Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115149
Yulong Yang , Decheng An , Zhiyong Si , Wutao Yang , Wang Yue , Linlin Shi , Xian-Ming Zhang
Bi2Se3 topological insulator is a promising layer-structured thermoelectric compound, whose cleavage fracture behavior in in-plane direction restricts the assembly and reliability of power generation devices. Here we propose a universal bottom-up approach for designing and fabricating reliable Bi2Se3 thermoelectric power generator. The iodine-doped Bi2Se3 polycrystalline sample was synthesized via solvothermal and chemical-etching processes. The anion etching induced defect chemistry in Bi2Se3 was dominated via charged selenium vacancies, which results in the improved carrier concentration (∼1019 cm−3). Similar to “sister material” Bi2Te3, in-plane figure of merit zT value is higher than out-of-plane zT for the same composition Bi2Se3I0.01. We further employ the high-throughput screening and physical vapor deposition techniques to develop aluminum as an effective metallization layer for direct bonding to in-plane Bi2Se3I0.01. This thermally/mechanically stable and ohmic contact interface ensure the n-type Bi2Se3 single-leg to realize a conversion efficiency of 2.5 % under a temperature difference of 250 K. The present work points to a general paradigm for advancing anisotropic thermoelectric semiconductor devices.
{"title":"Bottom-up design and efficient synthesis of layer-structured thermoelectric materials for power generation: the case of Bi2Se3","authors":"Yulong Yang , Decheng An , Zhiyong Si , Wutao Yang , Wang Yue , Linlin Shi , Xian-Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> topological insulator is a promising layer-structured thermoelectric compound, whose cleavage fracture behavior in in-plane direction restricts the assembly and reliability of power generation devices. Here we propose a universal bottom-up approach for designing and fabricating reliable Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> thermoelectric power generator. The iodine-doped Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> polycrystalline sample was synthesized via solvothermal and chemical-etching processes. The anion etching induced defect chemistry in Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> was dominated via charged selenium vacancies, which results in the improved carrier concentration (∼10<sup>19</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>). Similar to “sister material” Bi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub>, in-plane figure of merit <em>zT</em> value is higher than out-of-plane <em>zT</em> for the same composition Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>I<sub>0.01</sub>. We further employ the high-throughput screening and physical vapor deposition techniques to develop aluminum as an effective metallization layer for direct bonding to in-plane Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>I<sub>0.01</sub>. This thermally/mechanically stable and ohmic contact interface ensure the n-type Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> single-leg to realize a conversion efficiency of 2.5 % under a temperature difference of 250 K. The present work points to a general paradigm for advancing anisotropic thermoelectric semiconductor devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 115149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports the successful synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) from renewable corn cob agricultural waste using a modified Hummers method for its application as an adsorbent in Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction (DSPE) of Ciprofloxacin (CIP), established through the utilization of corn cob-derived GO as a low-cost, sustainable DSPE phase. Characterization confirmed the structural and chemical transformation: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the change from dense graphite particles to highly wrinkled, thin GO nanosheets, indicative of successful exfoliation. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed the complete loss of the sharp graphite (002) peak at 2θ = 26.60° and the emergence of a broad, shifted peak at 2θ approximately 10°, confirming the increased interlayer spacing and the material's amorphous/highly disordered structure due to functional group intercalation. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) verified the chemical change, showing a significant increase in oxygen content from 14.76 At% in graphite to 25.08 At% in GO. The DSPE process parameters were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken Design. The optimal conditions for CIP adsorption were determined to be 20 mg of GO, a pH of 3.75, a CIP concentration of 752.92 ppb, and a contact time of 34.14 min. The GO exhibited a high maximum adsorption percentage of 99.26 %. This work demonstrates the significant potential of corn cob-derived GO as a low-cost, sustainable, and highly effective solid phase for environmental monitoring and extraction of pharmaceutical residues like CIP.
{"title":"Corn cob-derived graphene oxide for ciprofloxacin residue determination: Dispersive solid-phase extraction optimization via response surface methodology","authors":"Rinawati , Dian Muthia , Hinaya Viebrienty , Sonny Widiarto , Agung Kiswandono , Fahamsyah H. Latief , Achmad Gus Fahmi , Iwan Syahjoko Saputra","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports the successful synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) from renewable corn cob agricultural waste using a modified Hummers method for its application as an adsorbent in Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction (DSPE) of Ciprofloxacin (CIP), established through the utilization of corn cob-derived GO as a low-cost, sustainable DSPE phase. Characterization confirmed the structural and chemical transformation: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the change from dense graphite particles to highly wrinkled, thin GO nanosheets, indicative of successful exfoliation. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed the complete loss of the sharp graphite (002) peak at 2θ = 26.60° and the emergence of a broad, shifted peak at 2θ approximately 10°, confirming the increased interlayer spacing and the material's amorphous/highly disordered structure due to functional group intercalation. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) verified the chemical change, showing a significant increase in oxygen content from 14.76 At% in graphite to 25.08 At% in GO. The DSPE process parameters were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken Design. The optimal conditions for CIP adsorption were determined to be 20 mg of GO, a pH of 3.75, a CIP concentration of 752.92 ppb, and a contact time of 34.14 min. The GO exhibited a high maximum adsorption percentage of 99.26 %. This work demonstrates the significant potential of corn cob-derived GO as a low-cost, sustainable, and highly effective solid phase for environmental monitoring and extraction of pharmaceutical residues like CIP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115071
Brahim el Khalil Oulad Naoui , Said Nemmich , Kamel Nassour , Essama Ahmed Ghaitaoui , Noureddine Oulad Naoui , El Mabrouk Khelifi , Amar Tilmatine
This study experimentally investigated a double-gap dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor for ozone generation, comparing it to a conventional single-gap design under identical operating conditions. Electric field simulations revealed that the double-gap configuration achieved a more uniform and intensified electric field, with peak values reaching 1.4 × 10 7 V/m, substantially surpassing the single-gap's peak value of about 1 × 10 7 V/m. Voltage-current characteristics, Lissajous figures, and waveform analysis confirmed improved discharge behavior and reduced energy consumption in the double-gap reactor (19.5 W vs. 29.5 W). The influence of frequency, voltage, and oxygen flow rate on performance was also evaluated. In terms of performance, the DBD-DG system produced approximately 4.5–5.0 g/h of ozone, compared to 3.5–4.0 g/h for the DBD-SG, and achieved an energy efficiency of 250 g/kWh, twice that of the DBD-SG (125 g/kWh). These results establish the double-gap configuration as a promising, energy-efficient alternative for scalable, high-yield ozone generation.
本研究对双间隙介质阻挡放电（DBD）反应器进行了实验研究，并在相同的操作条件下将其与传统的单间隙设计进行了比较。电场模拟结果表明，双间隙结构获得了更均匀、更强的电场，峰值达到1.4 × 10 7 V/m，大大超过了单间隙结构约1 × 10 7 V/m的峰值。电压电流特性、Lissajous图和波形分析证实，双间隙电抗器（19.5 W vs 29.5 W）改善了放电行为，降低了能耗。实验还评估了频率、电压和氧流量对性能的影响。在性能方面，DBD-DG系统产生约4.5-5.0 g/h的臭氧，而DBD-SG为3.5-4.0 g/h，实现了250 g/kWh的能源效率，是DBD-SG （125 g/kWh）的两倍。这些结果建立了双间隙配置作为一个有前途的，节能的替代方案，可扩展，高产臭氧产生。
{"title":"A novel double-gap dielectric barrier discharge (DG-DBD) for enhanced ozone generation","authors":"Brahim el Khalil Oulad Naoui , Said Nemmich , Kamel Nassour , Essama Ahmed Ghaitaoui , Noureddine Oulad Naoui , El Mabrouk Khelifi , Amar Tilmatine","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigated a double-gap dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor for ozone generation, comparing it to a conventional single-gap design under identical operating conditions. Electric field simulations revealed that the double-gap configuration achieved a more uniform and intensified electric field, with peak values reaching 1.4 × 10 7 V/m, substantially surpassing the single-gap's peak value of about 1 × 10 7 V/m. Voltage-current characteristics, Lissajous figures, and waveform analysis confirmed improved discharge behavior and reduced energy consumption in the double-gap reactor (19.5 W vs. 29.5 W). The influence of frequency, voltage, and oxygen flow rate on performance was also evaluated. In terms of performance, the DBD-DG system produced approximately 4.5–5.0 g/h of ozone, compared to 3.5–4.0 g/h for the DBD-SG, and achieved an energy efficiency of 250 g/kWh, twice that of the DBD-SG (125 g/kWh). These results establish the double-gap configuration as a promising, energy-efficient alternative for scalable, high-yield ozone generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115071"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115066
Zhixuan Liao , Nuoya Li , Zhicheng Zhang , Lilin Wang , Chenlong Chen
Well-aligned single-crystalline ZnGa2O4 nanowire arrays with high crystallinity and pronounced bottom interconnections were successfully epitaxially grown on c-plane GaN/LiGaO2 substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The nanowires, with diameters in the range of 40–120 nm, developed along seven equivalent crystallographic directions of [111], [ 11], [1 1], [11], [ 1], [1] and [ 1] via a Au-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism. The in-situ formation of a thin porous GaN interlayer on LiGaO2 effectively mitigated thermal decomposition of the substrate during high-temperature growth. Additionally, the inherent properties of GaN, such as high thermal conductivity, high breakdown field, and excellent electrical conductivity, offer significant potential for enhancing the performance and expanding the functional applications of ZnGa2O4-based devices. The morphology, microstructure, growth mechanism, and optical properties of the as-synthesized ZnGa2O4 nanowire arrays were systematically analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL). The approach presented here enables the epitaxial integration of well-interconnected ZnGa2O4 nanowire arrays, with the GaN buffer layer facilitating continuous conductive pathways between individual nanowires. The photoelectronic properties of the ZnGa2O4 photodetector were also evaluated, and the device fabricated using this nanowire array architecture exhibited a rapid transient response and high photocurrent density. These results suggest that the unique structural configuration of the ZnGa2O4 nanowire arrays holds promising potential for ultraviolet photodetection and other optoelectronic applications.
{"title":"Epitaxial growth and properties of ZnGa2O4 nanowire arrays on c-plane GaN/LiGaO2 substrate","authors":"Zhixuan Liao , Nuoya Li , Zhicheng Zhang , Lilin Wang , Chenlong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Well-aligned single-crystalline ZnGa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanowire arrays with high crystallinity and pronounced bottom interconnections were successfully epitaxially grown on c-plane GaN/LiGaO<sub>2</sub> substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The nanowires, with diameters in the range of 40–120 nm, developed along seven equivalent crystallographic directions of [111], [<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 11], [1<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 1], [11<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>], [<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 1], [1<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>] and [<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 1<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>] via a Au-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism. The in-situ formation of a thin porous GaN interlayer on LiGaO<sub>2</sub> effectively mitigated thermal decomposition of the substrate during high-temperature growth. Additionally, the inherent properties of GaN, such as high thermal conductivity, high breakdown field, and excellent electrical conductivity, offer significant potential for enhancing the performance and expanding the functional applications of ZnGa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-based devices. The morphology, microstructure, growth mechanism, and optical properties of the as-synthesized ZnGa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanowire arrays were systematically analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL). The approach presented here enables the epitaxial integration of well-interconnected ZnGa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanowire arrays, with the GaN buffer layer facilitating continuous conductive pathways between individual nanowires. The photoelectronic properties of the ZnGa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> photodetector were also evaluated, and the device fabricated using this nanowire array architecture exhibited a rapid transient response and high photocurrent density. These results suggest that the unique structural configuration of the ZnGa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanowire arrays holds promising potential for ultraviolet photodetection and other optoelectronic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115066"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115051
Wei Chen , Shutong Wang , Yuanyang Jing , Bin Yang , Lingxin Kong , Hanqing Yang
In response to crude tin containing high levels of hazardous waste, this study proposes the use of vacuum metallurgy to eliminate Pb, Sb, and As impurities in tin by leveraging the difference in vapor pressure to prevent secondary contamination of these hazardous waste elements. Theoretical calculations of vapor pressure, separation coefficients, and phase diagrams were followed by lab and industrial trials. Lab tests determined optimal conditions: vacuum ≤10 Pa, temperature 1550K, holding time 180 min. Under these conditions, residual Sb (0.00023 %) and Pb (0.0018 %) met China's GB/T 728–2020 Sn99.95 AA tin standard. Industrial trials used a multi-stage continuous vacuum furnace with an As condensation system. Results showed vacuum distillation effectively produced 3N-grade refined tin (Pb, Sb, As compliant), a Sn-Pb-Sb alloy (∼1 % Sn), and a crude As alloy (∼85 % As). The Sn direct yield reached 92.72 % and increased by 6.15 %. The traditional aluminum addition and antimony removal and crystallization lead removal processes have been eliminated, eliminating hazardous wastes such as aluminum-arsenic slag and copper slag, offering significant simpler equipment and environmental benefits. This study provides novel green refining technology for crude tin, supporting sustainable development in tin metallurgy.
{"title":"A clean and efficient method of crude tin refining: vacuum distillation harmless treatment of lead, antimony and arsenic","authors":"Wei Chen , Shutong Wang , Yuanyang Jing , Bin Yang , Lingxin Kong , Hanqing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to crude tin containing high levels of hazardous waste, this study proposes the use of vacuum metallurgy to eliminate Pb, Sb, and As impurities in tin by leveraging the difference in vapor pressure to prevent secondary contamination of these hazardous waste elements. Theoretical calculations of vapor pressure, separation coefficients, and phase diagrams were followed by lab and industrial trials. Lab tests determined optimal conditions: vacuum ≤10 Pa, temperature 1550K, holding time 180 min. Under these conditions, residual Sb (0.00023 %) and Pb (0.0018 %) met China's GB/T 728–2020 Sn99.95 AA tin standard. Industrial trials used a multi-stage continuous vacuum furnace with an As condensation system. Results showed vacuum distillation effectively produced 3N-grade refined tin (Pb, Sb, As compliant), a Sn-Pb-Sb alloy (∼1 % Sn), and a crude As alloy (∼85 % As). The Sn direct yield reached 92.72 % and increased by 6.15 %. The traditional aluminum addition and antimony removal and crystallization lead removal processes have been eliminated, eliminating hazardous wastes such as aluminum-arsenic slag and copper slag, offering significant simpler equipment and environmental benefits. This study provides novel green refining technology for crude tin, supporting sustainable development in tin metallurgy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115051"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Generating large area and uniform ion beams remains a significant challenge for conventional ion sources. To address this issue, we develop a compact electron cyclotron resonance plasma source with a low aspect ratio design. By overcoming the geometric constraint associated with the microwave cutoff dimension, the system achieves efficient microwave coupling and stable discharge within a reaction chamber of approximately 49 mm. In addition, a divergent magnetic nozzle is incorporated, and its magnetic field configuration affects the ion acceleration process beyond the source region. Combining the compact source with a low aspect ratio and a magnetic nozzle increases the radial energy uniformity of the downstream ion beam to nearly five times that of the discharge chamber. Based on this improvement, multiple compact sources can be arranged in a modular cascading configuration, providing a scalable approach for generating large area ion beams.
{"title":"Design and fabrication of a large area ion beam facility using a low aspect ratio electron cyclotron resonance plasma source with a magnetic nozzle configuration","authors":"Xiangyu Niu , Guanlai Pan , Zebao Duan , Xiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generating large area and uniform ion beams remains a significant challenge for conventional ion sources. To address this issue, we develop a compact electron cyclotron resonance plasma source with a low aspect ratio design. By overcoming the geometric constraint associated with the microwave cutoff dimension, the system achieves efficient microwave coupling and stable discharge within a reaction chamber of approximately 49 mm. In addition, a divergent magnetic nozzle is incorporated, and its magnetic field configuration affects the ion acceleration process beyond the source region. Combining the compact source with a low aspect ratio and a magnetic nozzle increases the radial energy uniformity of the downstream ion beam to nearly five times that of the discharge chamber. Based on this improvement, multiple compact sources can be arranged in a modular cascading configuration, providing a scalable approach for generating large area ion beams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115014"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115048
Jing Yan , Yun Geng , Hannan Shan , Yiwen Chen , Yingsan Geng , Zhiyuan Liu
This paper presents a systematic experimental investigation into the prestrike phenomena and underlying mechanisms in double-break vacuum circuit breakers during capacitive switching operations. The study focuses on the prestrike characteristics under high-frequency inrush currents of 5 kA and 20 kA. It innovatively elucidates the influence of inrush current amplitude on key parameters, including the prestrike gap length, electric field strength, inrush current chopping behavior, arcing time, and field emission properties of the contacts. Experimental results demonstrate that a high-amplitude inrush current (20 kA) significantly increases the prestrike gap length (with the d90 value increasing by approximately 2 mm) and reduces its dispersion (by up to 40 %) compared to the 5 kA condition. Furthermore, this condition reduces the frequency of inrush current chopping but prolongs the arcing time. Additionally, the high-energy inrush current leads to a notable increase in the field enhancement factor of the contact surfaces, indicating more severe surface degradation. This research provides crucial experimental evidence and theoretical support for the optimized design and engineering application of double-break vacuum circuit breakers in phase-controlled switching.
{"title":"Prestrike characteristics and mechanism of double-break vacuum circuit breakers under high-frequency capacitive inrush current","authors":"Jing Yan , Yun Geng , Hannan Shan , Yiwen Chen , Yingsan Geng , Zhiyuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a systematic experimental investigation into the prestrike phenomena and underlying mechanisms in double-break vacuum circuit breakers during capacitive switching operations. The study focuses on the prestrike characteristics under high-frequency inrush currents of 5 kA and 20 kA. It innovatively elucidates the influence of inrush current amplitude on key parameters, including the prestrike gap length, electric field strength, inrush current chopping behavior, arcing time, and field emission properties of the contacts. Experimental results demonstrate that a high-amplitude inrush current (20 kA) significantly increases the prestrike gap length (with the <em>d</em><sub><em>90</em></sub> value increasing by approximately 2 mm) and reduces its dispersion (by up to 40 %) compared to the 5 kA condition. Furthermore, this condition reduces the frequency of inrush current chopping but prolongs the arcing time. Additionally, the high-energy inrush current leads to a notable increase in the field enhancement factor of the contact surfaces, indicating more severe surface degradation. This research provides crucial experimental evidence and theoretical support for the optimized design and engineering application of double-break vacuum circuit breakers in phase-controlled switching.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115075
Mingze Ran , Faming Shen , Xin Zheng , Zenghui Cai , Yi Zheng , Boyu Zhang , Wei Ke , Jia Xie , Deshui Yu , Bo Zhang , Qing Chang , Zhan Sun , Lixia Zhang
In order to address the issues of low seam strength in nickel-based TLP joints, a new Fe-Co-Ni-Al-B multi-component alloy filler was designed. The microstructure of the filler and the microstructure and mechanical properties of TLP joints of GH4648 and K416B using Fe7(CoNi)63Al14B16 filler were investigated. Furthermore the effects of joining parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint were discussed. The results show that the Fe7(CoNi)63Al14B16 multi-component alloy filler exhibits a dual-phase microstructure consisting of FCC and BCC phases. Precipitated phases within the seam primarily consisted of the matrix FCC phase, BCC phase, M23B6, Cr-Mo-W boride, and γ′-(Ni, Co)3Al precipitates on the matrix FCC phase. At a holding temperature of 1160 °C for 120 min, the maximum shear strength of the joint at room temperature and 900 °C is 705 MPa and 380 MPa, respectively. The joints exhibit mixed-mode fracture behavior, characterized by both transcrystalline and intergranular features. The maximum differences in hardness and elastic modulus between the bonding seam and the DAZ are 28.77 GPa and 0.37 GPa, respectively. The microhardness and elastic modulus values of the joint were evenly distributed. This work provides a new idea for the TLP bonding of dissimilar superalloys utilized in the manufacturing of aero-engine turbine guide.
{"title":"Effect of joining parameters on mechanical properties of TLP bonded K416B/GH4648 joint reinforced by BCC and γ′ phases","authors":"Mingze Ran , Faming Shen , Xin Zheng , Zenghui Cai , Yi Zheng , Boyu Zhang , Wei Ke , Jia Xie , Deshui Yu , Bo Zhang , Qing Chang , Zhan Sun , Lixia Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to address the issues of low seam strength in nickel-based TLP joints, a new Fe-Co-Ni-Al-B multi-component alloy filler was designed. The microstructure of the filler and the microstructure and mechanical properties of TLP joints of GH4648 and K416B using Fe<sub>7</sub>(CoNi)<sub>63</sub>Al<sub>14</sub>B<sub>16</sub> filler were investigated. Furthermore the effects of joining parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint were discussed. The results show that the Fe<sub>7</sub>(CoNi)<sub>63</sub>Al<sub>14</sub>B<sub>16</sub> multi-component alloy filler exhibits a dual-phase microstructure consisting of FCC and BCC phases. Precipitated phases within the seam primarily consisted of the matrix FCC phase, BCC phase, M<sub>23</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, Cr-Mo-W boride, and γ′-(Ni, Co)<sub>3</sub>Al precipitates on the matrix FCC phase. At a holding temperature of 1160 °C for 120 min, the maximum shear strength of the joint at room temperature and 900 °C is 705 MPa and 380 MPa, respectively. The joints exhibit mixed-mode fracture behavior, characterized by both transcrystalline and intergranular features. The maximum differences in hardness and elastic modulus between the bonding seam and the DAZ are 28.77 GPa and 0.37 GPa, respectively. The microhardness and elastic modulus values of the joint were evenly distributed. This work provides a new idea for the TLP bonding of dissimilar superalloys utilized in the manufacturing of aero-engine turbine guide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115075"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115088
Ziyan Dai , Saifei Wang , Xueli Xiang , Yan Chen , Shanjun Chen , Weibin Zhang
The structural, mechanical, hydrogen storage, optical, electronic, dynamic, and thermodynamic characteristics of XSc3H8 (X = Rb and Cs) compounds are investigated via first-principles calculations. The negative formation energies of RbSc3H8 (−0.55 eV/atom) and CsSc3H8 (−0.46 eV/atom) confirm their thermodynamic stability. The absence of imaginary frequencies in the phonon spectra verifies the dynamic stability of both compounds. The mechanical stability of RbSc3H8 and CsSc3H8 is validated by the elastic constants that meet the Born stability criteria. RbSc3H8 and CsSc3H8 exhibit gravimetric hydrogen storage capacities of 3.53 wt% and 2.92 wt%, respectively. The hydrogen desorption temperatures are 402.80 K for RbSc3H8 and 339.01 K for CsSc3H8, which are suitable for H2 desorption. The mechanical properties indicate that RbSc3H8 exhibits brittle characteristics, whereas CsSc3H8 displays ductility, and both materials exhibit anisotropic characteristics. The analysis of electronic band structures reveals that these hydrides display metallic properties. Their optical characteristics indicate that they are materials with high polarizability. Our research suggests that RbSc3H8 exhibits greater potential as a hydrogen storage material due to its superior gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity, making it particularly suitable for weight-sensitive applications such as mobile hydrogen storage. While CsSc3H8 offers advantages in low-temperature applications owing to its lower desorption temperature.
{"title":"First-principles study of efficient solid-state hydrogen storage materials XSc3H8 (X = Rb and Cs)","authors":"Ziyan Dai , Saifei Wang , Xueli Xiang , Yan Chen , Shanjun Chen , Weibin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural, mechanical, hydrogen storage, optical, electronic, dynamic, and thermodynamic characteristics of XSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> (X = Rb and Cs) compounds are investigated via first-principles calculations. The negative formation energies of RbSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> (−0.55 eV/atom) and CsSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> (−0.46 eV/atom) confirm their thermodynamic stability. The absence of imaginary frequencies in the phonon spectra verifies the dynamic stability of both compounds. The mechanical stability of RbSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> and CsSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> is validated by the elastic constants that meet the Born stability criteria. RbSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> and CsSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> exhibit gravimetric hydrogen storage capacities of 3.53 wt% and 2.92 wt%, respectively. The hydrogen desorption temperatures are 402.80 K for RbSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> and 339.01 K for CsSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>, which are suitable for H<sub>2</sub> desorption. The mechanical properties indicate that RbSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> exhibits brittle characteristics, whereas CsSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> displays ductility, and both materials exhibit anisotropic characteristics. The analysis of electronic band structures reveals that these hydrides display metallic properties. Their optical characteristics indicate that they are materials with high polarizability. Our research suggests that RbSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> exhibits greater potential as a hydrogen storage material due to its superior gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity, making it particularly suitable for weight-sensitive applications such as mobile hydrogen storage. While CsSc<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> offers advantages in low-temperature applications owing to its lower desorption temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115088"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115069
Junchen Huang , Fenfang Lu , Zijian Zhang , Qian Liu , xinbo He , Xuanhui Qu
Graphite film/Cu composites were prepared by first applying a functional group layer to the graphite film surface, followed by Cu deposition. By converting mechanical bonding into chemical bonding, functional groups greatly strengthened the interfacial bonding. The interfacial shear strength force of the functionalized composites increased from 69 ± 3 kPa to 94 ± 4 kPa compared with the non-functionalized composites. Moreover, the functionalized composites exhibited remarkable flexibility as a result of the enhanced interfacial bonding. Reinforced interfacial bonding reduced phonon scattering, thereby increasing the thermal conductivity of the functionalized composites from 1023 ± 25 W m−1 K−1 to 1093 ± 34 W m−1 K−1. High thermal conductivity, superior mechanical properties, and inherent flexibility make the interface-engineered graphite film/Cu composites highly promising for use in flexible thermal management systems.
首先在石墨膜表面镀上官能团层，然后沉积Cu，制备了石墨膜/Cu复合材料。官能团通过将机械键转化为化学键，大大加强了界面键合。与未功能化复合材料相比，功能化复合材料的界面剪切强度从69±3 kPa增加到94±4 kPa。此外，由于界面结合增强，功能化复合材料表现出显著的柔韧性。增强的界面结合减少了声子散射，从而使功能化复合材料的导热系数从1023±25 W m−1 K−1提高到1093±34 W m−1 K−1。高导热性、优异的机械性能和固有的灵活性使得界面工程石墨膜/Cu复合材料在柔性热管理系统中具有很高的应用前景。
{"title":"Enhancing interfacial bonding of graphite film/Cu composites via functional group modification","authors":"Junchen Huang , Fenfang Lu , Zijian Zhang , Qian Liu , xinbo He , Xuanhui Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphite film/Cu composites were prepared by first applying a functional group layer to the graphite film surface, followed by Cu deposition. By converting mechanical bonding into chemical bonding, functional groups greatly strengthened the interfacial bonding. The interfacial shear strength force of the functionalized composites increased from 69 ± 3 kPa to 94 ± 4 kPa compared with the non-functionalized composites. Moreover, the functionalized composites exhibited remarkable flexibility as a result of the enhanced interfacial bonding. Reinforced interfacial bonding reduced phonon scattering, thereby increasing the thermal conductivity of the functionalized composites from 1023 ± 25 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> to 1093 ± 34 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>. High thermal conductivity, superior mechanical properties, and inherent flexibility make the interface-engineered graphite film/Cu composites highly promising for use in flexible thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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