Polymer最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid polymer–liquid lithium ION electrolytes: Effect of carbon black during polymerization-induced phase separation","authors":"Martina Cattaruzza ,&nbsp;Yuan Fang ,&nbsp;István Furó ,&nbsp;Göran Lindbergh ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Mats Johansson","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An increasing demand for alternative electrolyte systems is emerging to address limitations associated with traditional liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Hybrid polymer-liquid electrolytes (HEs) combine the merits of solid polymers and liquid electrolytes in a heterogeneous phase-separated system where the polymer phase encapsulates the liquid ion-conducting phase. These electrolytes are synthesized through polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS), resulting in the formation of a porous three-dimensional polymer network. Carbon black (CB) serves as conductive additive in LIBs electrodes, enhancing electric conductivity and thereby improving the battery performance and lifespan. How CB, already present in conventional electrodes, affects the PIPS process during the formation of HEs for LIBs, focusing on the material interactions and the formed microstructure properties, has been investigated. Addition of CB does not negatively affect the result of PIPS process, and it permits high conversion rate and compatibility with HE at all CB concentrations investigated. Morphological analysis in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals consistent macroporous and mesoporous structures, indicating the robustness of HEs to CB content variation. Understanding the interaction between CB and HEs during the manufacturing process and the impact of CB on the structural integrity and compatibility of the HE system, aids the integration of HEs with existing electrode materials in practical battery configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128341"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The confirmation of the coexistence of SARA-ATRP and SET-LRP mechanisms in the grafting reaction of PEGMA 300","authors":"Edina Rusen ,&nbsp;Alexandra Mocanu ,&nbsp;Gabriela Toader ,&nbsp;Aurel Diacon ,&nbsp;Adi Ghebaur ,&nbsp;Cristina Stavarache","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents for the first time in the literature the polymerization of poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate Mn = 300 g/mol (PEGMA 300) in the presence of poly chloroethyl methacrylate-polymethylmethacrylate copolymer poly (CLEMA-MMA) that takes place by both the SARA-ATRP and SET-LRP mechanisms. The two types of polymerizations in the system are poly (PEGMA 300) grafting to the poly (CLEMA-MMA) backbone and forming a new poly (PEGMA 300), both happening in the presence of a Cu⁰ wire. Polymerization reactions are controlled, as confirmed by the molecular weight evolution with the conversion, the polymerization kinetics, the possibility to obtain block-copolymers, and the narrow value of dispersity.</div><div>The results demonstrated that the poly (PEGMA 300) grafting on the poly (CLEMA-MMA) polymer follows a SARA-ATRP mechanism, while the formation of a poly (PEGMA 300) homopolymer entails a SET-LRP process. The investigation methods used to highlight the two mechanisms were GPC, ¹HRMN, and UV-VIS-NIR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143745507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorinated polythiophenes with ester side chains for boosting the Voc and efficiency in non-fullerene polymer solar cells","authors":"Li-Yun Su ,&nbsp;Yi-Ling Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu-Ting Chen ,&nbsp;Guan-Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Kai-Wei Tseng ,&nbsp;Nikita Tukachev ,&nbsp;Andriy Zhugayevych ,&nbsp;Sergei Tretiak ,&nbsp;Leeyih Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) approximates the 19 % threshold, wide bandgap (WBG) polythiophenes (PTs) have gained increasing attention due to their simple chemical structures and ease of synthesis, making them promising candidates for large-scale production. However, the benchmark polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is limited by its high-lying HOMO energy level, which restricts the open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em>_<em>OC</em>) in solar cells. In this study, we introduce a novel series of PT derivatives (<strong>PDC8-T</strong>, <strong>PDC8-3T</strong>, <strong>PDC16-3T</strong>, and <strong>PDC16-3T-2F</strong>) featuring ester side chains designed to fine-tune electronic properties through a streamlined three-step synthesis. Additionally, we incorporated a π-spacer to reduce steric hindrance and elongated alkyl side chains to improve solubility and processability. Compared to P3HT, these PT derivatives demonstrate a significant reduction in HOMO energy levels, lowering by approximately 0.3–0.4 eV. Among them, <strong>PDC16-3T-2F</strong>—with fluorine atom substitution—achieves the lowest HOMO energy level, induces a coplanar molecular conformation, and enhances polymer aggregation behavior.</div><div>We evaluated these PT derivatives in inverted non-fullerene bulk-heterojunction (NFA BHJ) OPVs. The <strong>PDC8-3T</strong> device showed a relatively low PCE of 0.69 %, with a <em>V</em>_<em>OC</em> of 0.76 V, a short-circuit current density (<em>J</em>_<em>SC</em>) of 3.32 mA/cm², and a fill factor (<em>FF</em>) of 27.3 %. In contrast, the <strong>PDC16-3T-2F</strong> device achieved an impressive PCE of 7.21 %, with a <em>V</em>_<em>OC</em> of 0.85 V, a <em>J</em>_<em>SC</em> of 14.60 mA/cm², and an <em>FF</em> of 58.4 %. This remarkable improvement is attributed to the fluorine substitution, which not only enhances molecular orientation but also downshifts the HOMO energy level and further boosts the <em>V</em>_<em>OC</em>. Hence, these molecular design strategies have led to a fibrillar bicontinuous interpenetrating network with optimal nanoscale phase separation within the active layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128336"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143745319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on crystallization behaviour of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nucleated with different nucleating agents - Crystallization, thermal, and mechanical properties","authors":"Bouxali Keohavong ,&nbsp;Lubing Xiang ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Liu ,&nbsp;Xining Wang ,&nbsp;Yunxuan Weng ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a biodegradable thermoplastic, holds significant potential for sustainable applications. However, its inherent limitations, including poor crystallization behaviour, low thermal stability, and inadequate mechanical properties, hinder its widespread use. To address these challenges, we investigated the impact of nucleating agents, TMC-200 and TMC-300, on PHBV crystallization behaviour, thermal stability, and mechanical performance. Both TMC-200 and TMC-300 effectively nucleated PHBV, but their effects differed significantly due to their different chemical structures. TMC-200 promoted PHBV crystallization by increasing nucleation sites and ordering of crystalline regions. TMC-200, at 1 phr, increased PHBV crystallinity from 59 % to 64 % and enhanced the thermal stability, with T_5wt% rising from 271 °C to 286 °C and T_50 wt% increasing from 277 °C to 297 °C. TMC-300 interacted with PHBV through hydrogen bonding, restricting the mobility of polymer chains and slowing down the crystallization process. Both TMC-200 and TMC-300 enhanced the mechanical properties of PHBV. These differences in crystallization and properties highlight the distinct roles of these nucleating agents and provide valuable insights for optimizing PHBV-based materials for more sustainable and environmentally friendly applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128319"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of polymerization conditions on enhancement of crystallization rate in isotactic polystyrene","authors":"Yogesh Patil ,&nbsp;Jiayi Zhao ,&nbsp;Mrudul T. Puthiyaveettil,&nbsp;Ameur Louhichi,&nbsp;Sanjay Rastogi","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128333","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Isotactic polystyrene (iPS) has not been commercialized because of its slow crystallization rate that limits processing efficiency. To enhance the crystallization rate of iPS, in past, the focus has been on post-polymerization processing steps, whereas crystallization during polymerization (through nascent polymer) has never been addressed. This study explores a novel approach to enhance the crystallization rate of iPS by addressing the polymerization conditions rather than the post-polymerization processing steps. We investigate various polymerization parameters that influence the crystallization kinetics of iPS. Our findings demonstrate that using heptane as a solvent, alongside low catalyst and monomer concentration at ambient temperature enhances the crystallization of growing polymer chains during polymerization. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) reveal that nascent iPS samples exhibit rapid crystallization, while &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C NMR spectroscopy confirms a fully isotactic microstructure. Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) shows ultra-high molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) complemented by DSC confirms the crystalline structure in the nascent polymer. The morphology of the resulting iPS polymers, analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), and POM, conclusively demonstrate that the iPS synthesized in heptane exhibit lamellae-like morphology (SEM). In the plate-like crystals, (TEM) chains are packed perpendicular to the crystal thickness. Thus obtained single crystals (ED), on melt crystallization show fast-crystallizing small spherulites (POM). In contrast, using the same catalytic system, while using toluene as a solvent result in a relatively low molecular weight polymer having undefined morphology (SEM), where electron diffraction representing single crystals cannot be obtained successfully. Thus obtained nascent polymer having low crystallinity shows cold crystallization on heating. While cooling from melt, because of low nucleation and growth process, bigger spherulites are formed. These observations are complemented by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), where reorganization of the nascent polymer prior to melting is observed. The rheological study in the linear viscoelastic regime indicates that the relaxation time increases with increasing molecular weight, where all synthesized polymers reach a constant plateau modulus. The zero-shear melt viscosity follows a power law dependence with an exponent of 3.4. Initial processing results show that nascent iPS can be processed in the solid state (compression-rolling-stretching) below their melting temperature. Our findings highlight the potential for optimizing iPS crystallization through tailored polymerization conditions, paving the way for future commercial applications. This study is the first ","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128333"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orientation distribution and branching mechanism of lamellar crystals inside an isotactic polystyrene spherulite","authors":"Shusuke Kanomi ,&nbsp;Koichi Azuma ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Miyata ,&nbsp;Akihiko Toda ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Jinnai","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spherulites are the most typical structures formed by cooling a melt of semicrystalline polymers. Spherulites are aggregates of plate-like polymer crystals (lamellar crystals) that are approximately 10-nm-thick and formed by repeated growth and branching. Elucidating the formation mechanism of spherulites requires an understanding of the orientation distribution and branching mechanism of lamellar crystals. However, analyzing the morphology and orientation of the lamellar crystals within spherulites has proven challenging. In addition, determining the orientation relationship of the lamellar crystals before and after branching has been deemed impossible. In this study, nanodiffraction imaging, a state-of-the-art diffraction imaging method based on scanning transmission electron microscopy, was used to directly determine the morphology and orientation of lamellar crystals inside an isotactic polystyrene spherulite. These results provide compelling evidence of higher-order structures formed by the irregular branching of lamellar crystals with a thickness of approximately 5 nm. A detailed analysis of the spherulite formation mechanism will lead to a more detailed understanding of polymer crystallization and provide valuable insights for industries that utilize semicrystalline polymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128335"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering design of amphoteric acrylic polymer for rapid and reduced wet-finishing process of eco-leather production towards energy saving and carbon reduction","authors":"Yuanhang Xiao ,&nbsp;Yixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Keshuai Ren ,&nbsp;Chunhua Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Sang ,&nbsp;Mingjun Ma ,&nbsp;Liang Ma ,&nbsp;Wei Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amphoteric polymers as leather retanning agents are considered to effectively address the charge imbalance between chrome-free tanned leather and common anionic wet finishing materials, and improve the quality of finished leather. However, the currently existed high chemical dosage and tedious wet finishing process associated with chrome-free tanning inevitably lead to high pollution emission and energy consumption. Herein, an amphoteric acrylic polymer (i.e., AARFA) with retanning and fatliquoring functions was prepared by free radical polymerization, which exhibited broad molecular weight (10−100 kDa) and appropriate particle size (∼200 nm). Molecular dynamics simulations and experiments showed that AARFA exhibited good dispersion in water and its aggregation behavior can be modulated by adjusting pH. We then applied AARFA in the rapid and reduced wet finishing process (RRWF) for two kinds of typical chrome-free tanned leather. Compared with conventional wet finishing (CWF) process (i.e., 10 % retanning agents and 10 % fatliquor), 12 % AARFA afforded leather dispersed collagen fibers, improved physical and sensory properties, and excellent dyeing performance. The RRWF process can effectively save work time by ∼31 %, reduce chemical consumption by ∼35 % and exhibit better wastewater degradability. Our developed RRWF process offer the promise for the chrome-free leather manufacturing towards low energy consumption and less carbon emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of biocompatible azelaic acid-based copolyester plasticizers for PVC applications","authors":"Wanjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Liyan Wang ,&nbsp;Yunsheng Chong ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the copolyester plasticizers PHNAZ, synthesized from azelaic acid and hexanediol and modified by neopentyl glycol (NPG), was prepared via direct esterification. A series of characterization tests revealed that the number-average molecular weight of the PHNAZ copolyester plasticizers was less than 2000 with a dispersion coefficient of less than 2, demonstrating excellent thermal stability below 250 °C. PVC samples plasticized with PHNAZ showed thermal degradation temperatures above 250 °C, reduced glass transition temperatures to −33 °C, and significantly improved hydrophilicity. Notably, the water contact angle of PHNAZ-50/PVC was smallest, averaging 53.956°. The highlight of the study is the cytotoxicity testing of the prepared PHNAZ copolyester plasticizer at concentrations of 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, and 50 μg/mL, where the average cell survival rate exceeded 100 %, indicating excellent biocompatibility. Additionally, PHNAZ displayed outstanding plasticizing effects, particularly PHNAZ-20/PVC, which achieved an elongation at break of 913.6 % and a plasticizing efficiency of 260.0 %. These results suggest that PHNAZ not only excels in chemical and thermal properties but also exhibits good biocompatibility and high plasticizing capability, indicating broad application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of UHMW PEO on the ionic speciation and electrochemical properties of EMIC-AlCl3 gel electrolytes","authors":"Ángela Campo ,&nbsp;Anand Kunverji ,&nbsp;Karl S. Ryder ,&nbsp;Gary J. Ellis ,&nbsp;Nuria García ,&nbsp;Pilar Tiemblo","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer gel electrolytes based on EMIC-AlCl₃ (1:1.5) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (UHMW PEO M_v = 8 × 10⁶ g mol⁻¹) were synthesised with PEO concentrations of 2, 3.5, 5, 10 wt% without the use of auxiliary solvents, by melting the polymer into the electrolyte. This method produced elastic gels with progressively increasing elastic modulus. The speciation of the chloroaluminate anions in the gel electrolytes was characterized by NMR and Raman spectroscopy, revealing a decrease in Al₂Cl₇⁻ and corresponding increase in AlCl₄⁻ with rising PEO content. In particular, the gel with 10 wt% PEO showed no detectable Al₂Cl₇⁻. Electrochemical activity of these gels was evaluated using two configurations: a platinum disc electrode and parallel planar aluminium foil electrode, the latter mimicking a practical electrochemical cell operating geometry. Surprisingly, all gels exhibited electrochemical activity, even in the absence of the Al₂Cl₇⁻ species. Increasing PEO concentration led to reduced current densities but enhanced coulombic efficiency. The study discusses the influence of the molecular weight of PEO on ionic speciation and electrochemical performance of the polymer gel electrolytes, providing insights into the interplay between polymer content, ionic speciation, and electrochemical behaviour. These findings contribute to the development of safer, more sustainable aluminium batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topological constraint of ring fillers on the lamellar forming ABA-type tri-block copolymers using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Katsumi Hagita ,&nbsp;Takahiro Murashima","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were performed under the restriction of chain-crossing prohibition to investigate the effect of topological constraints by ring fillers on the lamellar domain spacing <em>D</em> of ABA tri-block copolymers (BCPs), where A domain is hard, and B domain is soft. Here, we introduced an effective bridge by linking a B component ring filler between two U-shaped loop configurations of the ABA tri-BCPs. For a large fraction (<em>f</em>_add) of the additional ring fillers, we found that <em>D</em> for the linked ring cases became much smaller than that for the unlinked ring cases. It was also confirmed that the reduction effect was greater for smaller sizes of the linked rings. Moreover, we found that normalized domain spacing (<em>D</em>/<em>N</em>_total) was proportional to number of links by ring fillers, where <em>N</em>_total denotes the total number of beads in the system under the periodic boundary conditions. For small <em>f</em>_add, void growth and stretching of fibril-like ring fillers were observed in the soft B domain, whereas for large <em>f</em>_add, temporal void growth in the soft B domain was observed before total fracture in the hard A domain. A bonded ring complex was also considered as an alternative to a simple ring, but it was found that there was little difference. This work will promote syntheses of a linked ring filler with deuterated polymers and observations of the behavior of single-molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 128334"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}