracts) on the investigated parameters. Statistically insignificant was only the influence of extract type (root/aboveground biomass) on seed germination. Based on absolute values of the allelopathic indicator RI, which determines the degree of allelopathic inhibition in terms of germination, germ length and weight in different varieties, the variation was as follows: from -0.30 to -0.04, from -1.31 to -2.96 and from -0.47 to 0.02. The total effect of allelopathic action of S. halepense on all studied parameters, presented as a GGE-biplot analysis, defined Pulpudeva and Puldin varieties as exhibiting higher tolerance, in contrast to Denitsa and Vyatovo, which were sensitive. Ran I, Mira, Musala and Vechernitsa occupied an intermediate position. Cultivation of allelopathic tolerant varieties is a promising addition to the current weed control strategy, especially in organic production.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Ristic, I. Vučurović, G. Aleksić, B. Nikolić, Sanja Djurovic, M. Starović
Application of three combinations of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus), phototrophic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with sugar cane molasses, marked as: EM1, EM5 and EM AGRO, against the phytopathogenic fungi of tomato and pepper: Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum sp., Verticilium dahliae and Pythium aphanidermatum was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. A combination of bacteria and yeast named EM5 showed the highest mycelium growth inhibition against B. cinerea (38.4%) in a double agar diffusion test. In a microdilution test, the combination EM1 showed the highest inhibitory effect on B. cinerea (MIC 1x10-3 ?l/ml), while EM5 showed a similar inhibitory effect towards F. oxysporum, A. alternata and Colletotrichum sp. (MIC 10 ?l/ml). The use of EM1 (in concentrations 10 and 100 ?l/ml) and EM AGRO (10 ?l/ml) is recommended for tomato seedling protection. ??1 (100 ?l/ml), ??5 and ?? AGRO (10 ?l/ml) are recommended for pepper seedling protection.
{"title":"Application of different combinations of lactic acid, phototrophic bacteria and yeast mixtures in control of seed and seedlings pathogens of tomato and pepper","authors":"D. Ristic, I. Vučurović, G. Aleksić, B. Nikolić, Sanja Djurovic, M. Starović","doi":"10.2298/pif2102073r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2102073r","url":null,"abstract":"Application of three combinations of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus), phototrophic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with sugar cane molasses, marked as: EM1, EM5 and EM AGRO, against the phytopathogenic fungi of tomato and pepper: Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum sp., Verticilium dahliae and Pythium aphanidermatum was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. A combination of bacteria and yeast named EM5 showed the highest mycelium growth inhibition against B. cinerea (38.4%) in a double agar diffusion test. In a microdilution test, the combination EM1 showed the highest inhibitory effect on B. cinerea (MIC 1x10-3 ?l/ml), while EM5 showed a similar inhibitory effect towards F. oxysporum, A. alternata and Colletotrichum sp. (MIC 10 ?l/ml). The use of EM1 (in concentrations 10 and 100 ?l/ml) and EM AGRO (10 ?l/ml) is recommended for tomato seedling protection. ??1 (100 ?l/ml), ??5 and ?? AGRO (10 ?l/ml) are recommended for pepper seedling protection.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glyphosate, the active substance in RoundupR, is the most widely used pesticide in the world and may be present as a residue in derived foods and drinking water. Previous reports have confirmed that extracts from leaves of Morus alba exert many pharmacological activities. However, renoprotective effects of M. alba extract and its underling molecular mechanism is still unknown. Wistar rats (180-200 g) were used in this study (n=5-6). A control group received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneally (i.p) once daily for two weeks. Control animals received standard diet. Treated groups received either polyphenolic extract (100 mg/kg,i.p) or glyphosate (100 mg/kg, i.p), or co-administration (extract ?g ml?1 kg b.w. and glyphosate 100 mg kg?1 b.w, i.p), daily until the 15thday of treatment. Lactate deshydrogenase LDH, serum concentrations of blood urea, creatinine and nitric oxide were measured using standard coloromertic methods. Renal oxidative stress, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl levels and decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, was significantly alleviated by mulberry leaves extract (MLE) administration. MLE also appears to be able to modulate altered biochemical parametres by maintaining free iron and Ca2 + homeostasis, and regulate the endogenous antioxidant enzymes system. It seems that concurrent use of the aqueous acetonic fraction of M. alba, rich in chlorogenic acid and its isomeres, can protect kidneys from glyphosate-induced nephrotoxicity. Overall, MLE may possess protective activity against glyphosate-induced toxicity, which may be attributed to chlorogenic acid and its isomers, the most abundant phenolic acids present in its extracts. Mulberry leaves are a source of phenolic compounds and can be a good start towards discovering a new chemical compound which may lead to a new drug. A mulberry extract supplement could serve as a candidate for developing a safe, and promising nutraceutical product for the management of nephrotoxicity.
{"title":"Nephroprotective effect of aqueous acetonic extract of Morus alba and its underlying mechanisms against glyphosate-induced toxicity - in vivo model","authors":"Olfa Rebai, S. Fattouch, M. Amri","doi":"10.2298/pif2101045r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2101045r","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate, the active substance in RoundupR, is the most widely used pesticide in the world and may be present as a residue in derived foods and drinking water. Previous reports have confirmed that extracts from leaves of Morus alba exert many pharmacological activities. However, renoprotective effects of M. alba extract and its underling molecular mechanism is still unknown. Wistar rats (180-200 g) were used in this study (n=5-6). A control group received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneally (i.p) once daily for two weeks. Control animals received standard diet. Treated groups received either polyphenolic extract (100 mg/kg,i.p) or glyphosate (100 mg/kg, i.p), or co-administration (extract ?g ml?1 kg b.w. and glyphosate 100 mg kg?1 b.w, i.p), daily until the 15thday of treatment. Lactate deshydrogenase LDH, serum concentrations of blood urea, creatinine and nitric oxide were measured using standard coloromertic methods. Renal oxidative stress, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl levels and decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, was significantly alleviated by mulberry leaves extract (MLE) administration. MLE also appears to be able to modulate altered biochemical parametres by maintaining free iron and Ca2 + homeostasis, and regulate the endogenous antioxidant enzymes system. It seems that concurrent use of the aqueous acetonic fraction of M. alba, rich in chlorogenic acid and its isomeres, can protect kidneys from glyphosate-induced nephrotoxicity. Overall, MLE may possess protective activity against glyphosate-induced toxicity, which may be attributed to chlorogenic acid and its isomers, the most abundant phenolic acids present in its extracts. Mulberry leaves are a source of phenolic compounds and can be a good start towards discovering a new chemical compound which may lead to a new drug. A mulberry extract supplement could serve as a candidate for developing a safe, and promising nutraceutical product for the management of nephrotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68626388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turmeric leaf spot, caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum capsici, is the greatest damaging disease that limits the production and productivity of turmeric, and reduces qualitative and quantitative rhizome yields in Southwestern Ethiopia. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides against a disease epidemic of turmeric leaf spot in Southwestern Ethiopia. The field experiment was performed at Tepi Agricultural Research Center during the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons using four fungicides: Ethiozeb 80% WP (mancozeb), Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole), Mancolaxyl 72% WP (mancozeb + metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG (metalaxyl-M), which were applied either as seed rhizome treatments plus foliar spray, or as foliar spray alone for control of leaf spot infection. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The results of the experiment indicated that both rhizome treatment + foliar spray, and foliar fungicide spray treatments significantly affected the turmeric leaf spot epidemics. The effect of the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) was significantly higher than the other treatments in reducing disease severity (27.0) and maximizing rhizome fresh yield (34.1 ton/ ha). The maximum cost benefit ratio (1:2.65) was achieved by the foliar spray fungicide Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole). Amongst different fungicides considered, the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) reduced leaf spot disease incidence up to 47.1% over the control on the last day of disease evaluation. The whole outcome of this experiment showed that foliar Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) fungicide sprays were effective in alleviating the epidemic of turmeric leaf spot and boosting turmeric production and productivity.
{"title":"Efficacy of fungicides in control of turmeric leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici at Tepi, Southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Merga Jibat, Mulukan Asfaw","doi":"10.2298/pif2103119j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pif2103119j","url":null,"abstract":"Turmeric leaf spot, caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum capsici, is the greatest damaging disease that limits the production and productivity of turmeric, and reduces qualitative and quantitative rhizome yields in Southwestern Ethiopia. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides against a disease epidemic of turmeric leaf spot in Southwestern Ethiopia. The field experiment was performed at Tepi Agricultural Research Center during the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons using four fungicides: Ethiozeb 80% WP (mancozeb), Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole), Mancolaxyl 72% WP (mancozeb + metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG (metalaxyl-M), which were applied either as seed rhizome treatments plus foliar spray, or as foliar spray alone for control of leaf spot infection. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The results of the experiment indicated that both rhizome treatment + foliar spray, and foliar fungicide spray treatments significantly affected the turmeric leaf spot epidemics. The effect of the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) was significantly higher than the other treatments in reducing disease severity (27.0) and maximizing rhizome fresh yield (34.1 ton/ ha). The maximum cost benefit ratio (1:2.65) was achieved by the foliar spray fungicide Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole). Amongst different fungicides considered, the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) reduced leaf spot disease incidence up to 47.1% over the control on the last day of disease evaluation. The whole outcome of this experiment showed that foliar Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) fungicide sprays were effective in alleviating the epidemic of turmeric leaf spot and boosting turmeric production and productivity.","PeriodicalId":19801,"journal":{"name":"Pesticidi I Fitomedicina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68627132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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