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Enhancement of the quality of mc-Si ingot grown by vacuum directional solidification furnace with growth rate increase reducing the cost of the wafer for PV application: Carbon and oxygen analysis 提高通过真空定向凝固炉生长的锰硅铸锭的质量,同时提高生长率,降低用于光伏应用的硅片成本:碳和氧分析
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113816
Sugunraj Sekar , Srinivasan Manickam , Ramasamy Perumalsamy
In this paper, we propose a numerical model to investigate the dissolution of oxygen atoms from the porous silica crucible, SiO gas formation, back diffusion of CO gas and segregation of carbon and oxygen during the growth of multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) by vacuum directional solidification (VDS) at different growth rates (3, 6 and 9 mm/h) by silt valve opening rate. The dissolution of oxygen decreases during the rapid growth of ingot because the reaction between the molten silicon and the porous silica crucible is constrained. This limitation on oxygen dissolution from the porous silica crucible further diminishes chemical reaction inside the VDS furnace. Consequently, the segregation pattern of the carbon and oxygen is affected at higher growth rate. During the VDS mc-Si growth, a growth rate of 9mm/h yields better quality of the VDS grown mc-Si ingots compared to other growth rates, this rate reduces SiC precipitation and SiO2 cluster formation due to lower concentration of carbon and oxygen. The obtained carbon concentration minimizes the wire saw defects. Based on these numerical results (9 mm/h), we have implemented experimental work. Prepared samples are analyzed using FTIR spectra and minority carrier lifetime measurements. The effect of oxygen concentration in the samples is analyzed in the minority carrier lifetime measurements. The oxygen and carbon concentrations are calculated by FTIR spectra and their results are compared with the numerical simulation.
在本文中,我们提出了一个数值模型来研究多孔硅坩埚中氧原子的溶解、SiO 气体的形成、CO 气体的反向扩散以及多晶硅(mc-Si)在不同生长速率(3、6 和 9 mm/h)下通过真空定向凝固(VDS)生长过程中的碳氧偏析。由于熔融硅和多孔硅坩埚之间的反应受到限制,因此在硅锭的快速生长过程中氧的溶解量减少。多孔硅坩埚对氧气溶解的限制进一步减少了 VDS 炉内的化学反应。因此,在较高的生长速率下,碳和氧的偏析模式会受到影响。在 VDS 锰硅生长过程中,与其他生长速率相比,9 毫米/小时的生长速率可获得质量更好的 VDS 生长锰硅铸锭,由于碳和氧的浓度较低,这一速率可减少碳化硅沉淀和二氧化硅簇的形成。所获得的碳浓度最大程度地减少了线锯缺陷。根据这些数值结果(9 毫米/小时),我们开展了实验工作。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱和少数载流子寿命测量对制备的样品进行了分析。在少数载流子寿命测量中分析了样品中氧浓度的影响。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱计算氧气和碳的浓度,并将计算结果与数值模拟结果进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Decay of secondary electron yield of MgO–Au composite film at different incident electron energies 不同入射电子能量下氧化镁-金复合薄膜二次电子产率的衰减
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113789
Zhangcong Xia , Yunrong Wang , Guofeng Liu , Tao Deng , Haodong Wang , Jie Li , Wenbo Hu , Shengli Wu , Xin Zhong
The relationship between the incident electron energy and secondary electron yield (SEY) decay of MgO–Au composite film was investigated by the designed comparison experiments. Besides the incident current and the properties of the film, the SEY value and the incident electron energy were found to be the other two key factors affecting the SEY decay rate. The value of SEY and the incident electron energy have opposite influences on the SEY decay rate, which makes it necessary to analyze the curve of incident electron energy versus SEY decay rate by dividing it into three parts. In addition, the empirical formulas for SEY decay were derived from experimental data, enabling the estimation of the SEY and decay rate of the MgO–Au composite film at any moment during SEY decay. Furthermore, the cause of SEY decay was also analyzed based on the relationship between incident electron energy and the SEY decay rate. The thermal dissipation, surface roughness, and deposition of contaminants were proven not to be the determinants of SEY decay. The experiment results in this paper supported the inference that the charging effect was the primary cause of SEY decay.
通过设计对比实验研究了入射电子能量与氧化镁-金复合薄膜二次电子产率(SEY)衰减之间的关系。研究发现,除了入射电流和薄膜的特性之外,SEY 值和入射电子能量是影响 SEY 衰变率的另外两个关键因素。SEY值和入射电子能量对SEY衰减率的影响是相反的,因此有必要将入射电子能量与SEY衰减率的关系曲线分成三部分进行分析。此外,根据实验数据推导出了 SEY 衰变的经验公式,从而可以估算出氧化镁-金复合薄膜在 SEY 衰变过程中任何时刻的 SEY 和衰减率。此外,还根据入射电子能量与 SEY 衰减率之间的关系分析了 SEY 衰减的原因。事实证明,热耗散、表面粗糙度和污染物沉积不是 SEY 衰减的决定因素。本文的实验结果支持了充电效应是 SEY 衰减主要原因的推论。
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引用次数: 0
Changes in electronic structure within NiSx (0.60 < x < 1.53) compound series NiSx(0.60 < x < 1.53)化合物系列内部电子结构的变化
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113806
Saroj Dahal, Dhan Rana, Boris Sinkovic
In this article, changes in electronic properties of NiSx series of films with different sulfur content (x = S/Ni) are studied using X-ray (XPS) and ultra-violet (UPS) photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. NiSx (0.60 < x < 1.53) films are synthesized on native oxide of Si(111) substrates via reactive deposition of Ni and S in an ultra-high vacuum chamber by varying the sulfur pressures and substrate temperatures. The binding energy (BE) of Ni2p3/2 core level, the separation between the Ni2p3/2 main peaks and satellite peaks, and the Ni3d valence band binding energies are all found to vary nearly linearly with the sulfur content in NiSx series of compounds, suggesting a direct dependence of Ni electronic charge on the sulfur content. The shift of the Ni3d and S3p states (to higher and lower BE, respectively) with an increase in the S content provides experimental confirmation of the theoretical prediction previously reported (Wen et al., 2020) [1]. All NiSx films showed density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level, indicating their metallic nature. The Ni2p3/2 binding energy shift of NiSx films are much smaller than that of oxide-based compounds, confirming the significantly more covalent nature of the sulfides. NiSx film grown on Si (111) substrate showed nickel silicide interface formation. This study provides information on the growth and trends in the electronic properties of NiSx relevant for their applications in catalysis, energy storage, and electronic devices.
本文利用 X 射线 (XPS) 和紫外线 (UPS) 光电子能谱技术研究了不同硫含量(x = S/Ni)的 NiSx 系列薄膜的电子特性变化。通过改变硫压力和基底温度,在超高真空室中反应沉积 Ni 和 S,在 Si(111) 基底的原生氧化物上合成了 NiSx(0.60 < x < 1.53)薄膜。研究发现,在 NiSx 系列化合物中,Ni2p3/2 核心电平的结合能 (BE)、Ni2p3/2 主峰和卫星峰之间的间隔以及 Ni3d 价带结合能都随着硫含量的增加而几乎呈线性变化,这表明镍的电子电荷直接取决于硫含量。随着硫含量的增加,Ni3d 和 S3p 态发生了移动(分别向更高和更低的 BE 移动),这从实验上证实了之前报道的理论预测(Wen 等人,2020 年)[1]。所有 NiSx 薄膜都显示出费米级的状态密度(DOS),表明它们具有金属性质。NiSx 薄膜的 Ni2p3/2 结合能位移远小于氧化物基化合物,证实了硫化物的共价性质。在硅(111)衬底上生长的 NiSx 薄膜显示出镍硅化物界面的形成。这项研究提供了有关 NiSx 生长和电子特性趋势的信息,这些信息与 NiSx 在催化、储能和电子设备中的应用息息相关。
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引用次数: 0
Baric exothermic fragmentation of crystals 晶体的巴氏放热破碎
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113814
Mahach N. Magomedov
Currently, an extensive study of the properties of matter at high pressures is underway. However, little attention is paid to the baric fragmentation of the crystal. Our work is devoted to the study of the nature of this effect. Based on the analytical method (i.e. without computer simulation), the change in the specific (per unit area) surface energy (σ) of the crystal from the normalized volume (v/vo) along various isotherms was studied. It is shown that there is a maximum on the isotherm σ(v/vo), with (v/vo)max < 1. With an isothermal deviation (at decreasing or increasing) of the v/vo value from the (v/vo)max, the σ(v/vo) function decreases, passing at certain values, (v/vo)frS < (v/vo)max < 1 or (v/vo)frL > 1, to the negative values. This behavior of the σ(v/vo) function at v/vo < (v/vo)frS or v/vo > (v/vo)frL should cause spontaneous fragmentation of the crystal, in which the crystal will strive in any way to increase its specific (per atom) surface: either free (when stretched), or intercrystalline (when compressed). It is indicated that the crystal under all-round stretching passes into the liquid or gas phase without reaching the (v/vo)frL value. However, a negative value of the surface energy can be achieved with all-round compression of the crystal. It is shown that the negative value of the σ(v/vo) function should stimulate both fragmentation of the crystal structure and heating of the fragmenting medium (exothermic effect) and the appearance of additional pressure in this medium due to the appearance of the inner surface. Calculations of (v/vo)max and (v/vo)frS values for Ne, Li and Au crystals at different temperatures have been performed. Based on the experimental data, the pressures are indicated, which correspond to the calculated (v/vo)frS values. It was shown that these static pressures are quite achievable in modern experiments.
目前,人们正在对高压下的物质特性进行广泛研究。然而,人们很少关注晶体的巴氏破碎。我们的工作致力于研究这种效应的性质。基于分析方法(即不使用计算机模拟),我们研究了晶体的比(单位面积)表面能(σ)与归一化体积(v/vo)沿各种等温线的变化。随着 v/vo 值与 (v/vo)max 的等温偏差(减小或增大),σ(v/vo) 函数减小,并在特定值 (v/vo)frS < (v/vo)max < 1 或 (v/vo)frL > 1 时变为负值。在 v/vo < (v/vo)frS 或 v/vo > (v/vo)frL 时,σ(v/vo) 函数的这种行为应该会导致晶体的自发破碎,在这种情况下,晶体会以任何方式努力增加其比表面(每个原子):自由面(拉伸时)或晶间面(压缩时)。这表明,在全方位拉伸的情况下,晶体进入液相或气相时不会达到 (v/vo)frL 值。然而,晶体在全方位压缩时表面能可以达到负值。研究表明,σ(v/vo)函数的负值应同时刺激晶体结构的破碎和破碎介质的加热(放热效应),以及由于内表面的出现而在该介质中产生的额外压力。对 Ne、Li 和 Au 晶体在不同温度下的 (v/vo)max 和 (v/vo)frS 值进行了计算。根据实验数据,指出了与计算 (v/vo)frS 值相对应的压力。实验表明,这些静态压力在现代实验中是可以达到的。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of B/N dual doping on mechanical and tribological properties of Mo-S-B-N sputtered films B/N 双掺杂对 Mo-S-B-N 溅射薄膜机械和摩擦学特性的影响
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113803
Ningxin Wei , Hang Li , Jianliang Li , Jiewen Huang , Jian Kong , Qiujie Wu , Huaping Tan , Yan Shi , Dangsheng Xiong
Doping with non-metal element is effective to improve the porous morphology and enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) based film. However, the mechanical properties of TMDs based film with single additive should be enhanced further for better wear resistance. In this work, B/N dual-doping was used to further enhance the deformation resistance and toughness of MoS2 based films deposited by magnetron sputtering, while the effect of B/N dopants on the structure, mechanical and tribological properties has been investigated. Mo-S-B-N film with B content of 20.91 at. % and N content of 18.13 at. % consists of MoS2 and amorphous nitride/boride, in which B/N dual doping film forms a higher ordered MoS2 lamellar structure compared to B doping film. With a hardness of 11.6 ± 0.9 GPa and improved toughness, the film achieves a low wear rate and average friction coefficient is achieved. Comparing B/N dual doping film to B doping film, the stable formation of tribolayer with more strengthened deformation resistance results in the steady friction and the improved wear resistance, while the limited TMDs reorientation leads to the slight increase of friction coefficient.
掺杂非金属元素可有效改善多孔形态,提高基于过渡金属二卤化物(TMDs)的薄膜的机械和摩擦学性能。然而,使用单一添加剂的 TMDs 基薄膜应进一步提高机械性能,以获得更好的耐磨性。本研究采用 B/N 双掺杂法进一步提高磁控溅射法沉积的 MoS2 基薄膜的抗变形性和韧性,同时研究了 B/N 掺杂剂对薄膜结构、机械性能和摩擦学性能的影响。Mo-S-B-N 薄膜的 B 含量为 20.91 at.%和 N 含量为 18.13 at.%的 Mo-S-B-N 薄膜由 MoS2 和无定形氮化物/硼化物组成,与 B 掺杂薄膜相比,B/N 双掺杂薄膜形成了更高有序的 MoS2 层状结构。该薄膜的硬度为 11.6 ± 0.9 GPa,韧性得到了改善,磨损率较低,平均摩擦系数也得到了提高。B/N 双掺杂薄膜与 B 掺杂薄膜相比,摩擦层形成稳定,抗变形能力更强,因此摩擦稳定,耐磨性提高,而有限的 TMDs 重新定向导致摩擦系数略有增加。
{"title":"Effect of B/N dual doping on mechanical and tribological properties of Mo-S-B-N sputtered films","authors":"Ningxin Wei ,&nbsp;Hang Li ,&nbsp;Jianliang Li ,&nbsp;Jiewen Huang ,&nbsp;Jian Kong ,&nbsp;Qiujie Wu ,&nbsp;Huaping Tan ,&nbsp;Yan Shi ,&nbsp;Dangsheng Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Doping with non-metal element is effective to improve the porous morphology and enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) based film. However, the mechanical properties of TMDs based film with single additive should be enhanced further for better wear resistance. In this work, B/N dual-doping was used to further enhance the deformation resistance and toughness of MoS<sub>2</sub> based films deposited by magnetron sputtering, while the effect of B/N dopants on the structure, mechanical and tribological properties has been investigated. Mo-S-B-N film with B content of 20.91 at. % and N content of 18.13 at. % consists of MoS<sub>2</sub> and amorphous nitride/boride, in which B/N dual doping film forms a higher ordered MoS<sub>2</sub> lamellar structure compared to B doping film. With a hardness of 11.6 ± 0.9 GPa and improved toughness, the film achieves a low wear rate and average friction coefficient is achieved. Comparing B/N dual doping film to B doping film, the stable formation of tribolayer with more strengthened deformation resistance results in the steady friction and the improved wear resistance, while the limited TMDs reorientation leads to the slight increase of friction coefficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 113803"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ordered mesoporous CrCeOx catalyst prepared by hard template for toluene and formaldehyde combustion 利用硬模板制备的有序介孔 CrCeOx 催化剂用于甲苯和甲醛燃烧
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113811
Minghui Guo, Bao Tian, Limin Si, Xinying Zhang, Yunsheng Xia
The meso-Cr-Ce catalysts with different proportions of chromium and cerium were prepared using three-dimensional ordered mesoporous silica (KIT-6) as hard template by vacuum assisted impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) techniques. The oxidation removal performance of toluene and formaldehyde was evaluated. The results show that all catalysts have better catalytic oxidation activity than the bulk counterpart. The meso-Cr-Ce-1 catalyst of same Cr/Ce molar ratio was larger in surface area (up to 186 m2/g) and could be reduced at lower temperatures, and exhibited the highest catalytic oxidation performance. At 30,000 h−1 of space velocity and 1000 ppm of VOC, toluene and formaldehyde conversions reached 90 % at 240 and 160 °C, respectively, and the apparent activation energies were 64.1 and 37.2 kJ/mol. The excellent performance of the catalyst is associated with its well-developed mesoporous structure, high specific surface area, good low temperature reducibility and dispersion and synergistic effect of active components.
采用真空辅助浸渍法,以三维有序介孔二氧化硅(KIT-6)为硬模板,制备了不同铬铈比例的介孔铬铈催化剂。通过热重分析(TGA)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、氮吸附-解吸(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和温度编程还原(TPR)技术对催化剂的理化性质进行了表征。对甲苯和甲醛的氧化去除性能进行了评估。结果表明,所有催化剂的催化氧化活性均优于块状催化剂。具有相同 Cr/Ce 摩尔比的介质-Cr-Ce-1 催化剂比表面积更大(达 186 m2/g),可在较低温度下还原,并表现出最高的催化氧化性能。在空间速度为 30,000 h-1 和挥发性有机化合物含量为 1000 ppm 的条件下,甲苯和甲醛在 240 ℃ 和 160 ℃ 下的转化率分别达到 90%,表观活化能分别为 64.1 和 37.2 kJ/mol。该催化剂的优异性能与其发达的介孔结构、高比表面积、良好的低温还原性和分散性以及活性组分的协同效应有关。
{"title":"Ordered mesoporous CrCeOx catalyst prepared by hard template for toluene and formaldehyde combustion","authors":"Minghui Guo,&nbsp;Bao Tian,&nbsp;Limin Si,&nbsp;Xinying Zhang,&nbsp;Yunsheng Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>meso</em>-Cr-Ce catalysts with different proportions of chromium and cerium were prepared using three-dimensional ordered mesoporous silica (KIT-6) as hard template by vacuum assisted impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) techniques. The oxidation removal performance of toluene and formaldehyde was evaluated. The results show that all catalysts have better catalytic oxidation activity than the bulk counterpart. The <em>meso</em>-Cr-Ce-1 catalyst of same Cr/Ce molar ratio was larger in surface area (up to 186 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and could be reduced at lower temperatures, and exhibited the highest catalytic oxidation performance. At 30,000 h<sup>−1</sup> of space velocity and 1000 ppm of VOC, toluene and formaldehyde conversions reached 90 % at 240 and 160 °C, respectively, and the apparent activation energies were 64.1 and 37.2 kJ/mol. The excellent performance of the catalyst is associated with its well-developed mesoporous structure, high specific surface area, good low temperature reducibility and dispersion and synergistic effect of active components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 113811"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MoS2 stabilize Ti3C2 MXene for excellent catalytic effect of thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate MoS2 稳定 Ti3C2 MXene,为高氯酸铵的热分解提供出色的催化效果
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113812
Zhehong Lu , Jingyi Li , Binxin Li , Ruixuan Yuan , Guolin Cao , Shaoliang Guan , Wei Jiang , Jie Zhu
Ammonium perchlorate (AP), the most widely used oxidizer in energetic materials, is crucial for studying catalytic thermal decomposition. Newly discovered Ti3C2 MXene and MoS2 demonstrating promising prospects in the field of the pyrolysis catalyst in AP. In this study, we employed a hydrothermal method to anchor nano-sized MoS2 in situ on the surface of Ti3C2 MXene, leading to the fabrication of MoS2-Ti3C2 nanocomposites. Various characterizations indicated that MoS2 was attached to the surface and edges of Ti3C2, thereby enhancing the stability and conductivity. Results revealed that upon the addition of 4 wt% MoS2-Ti3C2, the low-temperature decomposition peak of AP reduced from 331.2 °C to 296.6 °C, while the high-temperature decomposition peak advanced from 427.5 °C to 387.1 °C, showing a superior catalytic effect compared to the individual MoS2 or Ti3C2. Additionally, the catalytic mechanism of MoS2-Ti3C2 on the thermal decomposition of AP may involve enhanced electrical conductivity, facilitating rapid proton transfer (H+), accelerated redox reactions, prompt release of gas products, and thereby expediting the progression of the decomposition reaction. Consequently, it can be anticipated that anchoring MoS2 on the surface of Ti3C2 represents an effective strategy for enhancing the catalytic activity of Ti3C2 MXene towards the thermal decomposition of AP.
高氯酸铵(AP)是高能材料中应用最广泛的氧化剂,对于研究催化热分解至关重要。新发现的 Ti3C2 MXene 和 MoS2 在高氯酸铵热分解催化剂领域展示了广阔的前景。在本研究中,我们采用水热法将纳米级 MoS2 原位锚定在 Ti3C2 MXene 表面,从而制备出 MoS2-Ti3C2 纳米复合材料。各种表征表明,MoS2 附着在 Ti3C2 的表面和边缘,从而提高了稳定性和导电性。结果表明,添加 4 wt% 的 MoS2-Ti3C2 后,AP 的低温分解峰值从 331.2 ℃ 降至 296.6 ℃,而高温分解峰值则从 427.5 ℃ 升至 387.1 ℃,显示出与单独的 MoS2 或 Ti3C2 相比更优越的催化效果。此外,MoS2-Ti3C2 对 AP 热分解的催化机理可能包括增强导电性,促进质子(H+)快速转移,加速氧化还原反应,迅速释放气体产物,从而加快分解反应的进程。因此,可以预计在 Ti3C2 表面锚定 MoS2 是增强 Ti3C2 MXene 对 AP 热分解催化活性的有效策略。
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引用次数: 0
Atomic layer deposition of tin monosulfide thin film using Sn(acac)2 and H2S 使用 Sn(acac)2 和 H2S 进行单硫化锡薄膜的原子层沉积
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113808
Dowwook Lee , Hyeongtag Jeon
In this study, we deposited tin monosulfide (SnS) thin film using Tin(II) 2,4-pentanedionate [Sn(acac)2] precursor and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reactant. And we performed post annealing to improve the crystallinity of SnS thin films. The process window was 130 °C–150 °C, and the growth rate was 0.34 Å/cycle. To investigate crystallinity and the phase of SnS thin films, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and Raman spectroscopy were performed. SnS thin films showed a single orthorhombic phase after annealing. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to confirm the two-dimensional (2D) layered structure of SnS thin films. Post-annealed SnS thin film clearly showed a 2D layered structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to confirm the bonding state of the thin film. The results indicated that the SnS thin film only shows binding energies corresponding to the oxidation states of Sn2+ in the Sn 3d spectra and S2- in the S 2p spectra. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were performed to confirm the optical properties and to calculate the band structure of the thin film. All of SnS thin film showed a p-type characteristic. The post-annealed SnS thin films exhibited better electric properties, confirmed by Hall measurement.
在这项研究中,我们使用 2,4-戊二酸锡[Sn(acac)2]前驱体和硫化氢(H2S)反应物沉积了单硫化锡(SnS)薄膜。我们还进行了后退火处理,以提高 SnS 薄膜的结晶度。工艺窗口为 130 ℃-150 ℃,生长速率为 0.34 Å/周期。为了研究 SnS 薄膜的结晶度和相位,我们进行了掠入射 X 射线衍射 (GI-XRD) 和拉曼光谱分析。退火后,SnS 薄膜显示出单一的正交相。此外,还利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)确认了 SnS 薄膜的二维(2D)层状结构。退火后的 SnS 薄膜明显呈现出二维层状结构。X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)用于确认薄膜的键合状态。结果表明,在 Sn 3d 光谱中,SnS 薄膜只显示出与 Sn2+ 氧化态相对应的结合能,而在 S 2p 光谱中,则显示出与 S2- 氧化态相对应的结合能。紫外-可见(UV-vis)光谱和紫外光电子能谱(UPS)被用来确认薄膜的光学特性和计算薄膜的能带结构。所有的 SnS 薄膜都显示出 p 型特征。经霍尔测量证实,退火后的 SnS 薄膜具有更好的电特性。
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引用次数: 0
Fracture behavior, mechanical properties, and microstructural analysis of vacuum automated GMAW welded dissimilar A353 and A516 steels for pressure vessels 用于压力容器的真空自动 GMAW 焊接异种 A353 和 A516 钢的断裂行为、机械性能和微观结构分析
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113773
Song Zhao , Zhe Wu , Zhongbin Wei , Shoufa Liu , Guangfan Hu
In this study, the performance of the automatic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process in vacuum for similar and dissimilar joints of A353 and A516 steel plates with different thicknesses was intensively evaluated. Fracture of all vacuum-welded samples occurred in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of A516 steel, highlighting the significant influence of HAZ microstructure and width on the cryogenic impact energy and strength of these joints. According to microscopic observations and impact tests, the fractures were fully ductile for notches in the weld and A353 HAZ, where dimples were observed on the fracture surfaces and the impact energy exceeded 50 J. This ductile behavior is particularly significant for notches in the weld due to the presence of a vacuum during welding prevents the formation of gas voids and oxide and hydride compounds that are normally the origin of cracks. However, for notches in the A516 HAZ, where the cleavage faces were observed on the fracture surfaces and the impact energy was less than 30 J, the fractures were quite brittle. For dissimilar vacuum-welded samples, the impact energy and fracture type for notches in the weld and A353 HAZ were nearly the same as those in similar A353 joints. However, for notches in the A516 HAZ, the impact energy and fracture type were close to those observed in the A516 joints. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of A353-A353 non-vacuum-welded samples compared to vacuum-welded samples decreased by more than 78 % and 40 %, respectively. As well as, yield strengths and UTSs of A516-A516 non-vacuum samples compared to vacuum samples decreased by more than 34 % and 4 %, respectively. On the other side, the impact samples with a notch position in the weld suffered brittle fracture instead of ductile fracture because their impact energy decreased by about 40 %.
本研究对不同厚度的 A353 和 A516 钢板在真空中自动气体金属弧焊(GMAW)工艺的性能进行了深入评估。所有真空焊接样品的断裂都发生在 A516 钢的热影响区 (HAZ),凸显了热影响区的微观结构和宽度对这些接头的低温冲击能量和强度的重要影响。根据显微镜观察和冲击试验,焊缝和 A353 热影响区中的切口断裂完全具有延展性,在断裂表面可观察到凹痕,冲击能量超过 50 J。这种延展性对于焊缝中的切口尤为重要,因为焊接过程中真空的存在可防止形成气体空隙以及氧化物和氢化物,而这些通常是裂纹的起源。然而,对于 A516 热影响区中的缺口,如果在断裂面上观察到劈裂面,且冲击能量小于 30 J,则断裂相当脆。对于真空焊接的异种样品,焊缝和 A353 热影响区缺口的冲击能量和断裂类型与类似的 A353 接头几乎相同。然而,A516 热影响区缺口的冲击能量和断裂类型与在 A516 接头中观察到的接近。与真空焊接样品相比,A353-A353 非真空焊接样品的屈服强度和极限拉伸强度(UTS)分别降低了 78% 和 40% 以上。此外,与真空样品相比,A516-A516 非真空样品的屈服强度和 UTS 分别降低了 34% 和 4%。另一方面,焊缝中存在缺口位置的冲击样品会发生脆性断裂,而不是韧性断裂,因为它们的冲击能量降低了约 40%。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental and zero-dimensional simulation study of an embedded bismuth LaB6 hollow cathode 嵌入式 LaB6 铋空心阴极的实验和零维模拟研究
IF 3.8 2区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113807
Dongsheng Cai , Pingyang Wang , Zhiwei Hua
Experiments and zero-dimensional simulation were conducted to evaluate the discharge performance of an embedded bismuth LaB6 hollow cathode. The experimental results demonstrate that the embedded bismuth hollow cathode can operate in diode mode without any external heating, with a mass flow rate of approximately 0.21 mg/s. In Keeper-cathode mode, the discharge voltage for bismuth was slightly lower than that of xenon and exhibited strong stability, with a maximum discharge variation of less than 0.5 V at a discharge current of 2 A. The simulation results showed that at the same mass flow rate, the electron and ion densities in the insert region of the bismuth hollow cathode were higher than those of xenon, whereas the opposite was true for the orifice region. Notably, at discharge currents below 4 A, the power deposition of bismuth in both the insert and orifice regions was lower than that of xenon, indicating reduced erosion.
实验和零维模拟评估了嵌入式 LaB6 铋空心阴极的放电性能。实验结果表明,嵌入式铋空心阴极可在二极管模式下工作,无需任何外部加热,质量流量约为 0.21 mg/s。模拟结果表明,在相同的质量流率下,铋空心阴极插入区的电子和离子密度高于氙,而孔口区则相反。值得注意的是,当放电电流低于 4 安培时,铋在插入区和孔口区的功率沉积均低于氙,这表明侵蚀作用减弱。
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引用次数: 0
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Vacuum
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