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Verb Ranking in Koine Imperativals 共通祈使句中的动词排序
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-53tyh
Daniel A. Hoopert, Daniel A. Hoopert
This article proposes a cline of Greek imperativals, that is, a progressive ordering of Greek imperativals from a totally unmitigated command to a highly mitigated exhortation. It grows from a study of 1 Cor. 10:6–10. In this passage, the Apostle Paul shifts from a first person form of the verbal construction to a second person form, then to two first person forms, and finally back to a second person form. I did not find the explanations in the commentaries for these usages to be satisfactory. I accordingly propose that the use of the different persons is to be seen as part of an increase in marked prominence. Along with the change in persons in the imperatival forms, there is a change in the imperativals themselves, going from a purpose clause to the imperative γíνεσθε ‘be’ used with a substantive, to two uses of the hortatory subjunctive, followed by a second person imperative form of the verb. This, along with an increase in marked prominence in this passage, suggests a cline of mitigation for Greek imperativals. In the passage in 1 Corinthians, the imperativals proceed up the cline from a highly mitigated exhortation to a totally unmitigated command. I followed material written by Neva Miller on imperativals in Romans 12, work done by Robert Longacre on 1 John, on Biblical Hebrew and on discourse in general, and work done by Ernst Wendland on 1 Peter. This article also examines an increase in marked prominence in the text in 1 Corinthians, and uses this to support the thesis of a perceived decrease in mitigation in the imperatival forms. Included in this article in particular is the proposal that the imperative of γíνομαι ‘be’ plus a substantive occupies a place in a cline of imperativals below (more mitigated than) hortatory subjunctives. It also proposes that the switch from a first person form to a second person form, back to first person forms, and then to a second person form, is to be understood as a part of an increase in marked prominence. Thus, all of the imperativals in this passage can be perceived as exhortations directed to the Corinthians.
这篇文章提出了希腊命令的变化,也就是说,希腊命令的一个渐进的顺序,从一个完全未减轻的命令到一个高度减轻的劝告。它来自哥林多前书10:6-10的研究。在这段经文中,使徒保罗从动词结构的第一人称形式转变为第二人称形式,然后是两个第一人称形式,最后回到第二人称形式。我发现注释中对这些用法的解释并不令人满意。因此,我建议,使用不同的人应被视为显著突出的增加的一部分。随着祈使句中人称的变化,祈使句本身也发生了变化,从目的从句到祈使句γíνεσθε“be”与实体句一起使用,到两种语气虚拟语气的用法,后面跟着动词的第二人称祈使句形式。这一点,再加上这一段中显著的突出,表明希腊命令的缓和程度有所下降。在哥林多前书的段落中,命令从一个高度缓和的劝诫上升到一个完全不缓和的命令。我研究了涅瓦·米勒写的罗马书12章的命令句,罗伯特·朗阿克写的约翰一书,圣经希伯来语和一般话语,还有恩斯特·温德兰德写的《彼得前书》。本文还研究了哥林多前书中显著突出的文本的增加,并用它来支持在命令式形式中减轻的感知减少的论点。这篇文章特别提出了一个建议,即γíνομαι“be”的祈使句加上一个实质句在祈使句中占据了一个位置,这个位置比祈使句的语气语气更低(比祈使句更轻)。它还提出,从第一人称形式到第二人称形式,再回到第一人称形式,然后再到第二人称形式的转换,应该被理解为显著突出的增加的一部分。因此,这段经文中的所有命令都可以看作是对哥林多人的劝诫。
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引用次数: 1
Four Bible Translation Types and Some Criteria to Distinguish Them 圣经翻译的四种类型及其区分标准
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-pfw5h
Sebastian J. Floor, Sebastian J. Floor
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on the classification of Bible translation types. This paper proposes four types instead of the traditional two: literal and idiomatic or dynamic equivalent. The four types are Type 1) close (or literal) resemblance, Type 2) open resemblance, Type 3) close (or limited) interpretative, and Type 4) open interpretative. There are several continua of criteria: the degree of resemblance to the original semantic content, the degree of explicitness, and the type of adjustments needed to unpack the meaning. Eight criteria of adjustments are proposed to distinguish these four types: 1) order of clauses and phrases, 2) sentence length, 3) reference disambiguation and tracking, 4) concordance of lexical items, 5) key terms and unknown terms, 6) figurative usage and idioms, 7) transition marking, and 8) information structure.
本文旨在对《圣经》翻译类型的分类问题进行探讨。本文提出了四种类型,而不是传统的两种类型:字面和习惯或动态对等。这四种类型是类型1)接近(或字面上的)相似,类型2)开放相似,类型3)接近(或有限的)解释性,类型4)开放解释性。有几个连续的标准:与原始语义内容的相似程度,明确程度,以及解开意义所需的调整类型。本文提出了区分这四种类型的八个调整标准:1)子句和短语的顺序,2)句子长度,3)参考文献的消歧和跟踪,4)词汇条目的一致性,5)关键术语和未知术语,6)比喻用法和习语,7)过渡标记,8)信息结构。
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引用次数: 7
Towards a Typology of Story Development Marking (Repeatedly Naming the Subject: The Hebrew Equivalent of Greek Δέ) 故事发展标记的类型学研究(重复命名主体:希腊语的希伯来语Δέ)
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-d486r
S. Levinsohn, S. Levinsohn
I argued in Levinsohn 2000a that Ancient Hebrew uses seemingly redundant nouns to refer to active subjects not only in connection with a change of time or location or when the speech or action performed by the subject is to be highlighted, but also to mark story development. Cross-linguistically, development may be marked on two axes: the linkage axis and/or the agent axis. Many verb-final languages mark development along both axes, as do some Bantu languages. Koiné Greek and English mark development primarily along the linkage axis by means of appropriate conjunctions. Ancient Hebrew and other Bantu languages mark development primarily along the agent axis. The paper concludes by considering the implications of these differences for translation.
我在Levinsohn 2000a中指出,古希伯来语使用看似多余的名词来指代活跃的主体,这不仅与时间或地点的变化有关,也与主体的讲话或动作被强调的时间或地点有关,而且还标志着故事的发展。跨语言,发展可以在两个轴上标记:联系轴和/或代理轴。许多动词尾语言沿着两条轴线发展,一些班图语也是如此。希腊语和英语主要是通过适当的连词来标志联系轴上的发展。古希伯来语和其他班图语主要沿着代理轴发展。本文最后讨论了这些差异对翻译的影响。
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引用次数: 3
Reasoning Styles and Types of Hortatory Discourse 警告语篇的推理风格和类型
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-8pnhv
S. Levinsohn, S. Levinsohn
This paper presents a modification of the types of supportive information that Breeze (1992) identified for hortatory discourses as a basis for bringing out the mismatches that are most likely to occur when translating from a verb-object (VO) language to an object-verb (OV) language. Earlier sections review the factors that underlie Longacre's (1996) classification of texts into four broad categories and outline what characterizes mainline information for each genre. They are followed by illustrations of deductive and inductive reasoning from Koiné Greek and Ancient Hebrew, since deductive reasoning tends to correlate with instructional exhortations and inductive reasoning with attempts to persuade.
本文提出了对Breeze(1992)为告诫性语篇确定的支持信息类型的修改,以此作为从动词-宾语(VO)语言翻译为宾语-动词(OV)语言时最可能发生的不匹配的基础。前面的章节回顾了Longacre(1996)将文本分为四大类的基础因素,并概述了每种类型的主要信息特征。接着是来自古希腊文和古希伯来文的演绎推理和归纳推理的例证,因为演绎推理往往与训诫相关联,而归纳推理则与试图说服相关联。
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引用次数: 8
A Relevance Theory Perspective on Translating the Implicit Information in Literary Texts 从关联理论看文学文本中隐含信息的翻译
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-xdhen
Zhonggang Sang
As one type of cross-cultural communication, the literary translation is more difficult for the translator as he has to deal with a large chunk of implicit information. The implicit information has as its characteristics, such as graded communicability, context-dependence, the correlation among the implicit information, text and context, etc. These characteristics restrict the communicability of the literary texts in another context, so the translator of the literary texts often finds more difficulties in translating. Encouraged by Gutt’s theory and his recent findings, this article adopts a relevance-theory approach and attempts to present a cognitive study of the implicit information in literary texts. It experiments with building an explanatory framework for translating the implicit information in literary texts. The framework is based on a new notion: translation is clues-based interpretive use of language across language boundaries.
文学翻译作为跨文化交际的一种,对于译者来说难度更大,因为文学翻译需要处理大量的隐含信息。隐含信息具有可分级交际性、语境依赖性、隐含信息与语篇和语境之间的相关性等特点。这些特点限制了文学文本在另一语境中的可交际性,因此文学文本的译者在翻译时往往会遇到更多的困难。受Gutt理论及其最新研究成果的启发,本文采用关联理论方法,试图对文学文本中的隐性信息进行认知研究。本文试图构建一个文学文本中隐含信息翻译的解释框架。该框架基于一个新的概念:翻译是基于线索的跨语言边界的语言解释性使用。
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引用次数: 4
From Simple Metaphors to Conceptual Blending: The Mapping of Analogical Concepts and the Praxis of Translation 从简单隐喻到概念交融:类比概念的映射与翻译实践
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-ntjev
K. Mcelhanon
I have five goals for this paper. First, I will demonstrate the influence that the understanding of metaphor has had on the praxis of translation. Second, I will introduce and apply more recent insights in human conceptual processes, in particular those of image-schemas, conceptual metaphors and conceptual blends. Third, I will introduce optimality principles and relate them to the suggested conceptual blends. Fourth, I will present some translations of conceptual blends and then suggest optimality principles for translating conceptual blends and evaluate the translations by them. Finally, I will suggest areas that require further research. This study is exploratory and suggestive. Hopefully, readers will wish to broaden their understanding of cognitive linguistics and refine what is presented here.
我对这篇论文有五个目标。首先,我将论证隐喻的理解对翻译实践的影响。其次,我将介绍和应用人类概念过程的最新见解,特别是那些意象图式、概念隐喻和概念混合。第三,我将介绍最优性原则,并将它们与建议的概念混合联系起来。第四,我将介绍一些概念混合的翻译,然后提出翻译概念混合的最优性原则,并通过它们评估翻译。最后,我将提出需要进一步研究的领域。本研究具有探索性和启发性。希望读者能够拓宽对认知语言学的理解,并完善本文的内容。
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引用次数: 16
Aspects of “Cultural Literacy” Relevant to Bible Translation 与圣经翻译相关的“文化素养”方面
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-4nk8h
Ernst-August Gutt
In 1987 E.D. Hirsch published his bestseller Cultural literacy: What every American needs to know. The education system of the time seriously underestimated the importance of background knowledge needed to successfully function in literate American society. Drawing on two decades of experimental research, Hirsch showed that without the background information needed for a given text, readers are effectively illiterate with regard to that text. He argued that quantitatively, too, background knowledge plays a major role in comprehension: the information explicitly stated in any text is only “the tip of the iceberg” of the intended meaning, the bulk needs to be supplied by the reader. In the light of this, Hirsch argued that one of the central goals of the educational system must be to provide American children with an adequate body of knowledge that would enable them to understand all communications addressed to the general public. This body of knowledge he called “cultural literacy.” Based on three decades of experience in Bible translation, the author of this paper sees some striking parallels with regard to the dominant philosophy in Bible translation. While the provision of biblical background knowledge has been given more attention in some quarters in recent years, it is still far from being acknowledged and treated as a key factor in the planning and execution of Bible translation projects, essential to ensure optimal efficiency of the work and to maximise the impact of the products. Applying relevant insights gained by Hirsch, the author examines the extent and nature of biblical literacy, that is, the background knowledge, needed for the successful comprehension of a sample text (Lk 10:13–14). This is done with the help of conceptual tools provided by relevance theory, the currently most developed theory of inferential communication. It goes on to the task of systematically identifying mismatches in background knowledge between original and receptor audience. It draws attention to the importance of timing and processing effort in biblical literacy strategies designed to overcome such mismatches. One of the spin-offs of biblical literacy is the need for closer interdisciplinary cooperation between biblical studies, anthropology and translation.
1987年,E.D.赫希出版了他的畅销书《文化素养:每个美国人都需要知道的东西》。当时的教育体系严重低估了背景知识的重要性,而背景知识是在识字的美国社会成功运作所必需的。通过二十年的实验研究,赫希表明,如果没有给定文本所需的背景信息,读者实际上对该文本一无所知。他认为,从数量上讲,背景知识在理解中也起着重要作用:任何文本中明确陈述的信息只是预期意义的“冰山一角”,大部分需要读者提供。有鉴于此,赫希认为,教育体系的中心目标之一必须是为美国儿童提供足够的知识体系,使他们能够理解所有面向公众的交流。他把这种知识体系称为“文化素养”。笔者根据三十多年的圣经翻译经验,在圣经翻译中发现了一些显著的相似之处。虽然圣经背景知识的提供近年来在某些方面得到了更多的关注,但它仍然远远没有被承认和视为圣经翻译项目规划和执行的关键因素,这是确保工作效率最佳和产品影响最大化的必要因素。运用Hirsch获得的相关见解,作者考察了圣经素养的程度和性质,即成功理解样本文本所需的背景知识(路10:13-14)。这是在关联理论提供的概念工具的帮助下完成的,关联理论是目前最发达的推理交际理论。它继续系统地识别原始受众和受众之间背景知识的不匹配。它提请注意时间和处理努力在圣经扫盲策略旨在克服这种不匹配的重要性。圣经素养的一个副产品是圣经研究、人类学和翻译之间需要更密切的跨学科合作。
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引用次数: 7
Checking Translations for Discourse Features 检查译文的语篇特征
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-82pm9
S. Levinsohn, S. Levinsohn
This paper builds on one entitled, “The Relevance of Greek Discourse Studies to Exegesis” (Levinsohn 2006b), and seeks to address how consultants might ensure that the features discussed there have been adequately handled in a translation into a receptor language. Initially, translators need to have undertaken appropriate research into the way that relevant discourse features function in the language. The features that should most concern consultants are those that function in significantly different ways in the source and receptor languages. A common error in translation is to use a countering or logical connective (at times, borrowed from the lingua franca of the area) when the natural way to encode the relation in the receptor language is different. Finally, a word-by-word back-translation may well be necessary in order to check that some discourse features have been handled correctly.
本文建立在题为“希腊话语研究与训诂学的相关性”(Levinsohn 2006b)的基础上,并试图解决顾问如何确保在翻译成受体语言时充分处理了那里讨论的特征。首先,译者需要对相关语篇特征在语言中的作用方式进行适当的研究。咨询人员最应该关注的特性是那些在源语言和接受语言中以明显不同的方式发挥作用的特性。翻译中一个常见的错误是使用反式或逻辑连接词(有时借用该地区的通用语),而受体语言中编码关系的自然方式不同。最后,为了检查某些语篇特征是否被正确处理,逐字反译很可能是必要的。
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引用次数: 3
Discourse Structure, Verb Forms, and Archaism in Psalm 18 《诗篇》第十八篇的篇章结构、动词形式和古语
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-je6cc
R. Longacre, R. Longacre
Psalm 18 is especially relevant to the occasional use of what might be called ‘old preterites’ in the Hebrew Bible. These forms act exactly like wyyqtl, i.e., the waw consecutive with the imperfect in respect to being a narrative tense and limited to clause initial position, but lack the w- on the front. In this particular psalm the distribution of this form correlates with the narrative progress which can be posited within the psalm. A secondary value in this psalm is its possible light on the use of the two basic forms of the Hebrew verb, the perfect (qtl) and the imperfect (yqtl) in off the line uses in the structure of the psalm.
诗篇18篇与希伯来圣经中偶尔使用的所谓“古老的偏好”特别相关。这些形式的作用与wyyqtl完全相同,即waw连续式与不完成式作为叙述时态,并且仅限于子句的起始位置,但缺少前面的w-。在这篇特殊的诗篇中,这种形式的分布与可以在诗篇中假设的叙事进展有关。这篇诗篇的第二个价值是它可能对希伯来语动词的两种基本形式的使用有所启发,完成时(qtl)和不完成时(yqtl)在诗篇结构中的离线使用。
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引用次数: 3
The Relevance of Greek Discourse Studies to Exegesis 希腊语篇研究与释经的相关性
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-xj6kn
S. Levinsohn, S. Levinsohn
At least three discourse-related areas of exegesis tend not to be handled satisfactorily in many commentaries: the order of constituents in the clause and sentence, the presence versus absence of the article with nouns, and the significance of the conjunctions used. This paper first shows how insights from the work of Simon Dik, Jan Firbas and Knud Lambrecht have contributed to our understanding of the significance of variations in constituent order. Other insights that bear on constituent order are the Principle of Natural Information Flow and the distinction between default versus marked ordering. The paper then outlines how recent insights about the presence versus absence of the article may help us to choose between alternative exegeses of the same passage. The final section shows how insights from the work of Diane Blakemore and Reboul and Moeschler have revolutionized our understanding of the most common conjunctions used in the New Testament.
在许多注释中,至少有三个与话语相关的注释领域往往处理得不令人满意:分句和句子中成分的顺序,带名词的冠词的存在与缺失,以及使用连词的意义。本文首先展示了Simon Dik, Jan Firbas和Knud Lambrecht的工作见解如何有助于我们理解组成顺序变化的重要性。其他与组成顺序有关的见解是自然信息流原则以及默认顺序与标记顺序之间的区别。然后,论文概述了最近关于文章存在与否的见解如何帮助我们在同一段落的不同注释之间进行选择。最后一部分展示了黛安·布莱克莫尔、雷布尔和莫施勒的作品如何彻底改变了我们对新约中使用的最常见连词的理解。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation
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