Numerous studies by Ukrainian and foreign scientists have shown that one of the limiting factors for obtaining a stable yield of any crop is the reserves of available moisture in the soil, especially in critical periods of plant growth. The article presents the results of research on the impact of three farming systems – industrial (control), ecological and biological and four options for primary soil tillage – plowing by 20–22 cm (control), chiseling by 20–22 cm, disking by 10–12 cm, disking for 6–8 cm on the reserves of productive moisture in the soil for growing spring durum wheat. According to research, it is established that the highest moisture reserves in a meter of soil for the period of sowing wheat was obtained by combining the biological farming system and chisel tillage, which allowed to accumulate in 2018 – 199.1 mm, 2019 – 179.6 and 2020 – 159.9 mm of available moisture in the soil. The use of chisel tillage in combination with industrial and organic farming systems also provides an advantage in all years of observations over plowing combinations and both disking options with these systems. During the growing season, against the background of all studied agricultural systems, use of chiseling and disking provided the highest reserves of available moisture in the soil. However, the best option should be considered a combination of ecological farming system with chiseling by 20–22 cm, which provided for the flowering period in 2018 – 74.0 mm of moisture, 2019 – 93.7 and 2020 – 90.9 mm, and for the harvest period culture, these indicators were, respectively, 61.0, 67.7 and 61.6 mm. The grain yield of spring durum wheat in this variant was significantly the highest in the experiment and was, respectively, 4.6, 6.7 and 5.6 t/ha.
乌克兰和外国科学家进行的大量研究表明，任何作物获得稳定产量的限制因素之一是土壤中可用水分的储量，特别是在植物生长的关键时期。本文介绍了工业(对照)、生态和生物三种耕作制度和四种初级土壤耕作方式(对照)20-22 cm耕作、20-22 cm耕作、10-12 cm耕作、6-8 cm耕作)对春小麦土壤生产水分储量的影响。研究发现，生物耕作与凿子耕作相结合，小麦播期每米土壤水分储量最高，可在2018 - 199.1 mm、2019 - 179.6 mm和2020 - 159.9 mm积累土壤有效水分。在所有年份的观察中，将凿子耕作与工业和有机耕作系统相结合，也比这些系统的耕作组合和圆盘选择提供了优势。在生长季节，在所有研究的农业系统的背景下，使用凿和盘提供了土壤中最高的有效水分储备。然而，最佳选择应考虑生态耕作系统与凿凿20-22 cm相结合，其中，2018年开花期水分为74.0 mm, 2019年为93.7 mm, 2020年为90.9 mm，收获期培养指标分别为61.0 mm, 67.7 mm和61.6 mm。该变异春硬粒小麦产量在试验中显著最高，分别为4.6、6.7和5.6 t/ hm2。
{"title":"Influence of farming systems and soil tillage on available moisture stocks of typical black soil in spring wheat crops","authors":"S. Tanchyk, O. Dudka, O. Pavlov, A. Babenko","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.03.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.03.038","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies by Ukrainian and foreign scientists have shown that one of the limiting factors for obtaining a stable yield of any crop is the reserves of available moisture in the soil, especially in critical periods of plant growth. The article presents the results of research on the impact of three farming systems – industrial (control), ecological and biological and four options for primary soil tillage – plowing by 20–22 cm (control), chiseling by 20–22 cm, disking by 10–12 cm, disking for 6–8 cm on the reserves of productive moisture in the soil for growing spring durum wheat. According to research, it is established that the highest moisture reserves in a meter of soil for the period of sowing wheat was obtained by combining the biological farming system and chisel tillage, which allowed to accumulate in 2018 – 199.1 mm, 2019 – 179.6 and 2020 – 159.9 mm of available moisture in the soil. The use of chisel tillage in combination with industrial and organic farming systems also provides an advantage in all years of observations over plowing combinations and both disking options with these systems. During the growing season, against the background of all studied agricultural systems, use of chiseling and disking provided the highest reserves of available moisture in the soil. However, the best option should be considered a combination of ecological farming system with chiseling by 20–22 cm, which provided for the flowering period in 2018 – 74.0 mm of moisture, 2019 – 93.7 and 2020 – 90.9 mm, and for the harvest period culture, these indicators were, respectively, 61.0, 67.7 and 61.6 mm. The grain yield of spring durum wheat in this variant was significantly the highest in the experiment and was, respectively, 4.6, 6.7 and 5.6 t/ha.","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79542175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The studies have shown that the introduction of sewage sludge and compost made on its basis, significantly affects the change in the agrochemical parameters of the sod-medium-podzolic soil, increasing the content of the alkaline hydrolysed nitrogen compounds by 2.2 – 13.4 mg/kg of the soil compared to with control and determining the size of its values at the level of 51.2 – 56.5 mg/kg of the soil in the upper (0 – 20 cm) and 27.9 – 31.6 mg/kg – in the lower (20 – 40 cm) soil layer. The content of the ammonium nitrogen compounds in the variants with the fertilizer application fluctuated in a small range of the values (16 – 21 mg/kg of soil) and increases under the influence of increasing fertilizer doses. Together with the change in the content of the nitrate nitrogen, this contributed to an increase in the content of the mineral nitrogen compounds in the soil in the range of 18.5 – 23.4 mg/kg of the soil in arable (0 – 20 cm) and 19.8 – 21.9 mg/kg of the soil – in subsoil (20 – 40 cm) layers, which by 1.7 – 2.2 mg/kg of the soil exceeded the control variant. The highest indicators of the mineral nitrogen compounds were recorded in the variant where the highest dose of the sewage sludge was applied – 40 t/ha and mineral fertilizers (N10P14K58). Despite the wide range of the nitrogen content values of the alkaline hydrolysed compounds and mineral nitrogen compounds, their ratio remained stable and was 2.3 – 2.6 in the upper and 1.3 – 1.5 in the lower (20 – 40 cm) soil layer, and also decreased with the increasing dose of the fertilizer. That is, this indicator did not change significantly depending on the fertilizer application rate. The content of the mobile phosphorus compounds in the variants with the use of the fertilizers fluctuated in the range of the values (77.5 – 98.5 mg/kg of the soil) and increased under the influence of the introduction of the sewage sludge and compost based on it, which is 14.6 – 35.6 mg/kg of the soil was dominated by the control indicators. The highest rates of the mobile phosphorus compounds were recorded in the variant where the sewage sludge were applied – 40 t/ha and N10P14K58. The introduction of the sewage sludge at a rate of 20 – 40 t/ha contributed to an increase in the content of the potassium metabolites at the level of 89.3 – 97.2 mg/kg of the soil in the upper (0 – 20 cm) and 83.1 – 93.4 mg/kg – in the lower (20 – 40 cm) layer, which exceeded the indicators of the control variant by more than 42.1 mg/kg of the soil. The content of the potassium metabolic compounds increased somewhat less with the introduction of the composts based on the sewage sludge and straw. The results of the correlation-regression analysis indicate that the phosphorus concentration coefficient in the soil largely depends on the content of its mobile compounds and is marked by the coefficient of the determination R2 = 0.70. The potassium concentration coefficient is closely (R2 = 0.91) correlated with the content of its metabolic co
{"title":"The change of the main agrochemical indicators of the sod-podzolic soil for the submission of the municipal wasterwater under the artichoke","authors":"V. Lopushniak, G. Hrytsuliak","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.03.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.03.066","url":null,"abstract":"The studies have shown that the introduction of sewage sludge and compost made on its basis, significantly affects the change in the agrochemical parameters of the sod-medium-podzolic soil, increasing the content of the alkaline hydrolysed nitrogen compounds by 2.2 – 13.4 mg/kg of the soil compared to with control and determining the size of its values at the level of 51.2 – 56.5 mg/kg of the soil in the upper (0 – 20 cm) and 27.9 – 31.6 mg/kg – in the lower (20 – 40 cm) soil layer. The content of the ammonium nitrogen compounds in the variants with the fertilizer application fluctuated in a small range of the values (16 – 21 mg/kg of soil) and increases under the influence of increasing fertilizer doses. Together with the change in the content of the nitrate nitrogen, this contributed to an increase in the content of the mineral nitrogen compounds in the soil in the range of 18.5 – 23.4 mg/kg of the soil in arable (0 – 20 cm) and 19.8 – 21.9 mg/kg of the soil – in subsoil (20 – 40 cm) layers, which by 1.7 – 2.2 mg/kg of the soil exceeded the control variant. The highest indicators of the mineral nitrogen compounds were recorded in the variant where the highest dose of the sewage sludge was applied – 40 t/ha and mineral fertilizers (N10P14K58). Despite the wide range of the nitrogen content values of the alkaline hydrolysed compounds and mineral nitrogen compounds, their ratio remained stable and was 2.3 – 2.6 in the upper and 1.3 – 1.5 in the lower (20 – 40 cm) soil layer, and also decreased with the increasing dose of the fertilizer. That is, this indicator did not change significantly depending on the fertilizer application rate. The content of the mobile phosphorus compounds in the variants with the use of the fertilizers fluctuated in the range of the values (77.5 – 98.5 mg/kg of the soil) and increased under the influence of the introduction of the sewage sludge and compost based on it, which is 14.6 – 35.6 mg/kg of the soil was dominated by the control indicators. The highest rates of the mobile phosphorus compounds were recorded in the variant where the sewage sludge were applied – 40 t/ha and N10P14K58. The introduction of the sewage sludge at a rate of 20 – 40 t/ha contributed to an increase in the content of the potassium metabolites at the level of 89.3 – 97.2 mg/kg of the soil in the upper (0 – 20 cm) and 83.1 – 93.4 mg/kg – in the lower (20 – 40 cm) layer, which exceeded the indicators of the control variant by more than 42.1 mg/kg of the soil. The content of the potassium metabolic compounds increased somewhat less with the introduction of the composts based on the sewage sludge and straw. The results of the correlation-regression analysis indicate that the phosphorus concentration coefficient in the soil largely depends on the content of its mobile compounds and is marked by the coefficient of the determination R2 = 0.70. The potassium concentration coefficient is closely (R2 = 0.91) correlated with the content of its metabolic co","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72930077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To obtain the maximum yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to further optimize the existing cultivation technologies in the direction of their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. One of the areas of adaptation of plants to adverse abiotic factors is the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, which depends on the amount of nutrients introduced. The influence of fertilizer application on the condition of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine has been studied. Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the study: Shestopalivka and Mason. The experiment scheme involved the application of fertilizers at sowing (K0; K12) and foliar treatment with various tank mixtures (urea; urea + magnesium sulfate; urea + magnesium sulfate + potassium monophosphate). The pigment content has been determined by grinding fresh leaves of winter wheat, followed by the addition of a solvent in the form of acetone. Measurements of pigments were performed using a spectrophotometer. According to the research results, it was established that before the foliar treatment the a-chlorophyll content and carotenoids was higher in the plant leaves of the Shestopalivka variety. At the same time, the b-chlorophyll content on the contrary was higher for plants of the Mason variety by 17%, which may be due to the adaptation of plants of this variety to lack of light. On the 3rd day after foliar treatment, a decrease in the pigment content in the plant leaves of all experimental variants has been observed, which was due to the active growth of the photosynthetic surface and a decrease in the total dry matter mass. There was no significant difference between the varieties of the content of photosynthetic pigments in this period. On the 10th day after foliar treatment, an increase in a- and b-chlorophyll content has been observed for both studied varieties, which may be the result of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants to lighting conditions. Foliar treatment of winter wheat plants with a tank mixture of urea with magnesium sulfate and potassium monophosphate contributed to a further increase in the content of a-chlorophyll by 12-23%, and b-chlorophyll by 5-37% depending on the variety compared to the control. The results of the research testify to the high efficiency of complex application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for foliar treatment of winter wheat plants in the BBCH 31 stage, both against the background of pre-sowing application of potassium fertilizers and without it.
{"title":"Peculiarities of pigment complex functioning of winter wheat plants depending on the fertilizer application method","authors":"Z. Bilousova, V. Keneva, Y. Klipakova","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.03.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"To obtain the maximum yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to further optimize the existing cultivation technologies in the direction of their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. One of the areas of adaptation of plants to adverse abiotic factors is the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, which depends on the amount of nutrients introduced. The influence of fertilizer application on the condition of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine has been studied. Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the study: Shestopalivka and Mason. The experiment scheme involved the application of fertilizers at sowing (K0; K12) and foliar treatment with various tank mixtures (urea; urea + magnesium sulfate; urea + magnesium sulfate + potassium monophosphate). The pigment content has been determined by grinding fresh leaves of winter wheat, followed by the addition of a solvent in the form of acetone. Measurements of pigments were performed using a spectrophotometer. According to the research results, it was established that before the foliar treatment the a-chlorophyll content and carotenoids was higher in the plant leaves of the Shestopalivka variety. At the same time, the b-chlorophyll content on the contrary was higher for plants of the Mason variety by 17%, which may be due to the adaptation of plants of this variety to lack of light. On the 3rd day after foliar treatment, a decrease in the pigment content in the plant leaves of all experimental variants has been observed, which was due to the active growth of the photosynthetic surface and a decrease in the total dry matter mass. There was no significant difference between the varieties of the content of photosynthetic pigments in this period. On the 10th day after foliar treatment, an increase in a- and b-chlorophyll content has been observed for both studied varieties, which may be the result of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants to lighting conditions. Foliar treatment of winter wheat plants with a tank mixture of urea with magnesium sulfate and potassium monophosphate contributed to a further increase in the content of a-chlorophyll by 12-23%, and b-chlorophyll by 5-37% depending on the variety compared to the control. The results of the research testify to the high efficiency of complex application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for foliar treatment of winter wheat plants in the BBCH 31 stage, both against the background of pre-sowing application of potassium fertilizers and without it.","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89493291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Murashko, T. Mukha, H. Kovalyshyna, Y. Dmytrenko
Diseases of winter wheat significantly reduce grain yield and quality. Losses of gross grain yield because of them annually make 20-30%, and in epiphytotic years – 50%. An effective measure to limit the development of winter wheat diseases is the introduction of resistant varieties. Successful development of selection work in this direction is impossible without the use of a gene pool of stable forms. Among the genetic resources of wheat are genotypes that are resistant to several pathogens simultaneously, and therefore have special value as sources of group resistance. There is a constant need to identify new sources and donors of resistance to pathogens, the search for which is a relevant area of research and requires constant screening of the gene pool. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat is constantly working to create a source of breeding material for winter wheat, resistant to major pathogens, which are then used by breeders. According to the selection program for resistance to ear blight of wheatgrass and root rot, the following lines have been created: Lutescens F. g. 163/19, Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, which are used by breeders of the institute and transferred to the National center for plant genetic resources of Ukraine. According to the indicator of the vegetation period duration, the line Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 in which the growing season was 238 days, which is 3 days less than the standard variety Podolyanka. It belongs to the group of early forms. High weights of 1000 grains were observed in the lines Erythrospermum Fg164/19 – 50.6 g, Erythrospermum Fg166/19 – 49.3 g, Erythrospermum Fg163/19 – 46.5 g and Erythrospermum Ch177/19 – 47.3 g. In terms of yield, the standard exceeded the Lutescens F. g. 163/19 – at 38.8 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – at 39.6 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19 – at 26.7 g/m2. High protein content was discerned at lines Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19 – 16.5% and Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – 15.8%. The highest level of gluten content in grain was recorded in the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 41.2%. The best in terms of sedimentation are the following lines: Lutescens F.g.163/19 – 70 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.164/19 – 67 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 71 ml. Evaluating the lines created under the program of resistance against pathogens of ear blight of wheatgrass, it was found that the line Lutescens F.g.163/19 showed high resistance to the pathogen powdery mildew (lesion – 1.0%) and Septoria leaf blotch (lesion – 3.0%). Ear blight of wheatgrass did not exceed 5.0%. Resistance against two pathogens (ear blight of wheatgrass, powdery mildew) was distinguished by the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19, and against Fusarium wilt and Septoria leaf blotch – Erythrospermum F.g.164/19. Lines created under the program of resistance to root rot Erythrospermum C.h.177/19 and Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, showed relativ
{"title":"Characteristics of the source material, which resistant to ear blight of wheatgrass and root rots, for breeding of winter wheat","authors":"L. Murashko, T. Mukha, H. Kovalyshyna, Y. Dmytrenko","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.04.080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.04.080","url":null,"abstract":"Diseases of winter wheat significantly reduce grain yield and quality. Losses of gross grain yield because of them annually make 20-30%, and in epiphytotic years – 50%. An effective measure to limit the development of winter wheat diseases is the introduction of resistant varieties. Successful development of selection work in this direction is impossible without the use of a gene pool of stable forms. Among the genetic resources of wheat are genotypes that are resistant to several pathogens simultaneously, and therefore have special value as sources of group resistance. There is a constant need to identify new sources and donors of resistance to pathogens, the search for which is a relevant area of research and requires constant screening of the gene pool. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat is constantly working to create a source of breeding material for winter wheat, resistant to major pathogens, which are then used by breeders. According to the selection program for resistance to ear blight of wheatgrass and root rot, the following lines have been created: Lutescens F. g. 163/19, Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, which are used by breeders of the institute and transferred to the National center for plant genetic resources of Ukraine. According to the indicator of the vegetation period duration, the line Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 in which the growing season was 238 days, which is 3 days less than the standard variety Podolyanka. It belongs to the group of early forms. High weights of 1000 grains were observed in the lines Erythrospermum Fg164/19 – 50.6 g, Erythrospermum Fg166/19 – 49.3 g, Erythrospermum Fg163/19 – 46.5 g and Erythrospermum Ch177/19 – 47.3 g. In terms of yield, the standard exceeded the Lutescens F. g. 163/19 – at 38.8 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – at 39.6 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19 – at 26.7 g/m2. High protein content was discerned at lines Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19 – 16.5% and Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – 15.8%. The highest level of gluten content in grain was recorded in the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 41.2%. The best in terms of sedimentation are the following lines: Lutescens F.g.163/19 – 70 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.164/19 – 67 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 71 ml. Evaluating the lines created under the program of resistance against pathogens of ear blight of wheatgrass, it was found that the line Lutescens F.g.163/19 showed high resistance to the pathogen powdery mildew (lesion – 1.0%) and Septoria leaf blotch (lesion – 3.0%). Ear blight of wheatgrass did not exceed 5.0%. Resistance against two pathogens (ear blight of wheatgrass, powdery mildew) was distinguished by the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19, and against Fusarium wilt and Septoria leaf blotch – Erythrospermum F.g.164/19. Lines created under the program of resistance to root rot Erythrospermum C.h.177/19 and Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, showed relativ","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86610220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The realities of the current state of Ukraine's economy show that the share of agricultural production in its structure is 15-18 %, and in the case of state support, may increase to 25 %. The main task of agricultural production is food security of the state, and the successful solution of this problem largely depends on the level and rate of growth of grain farming. Due to its high nutritional value, winter wheat occupies a leading place among the most important grain crops. In world agriculture, it is one of the three strategically important agro-food crops (wheat, rice, corn). Therefore, world food security depends on the state of development of wheat production. The potential of modern adaptive technologies for growing winter wheat is 30-50% increase in its yield from the current level. However, the main obstacle to the growth of wheat production may be climate change, which results in deteriorating moisture supply. Given that moisture reserves determine the agrochemical, agrophysical and biological properties of the soil, ensure the growth and development of plants, as well as the formation of elements of the crop structure. One of the determining factors in the formation of the water regime of the soil in winter wheat crops is the optimization of its placement in crop rotation after different preceding crops. The urgency of this issue has led to the choice of research. The article presents the peculiarities of the formation of available moisture reserves for the cultivation of winter wheat, depending on the preceding crops. It was found that in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe in terms of the ability to provide winter wheat for the sowing period (0-10 cm layer of soil) with available moisture, the preceding crops were placed as follows: winter rape-sunflower-soybean-corn for silage. At the time of sowing, sufficient moisture reserves in the 0-10 cm layer of soil were formed by placing winter wheat after peas and winter rape, respectively 11,5 and 10,9 mm. The highest yield of winter wheat on average in 2019-2021 at the level of 5,68 t/ha was ensured by its placement after peas. The use as a precursor of winter rape and soybeans reduced its yield by 4,40 and 5,40 %, respectively, which in absolute terms was 0,25 and 0,31 t/ha. After maize for silage and sunflower, crop yields decreased by 0,48 and 0,67 t/ha, respectively. The highest quality indicators of winter wheat grain - protein content of 13,1 and 13,3 % and gluten 25,2 and 25,5 % were obtained for its placement after legumes (peas and soybeans). Winter rape, as a preceding crops, provided grain quality indicators at the level of 13,0 % protein and 24,5 % gluten. When placed after sunflower and corn in silage, the protein content was 12,6 and 12,8%, and gluten – 24,0 and 24,1 %, respectively.
{"title":"Yield of winter wheat depending on preceding crops in the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukrain","authors":"S. Shylo, L. Tsentylo, A. Babenko","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.03.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.03.048","url":null,"abstract":"The realities of the current state of Ukraine's economy show that the share of agricultural production in its structure is 15-18 %, and in the case of state support, may increase to 25 %. The main task of agricultural production is food security of the state, and the successful solution of this problem largely depends on the level and rate of growth of grain farming. Due to its high nutritional value, winter wheat occupies a leading place among the most important grain crops. In world agriculture, it is one of the three strategically important agro-food crops (wheat, rice, corn). Therefore, world food security depends on the state of development of wheat production. The potential of modern adaptive technologies for growing winter wheat is 30-50% increase in its yield from the current level. However, the main obstacle to the growth of wheat production may be climate change, which results in deteriorating moisture supply. Given that moisture reserves determine the agrochemical, agrophysical and biological properties of the soil, ensure the growth and development of plants, as well as the formation of elements of the crop structure. One of the determining factors in the formation of the water regime of the soil in winter wheat crops is the optimization of its placement in crop rotation after different preceding crops. The urgency of this issue has led to the choice of research. The article presents the peculiarities of the formation of available moisture reserves for the cultivation of winter wheat, depending on the preceding crops. It was found that in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe in terms of the ability to provide winter wheat for the sowing period (0-10 cm layer of soil) with available moisture, the preceding crops were placed as follows: winter rape-sunflower-soybean-corn for silage. At the time of sowing, sufficient moisture reserves in the 0-10 cm layer of soil were formed by placing winter wheat after peas and winter rape, respectively 11,5 and 10,9 mm. The highest yield of winter wheat on average in 2019-2021 at the level of 5,68 t/ha was ensured by its placement after peas. The use as a precursor of winter rape and soybeans reduced its yield by 4,40 and 5,40 %, respectively, which in absolute terms was 0,25 and 0,31 t/ha. After maize for silage and sunflower, crop yields decreased by 0,48 and 0,67 t/ha, respectively. The highest quality indicators of winter wheat grain - protein content of 13,1 and 13,3 % and gluten 25,2 and 25,5 % were obtained for its placement after legumes (peas and soybeans). Winter rape, as a preceding crops, provided grain quality indicators at the level of 13,0 % protein and 24,5 % gluten. When placed after sunflower and corn in silage, the protein content was 12,6 and 12,8%, and gluten – 24,0 and 24,1 %, respectively.","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83215401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The method of obtaining water-physical properties of soils (basic hydrophysical characteristics (BHC) and moisture conductivity function) is presented. These properties, or functions, allow us to describe the vertical movement of moisture in unsaturated soils as one of the components of the expenditure item of the water balance. They are widely used in the substantiation of water reclamation and in the modeling of moisture transfer in the soil. The method is based on laboratory studies of soil samples taken in the field on the granulometry composition. The results of laboratory test now in Ukraine are usually obtained by the method of Kaczynski with two components, the percentage of clay and sand. They are graphically, with the help of integral (cumulative) curves are transformed into data corresponding to the international classification - with three components: the content of sand, dust, clay. The latter fractional distribution is used by the world community of soil scientists. Therefore, using data on the content of sand, silt, clay, using a computer program with open access "Rosetta" USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) the water-physical properties in the form of water constants: the saturated soil moisture, the residual soil moisture, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the coefficients of the equations of the mathematical model of van Genuchten are calculated. The publication provides examples of calculation of water-physical properties of soils by the presented method of dark chestnut soils and ordinary chernozems. The advantages of the proposed method include the low complexity of experimental studies, the availability of analyzes and the presence of many experimental studies of the granulometry composition of soils, including in literary sources. As a development of the research direction, the author shows the application of the obtained dependence for modeling moisture transfer during water reclamation (irrigation in irrigation control systems.). Regarding the directions of future research, the publication recommends comparing the accuracy of obtaining water-physical properties of soils by different methods, as well as obtaining an important water constant - the field capacity (FC) as the lowest field moisture content.
{"title":"The method of obtaining soil's water-physical properties via their a granulometric composition","authors":"V. Kovalchuk","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.04.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.04.115","url":null,"abstract":"The method of obtaining water-physical properties of soils (basic hydrophysical characteristics (BHC) and moisture conductivity function) is presented. These properties, or functions, allow us to describe the vertical movement of moisture in unsaturated soils as one of the components of the expenditure item of the water balance. They are widely used in the substantiation of water reclamation and in the modeling of moisture transfer in the soil. The method is based on laboratory studies of soil samples taken in the field on the granulometry composition. The results of laboratory test now in Ukraine are usually obtained by the method of Kaczynski with two components, the percentage of clay and sand. They are graphically, with the help of integral (cumulative) curves are transformed into data corresponding to the international classification - with three components: the content of sand, dust, clay. The latter fractional distribution is used by the world community of soil scientists. Therefore, using data on the content of sand, silt, clay, using a computer program with open access \"Rosetta\" USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) the water-physical properties in the form of water constants: the saturated soil moisture, the residual soil moisture, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the coefficients of the equations of the mathematical model of van Genuchten are calculated. The publication provides examples of calculation of water-physical properties of soils by the presented method of dark chestnut soils and ordinary chernozems. The advantages of the proposed method include the low complexity of experimental studies, the availability of analyzes and the presence of many experimental studies of the granulometry composition of soils, including in literary sources. As a development of the research direction, the author shows the application of the obtained dependence for modeling moisture transfer during water reclamation (irrigation in irrigation control systems.). Regarding the directions of future research, the publication recommends comparing the accuracy of obtaining water-physical properties of soils by different methods, as well as obtaining an important water constant - the field capacity (FC) as the lowest field moisture content.","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77566879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents importance, objectives and results of different methods of basic tillage under different predecessors for its agrophysical properties for growing winter barley in Transcarpathia Ukraine. Soils of the experimental field are soddy podzolic gleyed, which contain on average 2.6% humus in the humus horizon. With depth, the amount of humus decreases gradually and at a depth of 100-130 cm it reaches another 1,0-1,7%. The soil is typical for the research area, on average provided with mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Qualitative assessment of the surveyed soils showed that the soils require constant use of organic and mineral fertilizers, liming and crop rotation. Soil density is an important indicator of the physical properties of the soil, which affects not only on soil conditions, but also on its quality of cultivation, which ultimately effects on the yield and quality of the crop. During the sowing period of winter barley, the most favorable indicators of the bulk density of 0-10 cm of the soil layer were provided by all main tillage systems. The average soil density in the variants of the main cultivation ranged from 1.09 to 1.17 g/cm3, at HIP0,5 0.01 g/cm3. At a depth of 10-20 cm, the average volumetric mass of the soil during plowing was 1.14 g/cm3, during chisel cultivation it was without significant differences – 1.15 g/cm3. Conducting shallow tillage by 12-14 cm and surface by 6-8 cm was accompanied by an increase in bulk density to 1.16 and .1.19 g/cm3, respectively. Situation was similar in the soil layer 20-30 cm: for shallow tillage the average density was at the level of 1,24 g/cm3, and for surface - 1.25 g/cm3. Predecessors didn't significantly effect on the change in the density of the tillage layer of the soil. However, after maize for grain and sunflower, there is a tendency to increase the bulk density of the soil after shelfless shallow and surface tillage, especially in the lower layers of the soil. This soil density was at the level of 1.24-1.26 g/cm3, which didn’t exceed the optimum. Loosened in the process of mechanical tillage of the soil during the growing season under the influence of its own weight, moisture and drying self-compacts to equilibrium density. Therefore, during the period of earing and harvesting of winter barley, the soil was gradually compacted to natural values. In the 0-10 cm layer of soil the bulk density varied in the range of 1.20-1.27 g/cm3, in the soil layer 10-20 cm – 1.25-1.30 g/cm3 and 20-30 cm – 1.34-1.37 g/cm3. Density (porosity) is important for the effective activity of microorganisms, growth and development of the root system of plants and accumulation of moisture in the soil. It was found that long-term use of shelf and shelf-free tillage didn’t reduce the overall density below 50% of the structure of the treated layer, which ensured high productivity of cultivated plants. With shelf-free surface and shallow tillage, the total slit in the lower layers was
{"title":"Agrophysical properties of soil for winter barley cultivation in Transcarpathia of Ukraine","authors":"S. Tanchyk, N. Babilia, A. Babenko","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.04.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.04.037","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents importance, objectives and results of different methods of basic tillage under different predecessors for its agrophysical properties for growing winter barley in Transcarpathia Ukraine. Soils of the experimental field are soddy podzolic gleyed, which contain on average 2.6% humus in the humus horizon. With depth, the amount of humus decreases gradually and at a depth of 100-130 cm it reaches another 1,0-1,7%. The soil is typical for the research area, on average provided with mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Qualitative assessment of the surveyed soils showed that the soils require constant use of organic and mineral fertilizers, liming and crop rotation. Soil density is an important indicator of the physical properties of the soil, which affects not only on soil conditions, but also on its quality of cultivation, which ultimately effects on the yield and quality of the crop. During the sowing period of winter barley, the most favorable indicators of the bulk density of 0-10 cm of the soil layer were provided by all main tillage systems. The average soil density in the variants of the main cultivation ranged from 1.09 to 1.17 g/cm3, at HIP0,5 0.01 g/cm3. At a depth of 10-20 cm, the average volumetric mass of the soil during plowing was 1.14 g/cm3, during chisel cultivation it was without significant differences – 1.15 g/cm3. Conducting shallow tillage by 12-14 cm and surface by 6-8 cm was accompanied by an increase in bulk density to 1.16 and .1.19 g/cm3, respectively. Situation was similar in the soil layer 20-30 cm: for shallow tillage the average density was at the level of 1,24 g/cm3, and for surface - 1.25 g/cm3. Predecessors didn't significantly effect on the change in the density of the tillage layer of the soil. However, after maize for grain and sunflower, there is a tendency to increase the bulk density of the soil after shelfless shallow and surface tillage, especially in the lower layers of the soil. This soil density was at the level of 1.24-1.26 g/cm3, which didn’t exceed the optimum. Loosened in the process of mechanical tillage of the soil during the growing season under the influence of its own weight, moisture and drying self-compacts to equilibrium density. Therefore, during the period of earing and harvesting of winter barley, the soil was gradually compacted to natural values. In the 0-10 cm layer of soil the bulk density varied in the range of 1.20-1.27 g/cm3, in the soil layer 10-20 cm – 1.25-1.30 g/cm3 and 20-30 cm – 1.34-1.37 g/cm3. Density (porosity) is important for the effective activity of microorganisms, growth and development of the root system of plants and accumulation of moisture in the soil. It was found that long-term use of shelf and shelf-free tillage didn’t reduce the overall density below 50% of the structure of the treated layer, which ensured high productivity of cultivated plants. With shelf-free surface and shallow tillage, the total slit in the lower layers was ","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84585996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop management used in these technologies is one of the main trends in the modernization of agricultural technologies. To implement crop management, growers need accessible and effective information about the state of crops. The aim of the work is to develop a method of plant identification on multispectral images of high resolution for crops of continuous sowing on the example of winter wheat. The research was conducted on 03/17/2019 on winter wheat crops in the tillering vegetation phase, Mukan variety in production fields near the village of Horodyshche, Kyiv region. Aerial monitoring from a height of 100 meters was carried out using a spectral complex Slantrange 3p, mounted on a UAV UAV DJI Matrice 600. To extract the reference graphics data from Slantview made a copy of the screen in full screen mode of the image window. Statistical processing of graphical data of spectral monitoring results was performed in MathCad. It was found that the reliable establishment of the spectral portrait of the soil for its pixel-by-pixel filtering from multispectral images is a difficult task because its color significantly depends on the state of moisture, which may differ in open and shaded by plants. A more promising way to eliminate random inclusions is to use a spectral portrait of plants based on the intensity ratios of its spectral components. A promising parameter for assessing the condition of crops is to assess their area of heir horizontal surface, which can be determined by pixel analysis of the image. A filtering option is proposed, which, as in the solutions implemented in Slantview software, needs to be debugged. In further researches it is expedient to consider questions of methodical maintenance of an estimation of quality of a filtration of data of spectral monitoring of vegetation.
{"title":"Methodical approaches to plant identification in high-resolution images in multispectral monitoring using UAVS","authors":"N. Pasichnyk, V. Lysenko, O. Opryshko","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.02.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.02.047","url":null,"abstract":"Crop management used in these technologies is one of the main trends in the modernization of agricultural technologies. To implement crop management, growers need accessible and effective information about the state of crops. The aim of the work is to develop a method of plant identification on multispectral images of high resolution for crops of continuous sowing on the example of winter wheat. The research was conducted on 03/17/2019 on winter wheat crops in the tillering vegetation phase, Mukan variety in production fields near the village of Horodyshche, Kyiv region. Aerial monitoring from a height of 100 meters was carried out using a spectral complex Slantrange 3p, mounted on a UAV UAV DJI Matrice 600. To extract the reference graphics data from Slantview made a copy of the screen in full screen mode of the image window. Statistical processing of graphical data of spectral monitoring results was performed in MathCad. It was found that the reliable establishment of the spectral portrait of the soil for its pixel-by-pixel filtering from multispectral images is a difficult task because its color significantly depends on the state of moisture, which may differ in open and shaded by plants. A more promising way to eliminate random inclusions is to use a spectral portrait of plants based on the intensity ratios of its spectral components. A promising parameter for assessing the condition of crops is to assess their area of heir horizontal surface, which can be determined by pixel analysis of the image. A filtering option is proposed, which, as in the solutions implemented in Slantview software, needs to be debugged. In further researches it is expedient to consider questions of methodical maintenance of an estimation of quality of a filtration of data of spectral monitoring of vegetation.","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77562721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intensification of agriculture has a number of negative consequences, and the conservation of land resources during their active exploitation is an important problem nowadays, paying attention to the ever-growing food increase necessity. The world organic farming practice shows that we are very limited in the agricultural crops pests regulation. Artificial natural enemies increasing and the landscape altering to enhance biological control are not popular solutions and have contradictory efficiency. Monitoring of the winter wheat entomocomplex number was carried out according to conventional methods. It was performed at 48 plots, where 12 variants were placed in 4 replicates during 2019 - 2021. The article contains the research results show that farming systems have a significant impact on the main winter wheat pests, and that they can control the ecological system at the level of the economic harm threshold. The way the soil was treated did not change the number of Schizaphis graminum R., Eurygaster integriceps P., and Oulema melanopus L., while chisel cultivation of 20–22 centimeters provided regulation of Anisoplia austriaca H. and Haplothrips tritici Kurd number way more below the dangerous level for years of observation. Whenever the soil was treated to a depth of 6-8 centimeters, the number of these pests increased significantly and varied from 2.0 ind./m2 to 14.4 ind./m2. Therefore, this data shows the efficiency of insecticidal winter wheat treatments multiplicity reduction in an ecological system without the risk of crop loss due to the plant damaged by pests in combination with chisel soil cultivation.
{"title":"Influence of farming systems and soil tillage of wheat main pests","authors":"N. Shpyrka, S. Tanchyk, O. Pavlov, A. Babenko","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.04.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.04.060","url":null,"abstract":"The intensification of agriculture has a number of negative consequences, and the conservation of land resources during their active exploitation is an important problem nowadays, paying attention to the ever-growing food increase necessity. The world organic farming practice shows that we are very limited in the agricultural crops pests regulation. Artificial natural enemies increasing and the landscape altering to enhance biological control are not popular solutions and have contradictory efficiency. Monitoring of the winter wheat entomocomplex number was carried out according to conventional methods. It was performed at 48 plots, where 12 variants were placed in 4 replicates during 2019 - 2021. The article contains the research results show that farming systems have a significant impact on the main winter wheat pests, and that they can control the ecological system at the level of the economic harm threshold. The way the soil was treated did not change the number of Schizaphis graminum R., Eurygaster integriceps P., and Oulema melanopus L., while chisel cultivation of 20–22 centimeters provided regulation of Anisoplia austriaca H. and Haplothrips tritici Kurd number way more below the dangerous level for years of observation. Whenever the soil was treated to a depth of 6-8 centimeters, the number of these pests increased significantly and varied from 2.0 ind./m2 to 14.4 ind./m2. Therefore, this data shows the efficiency of insecticidal winter wheat treatments multiplicity reduction in an ecological system without the risk of crop loss due to the plant damaged by pests in combination with chisel soil cultivation.","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79957881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The autumn application of herbicides in is an effective measure to control the most harmful species of winter weeds, such as Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Veronica persica, Consolida regalis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Descurainia Sophia, Vicia villosa etc. These measures are especially effective in the early stages of wheat growth, starting from the seed germination stage, when it is most sensitive to the presence of weeds. The article presents the results of two-year studies on the biological effectiveness of herbicide Pledge 50, WP in different periods of development of winter wheat (BBCH 00, 11, 12, 14 and 16) alone and in a mixture with herbicides partners: Zenkor Liquid 600, SC, Marathon, SC, Granstar Gold 75, WG, Grodil Maxi 375, OD and adjuvant Skaba, EC. As a result, it was found that the biological effectiveness of the studied herbicides against Apera spica-venti and other winter and winter weeds differed significantly depending on the phase of development of winter wheat at the time of their application. Pre-ceed application of herbicides does not provide proper control of Apera spica-venti and other winter and winter weeds. For the period of spring vegetation of wheat, the control of Apera spica-venti with the use of 0.1 kg / ha of Pledge 50, WP was 69.0 %, with an overall efficiency of 68.0 %. Application of 0.4 l / ha Zenkor Liquid 600, SC provided indicators, respectively, 66.1 and 71.4 %. The application of 0.1 kg / ha of Pledge 50, WP to the BBCH 11 phase of wheat provided high control efficiency of Apera spica-venti and all weeds in general with rates of 91.2 and 87.6 %, respectively. The use of a reduced rate of 0.08 kg / ha Pledge 50, WP in the BBCH 12 phase did not reduce both the overall effectiveness against weeds – 87.4 % and Apera spica-venti, in particular – 93.1 %. The use of Pledge 50, WP (0.1 kg / ha) in the BBCH 16 phase was slightly worse, but the acceptable effect was 84.2 % against Apera spica-venti and 83.6 % overall. The best control of Apera spica-venti and all weeds in general was obtained using a mixture of Pledge 50, WP + Granstar Gold 75, WG + Skaba adjuvant, EC (0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha) in the phase of BBCH 14 – 97.5 and 99.2 %, which is at the level of Zenkor Liquid 600, SC + Grodil Maxi 375, OD (0.35 l / ha + 0.11 kg / ha). Significantly the highest yield of winter wheat in the experiment was obtained by application of a mixture of Pledge 50, WP + Granstar Gold 75, WG + adjuvant Skaba, EC (0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha) in the phase BBCH 14 – 7.56 t / ha, which is 59.8 % better than control.
秋季施用除草剂是防治冬季杂草中最有害的品种，如小茴香(Apera spica-venti)、天冬草(Galium aparine)、花椒(Veronica persica)、王隅草(Consolida regalis)、荠菜(Capsella bursa-pastoris)、菊草(Descurainia Sophia)、野蔷薇(Vicia villosa)等的有效措施。这些措施在小麦生长的早期阶段特别有效，从种子发芽阶段开始，这时对杂草的存在最敏感。本文介绍了为期两年的除草剂Pledge 50, WP在冬小麦不同发育时期(BBCH 00, 11, 12, 14和16)单独使用以及与除草剂伙伴Zenkor Liquid 600, SC, Marathon, SC, Granstar Gold 75, WG, Grodil Maxi 375, OD和佐剂Skaba, EC混合使用的生物有效性研究结果。结果表明，所研究的除草剂在不同的冬小麦生育期施用时，对细穗小麦草和其他冬冬杂草的生物有效性存在显著差异。事先施用除草剂不能有效地控制辣椒草和其他冬季和冬季杂草。在小麦春播期，施用0.1 kg / hm2的保质50、WP对辣椒小蠹的防治效果为69.0%，总防治效率为68.0%。应用0.4 l / ha Zenkor Liquid 600, SC提供的指示剂分别为66.1%和71.4%。施用0.1 kg / hm2的Pledge 50, WP对小麦BBCH 11期的辣椒类杂草和所有杂草均有较高的防治效果，防治率分别为91.2%和87.6%。在BBCH 12阶段，使用0.08 kg / ha Pledge 50, WP的减量率并没有降低对杂草的总体有效性(87.4%)，特别是对辣椒小翅虫(93.1%)的有效性。在BBCH 16阶段，使用Pledge 50, WP (0.1 kg / ha)稍差，但可接受的效果是84.2%，对spica-venti和83.6%。采用Pledge 50、WP + Granstar Gold 75、WG + Skaba佐剂、EC (0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha)在BBCH 14 - 97.5%和99.2%的混合药剂对麻菜大蠊和所有杂草的控制效果最好，与Zenkor Liquid 600、SC + Grodil Maxi 375、OD (0.35 l / ha + 0.11 kg / ha)水平相当。冬小麦产量在冬小麦14 ~ 7.56 t / ha阶段以优力50、WP +格兰达金75、WG +助剂Skaba、EC混合施用(0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha)最高，比对照提高59.8%。
{"title":"Biological efficacy of herbicides against apera spica-venti and other weeds in winter wheat crops during autumn application","authors":"O. Pavlov, A. Babenko, A. Andrushchenko","doi":"10.31548/agr2021.04.050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.04.050","url":null,"abstract":"The autumn application of herbicides in is an effective measure to control the most harmful species of winter weeds, such as Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Veronica persica, Consolida regalis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Descurainia Sophia, Vicia villosa etc. These measures are especially effective in the early stages of wheat growth, starting from the seed germination stage, when it is most sensitive to the presence of weeds. The article presents the results of two-year studies on the biological effectiveness of herbicide Pledge 50, WP in different periods of development of winter wheat (BBCH 00, 11, 12, 14 and 16) alone and in a mixture with herbicides partners: Zenkor Liquid 600, SC, Marathon, SC, Granstar Gold 75, WG, Grodil Maxi 375, OD and adjuvant Skaba, EC. As a result, it was found that the biological effectiveness of the studied herbicides against Apera spica-venti and other winter and winter weeds differed significantly depending on the phase of development of winter wheat at the time of their application. Pre-ceed application of herbicides does not provide proper control of Apera spica-venti and other winter and winter weeds. For the period of spring vegetation of wheat, the control of Apera spica-venti with the use of 0.1 kg / ha of Pledge 50, WP was 69.0 %, with an overall efficiency of 68.0 %. Application of 0.4 l / ha Zenkor Liquid 600, SC provided indicators, respectively, 66.1 and 71.4 %. The application of 0.1 kg / ha of Pledge 50, WP to the BBCH 11 phase of wheat provided high control efficiency of Apera spica-venti and all weeds in general with rates of 91.2 and 87.6 %, respectively. The use of a reduced rate of 0.08 kg / ha Pledge 50, WP in the BBCH 12 phase did not reduce both the overall effectiveness against weeds – 87.4 % and Apera spica-venti, in particular – 93.1 %. The use of Pledge 50, WP (0.1 kg / ha) in the BBCH 16 phase was slightly worse, but the acceptable effect was 84.2 % against Apera spica-venti and 83.6 % overall. The best control of Apera spica-venti and all weeds in general was obtained using a mixture of Pledge 50, WP + Granstar Gold 75, WG + Skaba adjuvant, EC (0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha) in the phase of BBCH 14 – 97.5 and 99.2 %, which is at the level of Zenkor Liquid 600, SC + Grodil Maxi 375, OD (0.35 l / ha + 0.11 kg / ha). Significantly the highest yield of winter wheat in the experiment was obtained by application of a mixture of Pledge 50, WP + Granstar Gold 75, WG + adjuvant Skaba, EC (0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha) in the phase BBCH 14 – 7.56 t / ha, which is 59.8 % better than control.","PeriodicalId":20195,"journal":{"name":"PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74764126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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