Teng Wang, Xi Chen, Yuan Yao, Wu Chen, Haonan Li, Yifan Xu, Tianjia Guan, Jicheng Gong, Xinghua Qiu, Tong Zhu
Recent evidence links high temperatures to increased ozone-related cardiovascular mortality in a changing climate, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the associations between short-term ozone exposure and pro-thrombosis, a key process in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases across varying temperatures (5–30 °C) in a longitudinal panel study of 135 participants in Beijing, China. Pro-thrombotic biomarkers and whole blood transcriptome data were measured repeatedly. Bayesian kernel machine regression revealed that higher serum thromboxane (Tx)B2 levels were associated with increasing levels of joint exposure to air pollutants over 1 week when ozone rather than other pollutants contributed most to the overall effect. Causal mediation analyses found 715 transcripts associated with an increase in TxB2 following ozone exposure, which were enriched in pathways, including ribosome, thermogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and pathways of neurodegeneration. As the temperature increased, we observed a stronger association between ozone exposure and TxB2 increase. The TxB2 increments per interquartile range increase in the one-week average of ozone were 6.6, 13.2, 14.8, 16.6, and 18.4 units when the temperatures were 6.5, 15.0, 17.6, 21.4, and 26.7 °C, respectively. The number of mediating transcripts enriched in pathways related to translation, environmental adaptation, energy metabolism, and human diseases was also greater at higher temperatures than at lower ones. This study suggests that higher temperatures exacerbate ozone-related pro-thrombotic response, providing a biological basis for the increased risk of ozone-associated cardiovascular mortality at high temperatures.
{"title":"Pro-Thrombotic Changes in Response to Ambient Ozone Exposure Exacerbated by Temperatures","authors":"Teng Wang, Xi Chen, Yuan Yao, Wu Chen, Haonan Li, Yifan Xu, Tianjia Guan, Jicheng Gong, Xinghua Qiu, Tong Zhu","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c13457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c13457","url":null,"abstract":"Recent evidence links high temperatures to increased ozone-related cardiovascular mortality in a changing climate, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the associations between short-term ozone exposure and pro-thrombosis, a key process in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases across varying temperatures (5–30 °C) in a longitudinal panel study of 135 participants in Beijing, China. Pro-thrombotic biomarkers and whole blood transcriptome data were measured repeatedly. Bayesian kernel machine regression revealed that higher serum thromboxane (Tx)B<sub>2</sub> levels were associated with increasing levels of joint exposure to air pollutants over 1 week when ozone rather than other pollutants contributed most to the overall effect. Causal mediation analyses found 715 transcripts associated with an increase in TxB<sub>2</sub> following ozone exposure, which were enriched in pathways, including ribosome, thermogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and pathways of neurodegeneration. As the temperature increased, we observed a stronger association between ozone exposure and TxB<sub>2</sub> increase. The TxB<sub>2</sub> increments per interquartile range increase in the one-week average of ozone were 6.6, 13.2, 14.8, 16.6, and 18.4 units when the temperatures were 6.5, 15.0, 17.6, 21.4, and 26.7 °C, respectively. The number of mediating transcripts enriched in pathways related to translation, environmental adaptation, energy metabolism, and human diseases was also greater at higher temperatures than at lower ones. This study suggests that higher temperatures exacerbate ozone-related pro-thrombotic response, providing a biological basis for the increased risk of ozone-associated cardiovascular mortality at high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Esketamine (ESK), a new psychoactive substance known for its strong hallucinogenic effect, has been detected in surface water worldwide. The toxicity of ESK to fish at a certain environmental concentration remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish embryos and ZF4 cells were exposed to ESK (0, 0.12, 1.02, and 10.6 μg L–1, marked by SC, LC, MC, and HC, respectively) for 14 days post fertilization (dpf) and 24 h, respectively. Biphasic dose responses induced by ESK were observed after 24 h of exposure. ESK-LC and ESK-MC obviously increased embryo area and length, height, and volume of yolk sac, whereas ESK-HC had the opposite effect. ESK-LC and ESK-MC appreciably upregulated the transcription and expression levels of vtg, disrupting the cell cycle after 24 h of exposure. After 14 dpf exposure, KEGG analysis indicated that circadian rhythm, nucleotide excision repair, and estrogen signaling pathways were the top three impacted pathways, with ESK significantly enhancing gene transcription in these three pathways, except for cyp7a1 and bh1he41. Correspondingly, ESK notably increased the VTG level, aligning with the relatively high affinity of estrogen receptors, as analyzed through molecular docking. Our research demonstrated that ESK exhibits developmental toxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects in zebrafish, highlighting the need to address its ecological toxicity in fish.
{"title":"New Psychoactive Substance Esketamine Causes Endocrine-Disrupting Effects and Developmental Toxicity","authors":"Si-Ying Li, Dongdong Ma, Wen-Jun Shi, Jin-Ge Zhang, Bo Tang, Zhi-Jie Lu, Chong-Rui Yao, Xiao-Bing Long, Xin Liu, Chu-Shu Huang, Guang-Guo Ying","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c00589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c00589","url":null,"abstract":"Esketamine (ESK), a new psychoactive substance known for its strong hallucinogenic effect, has been detected in surface water worldwide. The toxicity of ESK to fish at a certain environmental concentration remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish embryos and ZF4 cells were exposed to ESK (0, 0.12, 1.02, and 10.6 μg L<sup>–1</sup>, marked by SC, LC, MC, and HC, respectively) for 14 days post fertilization (dpf) and 24 h, respectively. Biphasic dose responses induced by ESK were observed after 24 h of exposure. ESK-LC and ESK-MC obviously increased embryo area and length, height, and volume of yolk sac, whereas ESK-HC had the opposite effect. ESK-LC and ESK-MC appreciably upregulated the transcription and expression levels of <i>vtg</i>, disrupting the cell cycle after 24 h of exposure. After 14 dpf exposure, KEGG analysis indicated that circadian rhythm, nucleotide excision repair, and estrogen signaling pathways were the top three impacted pathways, with ESK significantly enhancing gene transcription in these three pathways, except for <i>cyp7a1</i> and <i>bh1he41</i>. Correspondingly, ESK notably increased the VTG level, aligning with the relatively high affinity of estrogen receptors, as analyzed through molecular docking. Our research demonstrated that ESK exhibits developmental toxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects in zebrafish, highlighting the need to address its ecological toxicity in fish.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ir-based catalysts have been demonstrated as promising catalysts for the reduction of NO2– to ammonia (NRA). However, the strong competitive adsorption of NO2– over H2 on Ir sites, leading to H* deficiency at high NO2– concentrations, would hinder its real application. Here, we proposed an effective strategy to solve this problem by constructing dual active site Ir–Pt/TiO2 composite catalysts with physical mixing (Ir+Pt/TiO2) and co-impregnation (IrPt/TiO2) methods. On such catalysts, the hydrogen spillover effect on Pt sites could alleviate H* insufficiency on Ir sites, thereby accelerating the NRA reaction. Specifically, the optimal dry-mixed Ir+Pt/TiO2 catalyst exhibited an NRA rate constant of 12.4 L·gIr+Pt–1·min–1, approximately twice that of the Ir/TiO2 sample. Moreover, Ir+Pt/TiO2 catalysts showed first-order reaction kinetics rather than competitive reaction kinetics, confirming the alleviation of the H* deficiency limitation. Various characterization methods revealed that H* derived from H2 dissociated adsorption on Pt sites could migrate through the TiO2 support to Ir sites. DFT calculations also proved the thermodynamic feasibility of H* migration on TiO2. Moreover, to further improve NRA activity, IrPt/TiO2 alloy catalysts were employed to enhance Pt–Ir synergy, exhibiting the highest NRA rate constant of 17.0 L·gIr+Pt–1·min–1.
{"title":"Accelerating Nitrite Reduction to Ammonia: The Synergistic Effect of Dual Active Site Pt–Ir Catalysts","authors":"Huimin Xu, Yaoyu Zhang, Yuxiong Wang, Xuanhao Wu, Xiaoqiang Wang, Yue Liu, Zhongbiao Wu","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c02608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c02608","url":null,"abstract":"Ir-based catalysts have been demonstrated as promising catalysts for the reduction of NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> to ammonia (NRA). However, the strong competitive adsorption of NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> over H<sub>2</sub> on Ir sites, leading to H* deficiency at high NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> concentrations, would hinder its real application. Here, we proposed an effective strategy to solve this problem by constructing dual active site Ir–Pt/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite catalysts with physical mixing (Ir+Pt/TiO<sub>2</sub>) and co-impregnation (IrPt/TiO<sub>2</sub>) methods. On such catalysts, the hydrogen spillover effect on Pt sites could alleviate H* insufficiency on Ir sites, thereby accelerating the NRA reaction. Specifically, the optimal dry-mixed Ir+Pt/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst exhibited an NRA rate constant of 12.4 L·g<sub>Ir+Pt</sub><sup>–1</sup>·min<sup>–1</sup>, approximately twice that of the Ir/TiO<sub>2</sub> sample. Moreover, Ir+Pt/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts showed first-order reaction kinetics rather than competitive reaction kinetics, confirming the alleviation of the H* deficiency limitation. Various characterization methods revealed that H* derived from H<sub>2</sub> dissociated adsorption on Pt sites could migrate through the TiO<sub>2</sub> support to Ir sites. DFT calculations also proved the thermodynamic feasibility of H* migration on TiO<sub>2</sub>. Moreover, to further improve NRA activity, IrPt/TiO<sub>2</sub> alloy catalysts were employed to enhance Pt–Ir synergy, exhibiting the highest NRA rate constant of 17.0 L·g<sub>Ir+Pt</sub><sup>–1</sup>·min<sup>–1</sup>.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pervasive presence of microplastic in food raises the question of how this presence influences the uptake of organic contaminants from the gastrointestinal tract. Depending on the relative contamination of diet and microplastics, the latter can act either as a vector of contaminants facilitating biological uptake or as a contaminant sink whose sorptive capacity does not diminish during digestion. A comprehensive understanding of these effects ultimately requires the quantification of the effect of microplastics on the thermodynamic driving force responsible for diffusion from the gut lumen to the tissues of an organism. Using silicone-based equilibrium sampling, we quantified the effect of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics on the fugacity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and two polymer additives in dietary and fecal samples of a zoo-housed polar bear. Although PVC microplastics at concentrations well above current observations reduced the fugacities of spiked isotopically labeled PCBs in the polar bear diet and feces slightly, but significantly, leaching from these microplastics greatly elevated fugacities of the additives UV-328 and octabenzone in these samples. The impact of microplastics in the diet on the biological uptake of environmental hydrophobic organic contaminants is likely to be negligible. Microplastics have the potential to be effective vectors for the dietary uptake of polymer additives.
{"title":"Quantifying the Effect of Dietary Microplastics on the Potential for Biological Uptake of Environmental Contaminants and Polymer Additives","authors":"Desmond Ng, Yuhao Chen, Ying Duan Lei, Wanzhen Chen, Hui Peng, Sarra Gourlie, Frank Wania","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c02616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c02616","url":null,"abstract":"The pervasive presence of microplastic in food raises the question of how this presence influences the uptake of organic contaminants from the gastrointestinal tract. Depending on the relative contamination of diet and microplastics, the latter can act either as a vector of contaminants facilitating biological uptake or as a contaminant sink whose sorptive capacity does not diminish during digestion. A comprehensive understanding of these effects ultimately requires the quantification of the effect of microplastics on the thermodynamic driving force responsible for diffusion from the gut lumen to the tissues of an organism. Using silicone-based equilibrium sampling, we quantified the effect of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics on the fugacity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and two polymer additives in dietary and fecal samples of a zoo-housed polar bear. Although PVC microplastics at concentrations well above current observations reduced the fugacities of spiked isotopically labeled PCBs in the polar bear diet and feces slightly, but significantly, leaching from these microplastics greatly elevated fugacities of the additives UV-328 and octabenzone in these samples. The impact of microplastics in the diet on the biological uptake of environmental hydrophobic organic contaminants is likely to be negligible. Microplastics have the potential to be effective vectors for the dietary uptake of polymer additives.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nontargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allows for the characterization of a large fraction of the exposome, i.e., the entirety of chemicals an organism is exposed to, and helps detect important exogenous chemical compounds that could be key drivers of toxicological impact. Along with these chemical compounds occur endogenous metabolites that are essential for the health of the host organism. Chemical compounds derived from the biotransformation of xenobiotics present in the exposome are referred to as the xenometabolome, while endogenous metabolites derived from the host organism are referred to as the endometabolome. Recent advancements in HRMS technology allow for the detection of chemical features of biological and ecological importance in the context of chemical safety assessments with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution. In this perspective, we highlight the application of HRMS-based metabolomics of organisms in the context of ecotoxicology, the complexity of comprehensively characterizing the endometabolome, and distinguishing chemical compounds of the xenometabolome.
{"title":"Xenometabolomics in Ecotoxicology: Concepts and Applications","authors":"Phillip Ankley, Hannah Mahoney, Markus Brinkmann","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c13689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c13689","url":null,"abstract":"Nontargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allows for the characterization of a large fraction of the exposome, i.e., the entirety of chemicals an organism is exposed to, and helps detect important exogenous chemical compounds that could be key drivers of toxicological impact. Along with these chemical compounds occur endogenous metabolites that are essential for the health of the host organism. Chemical compounds derived from the biotransformation of xenobiotics present in the exposome are referred to as the xenometabolome, while endogenous metabolites derived from the host organism are referred to as the endometabolome. Recent advancements in HRMS technology allow for the detection of chemical features of biological and ecological importance in the context of chemical safety assessments with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution. In this perspective, we highlight the application of HRMS-based metabolomics of organisms in the context of ecotoxicology, the complexity of comprehensively characterizing the endometabolome, and distinguishing chemical compounds of the xenometabolome.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belal Abboushi, Eduardo Rodriguez-Feo Bermudez, Jason Tuenge, Gabe Arnold
Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) radiation is used in various building types and indoor applications across the U.S. to mitigate the risk of infection from airborne pathogens. However, to date, few studies have evaluated the in situ effectiveness, safety, and occupant’s experience with these installations. To address this gap, we developed and applied a protocol for evaluating in situ performance of whole-room (far UV-C) and upper-room GUV installations. Radiometric and electrical measurements were collected characterizing the spectrum, fluence rate, eye and skin exposure, and energy use of 15 installations. Additionally, a questionnaire asked facility managers and occupants about their satisfaction with the GUV installations. Most installations did not exceed time weighted average limits for eye and skin safety. Findings showed that GUV contributed between 3% to 150% toward meeting ASHRAE 241 equivalent clean airflow targets. These findings support further deployment of these GUV technologies to help inactivate airborne pathogens. The GUV system characterization reported in this article can be used to inform GUV system simulation assumptions.
{"title":"GUV Installations Demonstrate Effectiveness and Exposure Safety in Field Settings","authors":"Belal Abboushi, Eduardo Rodriguez-Feo Bermudez, Jason Tuenge, Gabe Arnold","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c10774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c10774","url":null,"abstract":"Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) radiation is used in various building types and indoor applications across the U.S. to mitigate the risk of infection from airborne pathogens. However, to date, few studies have evaluated the in situ effectiveness, safety, and occupant’s experience with these installations. To address this gap, we developed and applied a protocol for evaluating in situ performance of whole-room (far UV-C) and upper-room GUV installations. Radiometric and electrical measurements were collected characterizing the spectrum, fluence rate, eye and skin exposure, and energy use of 15 installations. Additionally, a questionnaire asked facility managers and occupants about their satisfaction with the GUV installations. Most installations did not exceed time weighted average limits for eye and skin safety. Findings showed that GUV contributed between 3% to 150% toward meeting ASHRAE 241 equivalent clean airflow targets. These findings support further deployment of these GUV technologies to help inactivate airborne pathogens. The GUV system characterization reported in this article can be used to inform GUV system simulation assumptions.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin M. Geyman, David G. Streets, Connor I. Olson, Colin P. Thackray, Christine L. Olson, Kevin Schaefer, David P. Krabbenhoft, Elsie M. Sunderland
Humans have intentionally mined and released mercury (Hg) from the Earth’s lithosphere over millennia. Here, we synthesize past, present, and future anthropogenic Hg emissions and releases and use a global geochemical box model to characterize accumulation in the atmosphere, land, and ocean. We project an upper-bound for emissions and releases between 2010 and 2300 (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)5-8.5; 1.7 Tg) that surpasses the historical total over the past half millennium (1.5 Tg). In contrast, the lower-bound for emissions and releases (SSP1-2.6; 0.7 Tg) is substantially smaller than the historical total. Observational constraints on global modeling suggest that most Hg released to land and water prior to 2010 remains sequestered at contaminated sites. Substantial oceanic enrichment by anthropogenic Hg (270% ca. 2010) has been driven mainly by atmospheric emissions. Cumulative future releases to land and water are projected to be approximately six-times greater than primary anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere. This Hg is mainly sequestered in legacy Hg waste pools and is unlikely to impact Hg pollution in the global ocean unless it is mobilized by climate change. Modeling results suggest that by 2100 atmospheric Hg concentrations may be similar to present levels if society follows SSP5-8.5. Declines in the surface ocean (−19%) and atmosphere (−45%) are expected under SSP1-2.6, emphasizing the benefits of reductions in future Hg releases.
{"title":"Cumulative Anthropogenic Impacts of Past and Future Emissions and Releases on the Global Mercury Cycle","authors":"Benjamin M. Geyman, David G. Streets, Connor I. Olson, Colin P. Thackray, Christine L. Olson, Kevin Schaefer, David P. Krabbenhoft, Elsie M. Sunderland","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c13434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c13434","url":null,"abstract":"Humans have intentionally mined and released mercury (Hg) from the Earth’s lithosphere over millennia. Here, we synthesize past, present, and future anthropogenic Hg emissions and releases and use a global geochemical box model to characterize accumulation in the atmosphere, land, and ocean. We project an upper-bound for emissions and releases between 2010 and 2300 (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)5-8.5; 1.7 Tg) that surpasses the historical total over the past half millennium (1.5 Tg). In contrast, the lower-bound for emissions and releases (SSP1-2.6; 0.7 Tg) is substantially smaller than the historical total. Observational constraints on global modeling suggest that most Hg released to land and water prior to 2010 remains sequestered at contaminated sites. Substantial oceanic enrichment by anthropogenic Hg (270% ca. 2010) has been driven mainly by atmospheric emissions. Cumulative future releases to land and water are projected to be approximately six-times greater than primary anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere. This Hg is mainly sequestered in legacy Hg waste pools and is unlikely to impact Hg pollution in the global ocean unless it is mobilized by climate change. Modeling results suggest that by 2100 atmospheric Hg concentrations may be similar to present levels if society follows SSP5-8.5. Declines in the surface ocean (−19%) and atmosphere (−45%) are expected under SSP1-2.6, emphasizing the benefits of reductions in future Hg releases.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historically, environmental protection by governmental agencies has focused on controlling point-source discharges, in many cases emphasizing wastewaters laden with nutrients, pathogens, metals, and/or synthetic organics. Most non-United States countries do not focus effluent limits much beyond nutrients and dissolved oxygen and do not put limits on metals and synthetic organics. Water quality standards were established to regulate dischargers and drinking water and protect aquatic biota from impairment associated with point-source pollution. Nevertheless, widespread causes of ecosystem impairments from non-point-source (diffuse) pollution, habitat degradation, and invasive species had not been a focus of regulatory enforcement internationally. The U.S. Clean Water Act (sections 303(d), 305(b), and 314) requires each state to submit a biennial report on the quality of its water resources to the U.S. EPA. These reports identify monitored parameters causing failure of a water body to meet its “designated use”. In these reports, the overwhelming causes of impairments are single contaminants, such as chemicals, nutrients, or <i>Escherichia coli</i>, rather than the suite of stressors to which organisms are exposed. These stressors are certainly similar to those in other human-dominated watersheds of the world. Many international and national organizations, e.g., UNEP, WHO, IUCN, Council of Biological Diversity, JPI Oceans Knowledge Hub, Australia State of the Environment, Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK), and U.S. EPA Office of Research & Development, and scientific authors have stated in recent years that cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) must be adopted to better protect ecosystems from physical, chemical, and biological stressors. Santos et al. (1) reviewed CEAs in terms of improving the European Water Framework Directive and highlighted the need for climate stressor inclusion. Nevertheless, most of the CEAs have failed to emphasize how climate stress and other chemical, physical, and biological stressors should be integrated (Figure 1). Figure 1. Climate-related stressors interact with traditionally managed stressors with known consequences. Cumulative stressor risk assessments are necessary for effective management. Environmental management and regulations can no longer take this overly simplistic focus. The increasing frequency and magnitude of climate change (CC)-related disasters and their interactions with these “traditional” parameters (stressors) mandate a more realistic assessment of ecosystem quality for protection, management, and restoration. Most areas of the planet have already been altered by CC, with large areas experiencing widespread devastation to ecosystems and human systems. To make matters worse, there are far more studies examining single stressors than the interaction of CC-related stressors (i.e., warming temperatures, wildfire, drought, and flooding) and stressors of traditional regulatory focus. Additional
{"title":"A Plea for Cumulative Stressor Risk Assessments in Light of Climate Change","authors":"G. Allen Burton, Jr., Jason R. Rohr","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c02733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c02733","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, environmental protection by governmental agencies has focused on controlling point-source discharges, in many cases emphasizing wastewaters laden with nutrients, pathogens, metals, and/or synthetic organics. Most non-United States countries do not focus effluent limits much beyond nutrients and dissolved oxygen and do not put limits on metals and synthetic organics. Water quality standards were established to regulate dischargers and drinking water and protect aquatic biota from impairment associated with point-source pollution. Nevertheless, widespread causes of ecosystem impairments from non-point-source (diffuse) pollution, habitat degradation, and invasive species had not been a focus of regulatory enforcement internationally. The U.S. Clean Water Act (sections 303(d), 305(b), and 314) requires each state to submit a biennial report on the quality of its water resources to the U.S. EPA. These reports identify monitored parameters causing failure of a water body to meet its “designated use”. In these reports, the overwhelming causes of impairments are single contaminants, such as chemicals, nutrients, or <i>Escherichia coli</i>, rather than the suite of stressors to which organisms are exposed. These stressors are certainly similar to those in other human-dominated watersheds of the world. Many international and national organizations, e.g., UNEP, WHO, IUCN, Council of Biological Diversity, JPI Oceans Knowledge Hub, Australia State of the Environment, Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK), and U.S. EPA Office of Research & Development, and scientific authors have stated in recent years that cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) must be adopted to better protect ecosystems from physical, chemical, and biological stressors. Santos et al. (1) reviewed CEAs in terms of improving the European Water Framework Directive and highlighted the need for climate stressor inclusion. Nevertheless, most of the CEAs have failed to emphasize how climate stress and other chemical, physical, and biological stressors should be integrated (Figure 1). Figure 1. Climate-related stressors interact with traditionally managed stressors with known consequences. Cumulative stressor risk assessments are necessary for effective management. Environmental management and regulations can no longer take this overly simplistic focus. The increasing frequency and magnitude of climate change (CC)-related disasters and their interactions with these “traditional” parameters (stressors) mandate a more realistic assessment of ecosystem quality for protection, management, and restoration. Most areas of the planet have already been altered by CC, with large areas experiencing widespread devastation to ecosystems and human systems. To make matters worse, there are far more studies examining single stressors than the interaction of CC-related stressors (i.e., warming temperatures, wildfire, drought, and flooding) and stressors of traditional regulatory focus. Additional","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In March 1972, Assembly Bill 2165 (AB 2165), a product safety-specific bill “relating to furniture and bedding”, was one of 2395 bills introduced in the California State Assembly and one of 896 bills enacted on January 1, 1973. AB 2165 was co-authored by Assemblymembers John Burton and Willie Brown who, from 1965 to 1974, represented the 20th and 18th districts, respectively, within San Francisco County. Based on the public record, it is unclear what compelled Burton and Brown to co-author AB 2165 during the 1972–1973 session. AB 2165 included a 141-word amendment to Section 19161 of the Business and Professions Code (BPC) requiring that “all mattresses manufactured for sale in this state ... shall be fire retardant” and “all upholstered furniture sold or offered for sale by a manufacturer or wholesaler for use in this state ... shall be fire retardant and shall be labeled in a manner specified by the bureau.” The Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings, and Thermal Insulation (now Bureau of Household Goods and Services) held jurisdictional authority over the furniture and bedding industries and were responsible for ensuring compliance with this new law. However, this amendment did not specify how mattresses and upholstered furniture “shall be fire retardant”. In 1973, the Federal Mattress Flammability Standard was simultaneously introduced by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), allowing mattress manufacturers to immediately comply with California’s amendment to Section 19161 of the BPC. However, California was the only state that legally required that (1) upholstered furniture be fire retardant and (2) manufacturers affix permanent labels indicating compliance with state-specific flammability standards. As a result, this led to the implementation of an upholstered furniture flammability performance standard (Technical Bulletin 117, or TB117) in 1975, a deadline mandated by AB 2165. TB117 required that interior filling materials (e.g., polyurethane foam) of upholstered furniture be individually evaluated using open flame and cigarette smolder tests. In 2013, TB117 was revised (now TB117-2013) to address the potential ignition of upholstered cover fabric and interactions among different upholstered furniture components following exposure to smoldering ignition sources (i.e., cigarettes). Importantly, as a smolder-specific standard, TB117-2013 provides manufacturers the flexibility to use either flame retardant (FR) chemicals or barrier (interliner) materials to maintain compliance. Since 1975, TB117-compliant furniture has been sold across the entire United States to simplify production and distribution. As a result, TB117 has been the <i>de facto</i> flammability standard across the country since California was the only state that required upholstered furniture to be fire retardant. Moreover, the adoption of TB117 in the United States preceded fire safety regulations for upholstered furniture in the United King
{"title":"A Proposal to Permanently Ban Flame Retardant Chemicals to Meet California’s Flammability Standard for Upholstered Furniture","authors":"David C. Volz","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c03121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03121","url":null,"abstract":"In March 1972, Assembly Bill 2165 (AB 2165), a product safety-specific bill “relating to furniture and bedding”, was one of 2395 bills introduced in the California State Assembly and one of 896 bills enacted on January 1, 1973. AB 2165 was co-authored by Assemblymembers John Burton and Willie Brown who, from 1965 to 1974, represented the 20th and 18th districts, respectively, within San Francisco County. Based on the public record, it is unclear what compelled Burton and Brown to co-author AB 2165 during the 1972–1973 session. AB 2165 included a 141-word amendment to Section 19161 of the Business and Professions Code (BPC) requiring that “all mattresses manufactured for sale in this state ... shall be fire retardant” and “all upholstered furniture sold or offered for sale by a manufacturer or wholesaler for use in this state ... shall be fire retardant and shall be labeled in a manner specified by the bureau.” The Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings, and Thermal Insulation (now Bureau of Household Goods and Services) held jurisdictional authority over the furniture and bedding industries and were responsible for ensuring compliance with this new law. However, this amendment did not specify how mattresses and upholstered furniture “shall be fire retardant”. In 1973, the Federal Mattress Flammability Standard was simultaneously introduced by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), allowing mattress manufacturers to immediately comply with California’s amendment to Section 19161 of the BPC. However, California was the only state that legally required that (1) upholstered furniture be fire retardant and (2) manufacturers affix permanent labels indicating compliance with state-specific flammability standards. As a result, this led to the implementation of an upholstered furniture flammability performance standard (Technical Bulletin 117, or TB117) in 1975, a deadline mandated by AB 2165. TB117 required that interior filling materials (e.g., polyurethane foam) of upholstered furniture be individually evaluated using open flame and cigarette smolder tests. In 2013, TB117 was revised (now TB117-2013) to address the potential ignition of upholstered cover fabric and interactions among different upholstered furniture components following exposure to smoldering ignition sources (i.e., cigarettes). Importantly, as a smolder-specific standard, TB117-2013 provides manufacturers the flexibility to use either flame retardant (FR) chemicals or barrier (interliner) materials to maintain compliance. Since 1975, TB117-compliant furniture has been sold across the entire United States to simplify production and distribution. As a result, TB117 has been the <i>de facto</i> flammability standard across the country since California was the only state that required upholstered furniture to be fire retardant. Moreover, the adoption of TB117 in the United States preceded fire safety regulations for upholstered furniture in the United King","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143857689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficient catalytic elimination of toxic chlorinated aromatics (i.e., dioxins, chlorobenzenes, etc.) at low temperature is still a great challenge. Based on the VOx/TiO2 catalyst, a hydrolysis-oxidation strategy (CeOx and WOx doping) was built for desirable low-temperature catalytic activity, product selectivity, H2O tolerance, and chlorine desorption. The in situ and ex situ experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations revealed that hydrolysis sites favored molecular adsorption, C–Cl cleavage, and HCl formation; meanwhile, oxidation sites enhanced the activation of reactive oxygen species and improved oxygen mobility and redox properties. The enhanced oxygen storage/release capacity (33–53 fold) and extended redox cycle (e.g., from V5+↔V4+ to V5+↔V4+↔V3+) favored the deep oxidation. The introduction of H2O triggered the hydrolysis–oxidation process that promoted the catalytic activity and chlorine desorption due to the elevated generation of ·O2– and higher-activity ·OH. Furthermore, the water resistance of the VOx/TiO2-based catalyst was enhanced after the application of the hydrolysis–oxidation strategy. The V–Ce–W/Ti catalyst exhibited remarkable removal efficiency of dioxins (96.7–98.2%), which was reduced from 0.34–0.48 ng I-TEQ Nm–3 to 0.006–0.016 ng I-TEQ Nm–3 during pilot tests at 160–180 °C, achieving ultralow emissions. This work provides practical guidance for industry development for efficiently eliminating chlorinated organics in flue gas.
{"title":"Synergistic Enhancement of Hydrolysis–Oxidation Drives Efficient Catalytic Elimination of Chlorinated Aromatics over VOx/TiO2 Catalysts at Low Temperature","authors":"Yunfeng Ma, Jianwen Lai, Bingcheng Lin, Xiaoqing Lin, Jiabao Lv, Fanxiang Meng, Zhongkang Han, Runtong Dong, Rong Jin, Guorui Liu, Masaki Takaoka, Xiaodong Li, Minghui Zheng","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c13995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c13995","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient catalytic elimination of toxic chlorinated aromatics (i.e., dioxins, chlorobenzenes, etc.) at low temperature is still a great challenge. Based on the VO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst, a hydrolysis-oxidation strategy (CeO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and WO<sub><i>x</i></sub> doping) was built for desirable low-temperature catalytic activity, product selectivity, H<sub>2</sub>O tolerance, and chlorine desorption. The in situ and ex situ experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations revealed that hydrolysis sites favored molecular adsorption, C–Cl cleavage, and HCl formation; meanwhile, oxidation sites enhanced the activation of reactive oxygen species and improved oxygen mobility and redox properties. The enhanced oxygen storage/release capacity (33–53 fold) and extended redox cycle (e.g., from V<sup>5+</sup>↔V<sup>4+</sup> to V<sup>5+</sup>↔V<sup>4+</sup>↔V<sup>3+</sup>) favored the deep oxidation. The introduction of H<sub>2</sub>O triggered the hydrolysis–oxidation process that promoted the catalytic activity and chlorine desorption due to the elevated generation of ·O<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> and higher-activity ·OH. Furthermore, the water resistance of the VO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-based catalyst was enhanced after the application of the hydrolysis–oxidation strategy. The V–Ce–W/Ti catalyst exhibited remarkable removal efficiency of dioxins (96.7–98.2%), which was reduced from 0.34–0.48 ng I-TEQ Nm<sup>–3</sup> to 0.006–0.016 ng I-TEQ Nm<sup>–3</sup> during pilot tests at 160–180 °C, achieving ultralow emissions. This work provides practical guidance for industry development for efficiently eliminating chlorinated organics in flue gas.","PeriodicalId":36,"journal":{"name":"环境科学与技术","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.028,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：