The aim of this paper is to analyse introductory sections in Italian, British/Irish and American city audio guides from a contrastive perspective, in order to identify possible differences in the type and distribution of content. Three main content types and their corresponding subtypes were identified in the introductions of fifty professional city audio guides and were both quantitatively and qualitatively compared across the three groups. Differences between audio guides in Italian and in English are identified and discussed in reference to Hall’s ‘contexting’ theory (1983, 1990), and the findings are then compared to existing guidelines for audio guides production provided by scholars and professionals in the field. Finally, on the basis of the results, translation issues are addressed by providing a list of aspects that could be taken into account when producing English versions of Italian audio guides.
{"title":"Comparing introductory sections in city audio guides in Italian and English","authors":"M. E. Fina","doi":"10.1075/LIC.16017.FIN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.16017.FIN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of this paper is to analyse introductory sections in Italian, British/Irish and American city audio guides\u0000 from a contrastive perspective, in order to identify possible differences in the type and distribution of content. Three main\u0000 content types and their corresponding subtypes were identified in the introductions of fifty professional city audio guides and\u0000 were both quantitatively and qualitatively compared across the three groups. Differences between audio guides in Italian and in\u0000 English are identified and discussed in reference to Hall’s ‘contexting’ theory (1983,\u0000 1990), and the findings are then compared to existing guidelines for audio guides\u0000 production provided by scholars and professionals in the field. Finally, on the basis of the results, translation issues are\u0000 addressed by providing a list of aspects that could be taken into account when producing English versions of Italian audio\u0000 guides.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83607624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an analysis of the linguistic realization of discourse relations across and within English and German discourse, comparing the genres of newspaper editorial and personal narrative. It concentrates on Continuation, Narration and Contrast, and Elaboration, Explanation and Comment. Particular attention is given to (1) their overt realization with textual themes and pragmatic word order, and (2) the (non)adjacent positioning of discourse units realizing the relations. The methodological framework is an integrated one, supplementing Systemic Functional Grammar with Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. In the English and German narratives, there is a strong tendency to realize discourse relations overtly. The overall overt realization is significantly higher for narratives in both languages with editorials being significantly less overt. There are also significant differences in the overt realization of non-adjacently positioned units realizing discourse relations with significant distributions in all cases, although the distribution in the narratives is less significant.
{"title":"Discourse relations across genres and contexts","authors":"A. Fetzer, A. Speyer","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17006.FET","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17006.FET","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents an analysis of the linguistic realization of discourse relations across and within English and\u0000 German discourse, comparing the genres of newspaper editorial and personal narrative. It concentrates on Continuation, Narration\u0000 and Contrast, and Elaboration, Explanation and Comment. Particular attention is given to (1) their overt realization with textual\u0000 themes and pragmatic word order, and (2) the (non)adjacent positioning of discourse units realizing the relations. The\u0000 methodological framework is an integrated one, supplementing Systemic Functional Grammar with Segmented Discourse Representation\u0000 Theory. In the English and German narratives, there is a strong tendency to realize discourse relations overtly. The overall overt\u0000 realization is significantly higher for narratives in both languages with editorials being significantly less overt. There are\u0000 also significant differences in the overt realization of non-adjacently positioned units realizing discourse relations with\u0000 significant distributions in all cases, although the distribution in the narratives is less significant.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80763944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belén López Arroyo, R. P. Roberts, Leticia Moreno Pérez
This paper analyzes the use of the -ing and -ndo forms in English and Spanish in sales contracts. More specifically, it aims to answer three questions: 1. Do the -ing and the -ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language? 2. Do English sales contracts contain more -ing forms used in more syntactic functions than the Spanish -ndo in Spanish sales contracts? 3. Are both the -ing forms and the -ndo forms found in all or most parts of the sales contracts retained for this study? Our study is based on two comparable corpora of English and Spanish: a legal corpus containing sales contracts, and a general corpus. Our corpora provide the following answers to the questions posed: 1. Both the -ing and the -ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language; 2. There are more -ing forms in English sales contracts than there are -ndo forms in Spanish sales contracts, but in both cases, they are used in a variety of syntactic functions; 3. Both the -ing forms and the -ndo forms are found in most parts of the sales contracts used in this study.
{"title":"The use of -ing and -ndo forms in sales contracts","authors":"Belén López Arroyo, R. P. Roberts, Leticia Moreno Pérez","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17009.LOP","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17009.LOP","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper analyzes the use of the -ing and -ndo forms in English and Spanish in sales contracts.\u0000 More specifically, it aims to answer three questions: 1. Do the -ing and the -ndo forms occur\u0000 more frequently in sales contracts than in general language? 2. Do English sales contracts contain more -ing\u0000 forms used in more syntactic functions than the Spanish -ndo in Spanish sales contracts? 3. Are both the\u0000 -ing forms and the -ndo forms found in all or most parts of the sales contracts retained for\u0000 this study? Our study is based on two comparable corpora of English and Spanish: a legal corpus containing sales contracts, and a\u0000 general corpus. Our corpora provide the following answers to the questions posed: 1. Both the -ing and the\u0000 -ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language; 2. There are more\u0000 -ing forms in English sales contracts than there are -ndo forms in Spanish sales contracts,\u0000 but in both cases, they are used in a variety of syntactic functions; 3. Both the -ing forms and the\u0000 -ndo forms are found in most parts of the sales contracts used in this study.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82366641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing upon recent insights into the role of Goal preference as reflector of cross-linguistic differences, this paper investigates the factors affecting the realization of Goals in motion event descriptions. In particular, it examines the interplay between the lexicalization pattern of a language, on the one hand, and grammatical viewpoint aspect, on the other – factors which have commonly been treated in isolation. In so doing, three typologically distinct languages were examined: English, German and Greek. The empirical basis of this paper includes: (a) a corpus study, in which we examined the distribution of Goals in a small set of verbs, and (b) an experimental verbalization study, from which we elicited descriptions of different motion event types. While the former does not give a clear picture concerning the cross-linguistic differences in Goal prominence, the latter indicates that lexicalization pattern assumes a more prominent role than grammatical viewpoint aspect in affecting Goal realization.
{"title":"Goal realization","authors":"T. Georgakopoulos, Holden Härtl, Athina Sioupi","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17010.GEO","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17010.GEO","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Drawing upon recent insights into the role of Goal preference as reflector of cross-linguistic differences, this paper investigates the factors affecting the realization of Goals in motion event descriptions. In particular, it examines the interplay between the lexicalization pattern of a language, on the one hand, and grammatical viewpoint aspect, on the other – factors which have commonly been treated in isolation. In so doing, three typologically distinct languages were examined: English, German and Greek. The empirical basis of this paper includes: (a) a corpus study, in which we examined the distribution of Goals in a small set of verbs, and (b) an experimental verbalization study, from which we elicited descriptions of different motion event types. While the former does not give a clear picture concerning the cross-linguistic differences in Goal prominence, the latter indicates that lexicalization pattern assumes a more prominent role than grammatical viewpoint aspect in affecting Goal realization.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77347771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cross-cultural research is crucially important in the modern globalized world where different cultural notions clash and interact. This article sheds light on the notions “money” and “house”, which represent attitudes to property, in the perception of Russians and the Japanese. The research method is an association experiment that allows to explain the grounds for mutual understanding or possible misunderstanding in the instances of interethnic contacts. Analysis of association fields formed on the basis of two Russian and one Japanese sampling shows that modern Japanese tend to perceive money as beneficial, while modern Russians tend to perceive it as something evil and related to governance. 21st-century Japanese respondents and 21st-century Russian respondents proved to be more work-oriented than their early 1990s Russian counterparts. Regardless of cultural differences, both Russians and the Japanese admitted their need of money as an indispensable element of modern life. A house is understood in both cultures as a place to live in, but 1990s Russians found it less cozy and comfortable than 21st-century Russians and the Japanese.
{"title":"Notions of “money” and “house” in the language consciousness of Russians and the Japanese","authors":"A. Palkin","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17003.PAL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17003.PAL","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cross-cultural research is crucially important in the modern globalized world where different cultural notions clash and interact. This article sheds light on the notions “money” and “house”, which represent attitudes to property, in the perception of Russians and the Japanese. The research method is an association experiment that allows to explain the grounds for mutual understanding or possible misunderstanding in the instances of interethnic contacts. Analysis of association fields formed on the basis of two Russian and one Japanese sampling shows that modern Japanese tend to perceive money as beneficial, while modern Russians tend to perceive it as something evil and related to governance. 21st-century Japanese respondents and 21st-century Russian respondents proved to be more work-oriented than their early 1990s Russian counterparts. Regardless of cultural differences, both Russians and the Japanese admitted their need of money as an indispensable element of modern life. A house is understood in both cultures as a place to live in, but 1990s Russians found it less cozy and comfortable than 21st-century Russians and the Japanese.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78083851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the question of Chinese indirection as a result of the use of modality expressions, which is conventionally believed to be the hallmark of Chinese rhetoric (e.g. Young, 1994; Bond, 1991; Powers and Gong, 1994). The present research compares and contrasts the degree of assertiveness as reflected in the patterns of modality in two corpora of expert Chinese and English argumentative writing on the same controversial subject. Corpus evidence shows that contrary to expectations, the Chinese writers are significantly more assertive than the English in arguing their case. The frequency of use and distribution patterns of intensifiers present both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the rhetorical differences, which may be accounted for culturally.
本研究探讨了由于使用情态表达而导致的汉语间接性问题，情态表达通常被认为是汉语修辞的标志(例如Young, 1994;债券,1991;Powers and Gong, 1994)。本研究对同一争议话题的两种专家议论文语料库中语气模式所反映的自信程度进行了比较和对比。语料库证据显示，与预期相反，中国作家在论证自己的论点时明显比英国作家更自信。强化词的使用频率和分布模式为修辞差异提供了定量和定性的证据，这可能是文化上的原因。
{"title":"Chinese rhetoric","authors":"L. Yeung","doi":"10.1075/LIC.16022.YEU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.16022.YEU","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the question of Chinese indirection as a result of the use of modality expressions, which is conventionally believed to be the hallmark of Chinese rhetoric (e.g. Young, 1994; Bond, 1991; Powers and Gong, 1994). The present research compares and contrasts the degree of assertiveness as reflected in the patterns of modality in two corpora of expert Chinese and English argumentative writing on the same controversial subject. Corpus evidence shows that contrary to expectations, the Chinese writers are significantly more assertive than the English in arguing their case. The frequency of use and distribution patterns of intensifiers present both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the rhetorical differences, which may be accounted for culturally.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81345216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares the grammaticalizing human impersonal pronoun ('n) mens in Afrikaans to fully grammaticalized men and non-grammaticalized een mens in Dutch. It is shown that 'n mens and een mens can still be used lexically, unlike mens and men, and that ('n) mens and een mens are restricted to non-referential indefinite, universal-internal uses while men exhibits the whole range of (non-) referential indefinite ones. Despite the latter’s presence in the earliest Afrikaans data, it is argued not to have influenced the development of ('n) mens. This pronoun and Dutch een mens are also found to have syntactic functions other than subjecthood, unlike men. The contrast is attributed to their different degrees of grammaticalization. Lastly, the Afrikaans ‘man’-pronoun is shown to differ from its Dutch counterparts in relying on the second person singular for suppletion, though forms of ('n) mens are found to occasionally occur instead.
{"title":"A corpus-based study of the human impersonal pronoun ('n) mens in Afrikaans","authors":"Daniël Van Olmen, Adri Breed, B. Verhoeven","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17004.VAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17004.VAN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article compares the grammaticalizing human impersonal pronoun ('n) mens in Afrikaans to fully grammaticalized men and non-grammaticalized een mens in Dutch. It is shown that 'n mens and een mens can still be used lexically, unlike mens and men, and that ('n) mens and een mens are restricted to non-referential indefinite, universal-internal uses while men exhibits the whole range of (non-) referential indefinite ones. Despite the latter’s presence in the earliest Afrikaans data, it is argued not to have influenced the development of ('n) mens. This pronoun and Dutch een mens are also found to have syntactic functions other than subjecthood, unlike men. The contrast is attributed to their different degrees of grammaticalization. Lastly, the Afrikaans ‘man’-pronoun is shown to differ from its Dutch counterparts in relying on the second person singular for suppletion, though forms of ('n) mens are found to occasionally occur instead.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86952473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo, Catherine M. Mazak, and M. Carmen Parafita Couto (eds). Spanish-English codeswitching in the Caribbean and the US","authors":"Jeroen Claes","doi":"10.1075/LIC.00010.CLA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.00010.CLA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76837757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Guangrong Dai, Hybridity in Translated Chinese: A Corpus Analytical Framework","authors":"Linxin Liang, Xu Ming-wu","doi":"10.1075/LIC.00009.LIA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.00009.LIA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83911227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena Callegaro, S. Clematide, M. Hundt, Sara Wick
Shortening is a common type of word-formation in many languages. Crystal (2008) distinguishes two kinds of abbreviation: initialisms and acronyms. Article use in English is variable with both acronyms and initialisms used as proper names (e.g. (the) UKIP, at the UN vs. at MIT). The question is whether variability is largely dependent on the semantics of the underlying full form (i.e. whether this is derived from a proper name or common noun) or whether the two types of abbreviation show different behaviour with respect to variable article use. This paper uses data from CoStEP, a new, word-aligned version of EuroParl, and a data-driven approach to investigate variable article use with abbreviations and their full forms uttered by English native speakers and compares the findings to data from parallel German and Italian corpora. The results show higher article variability in English and a marked preference for and near categorical article use in German and Italian. Furthermore, our evidence confirms that acronyms tend towards the proper name end of the cline, while initialisms behave syntactically more like common nouns.
在许多语言中，缩略语是一种常见的构词法。Crystal(2008)区分了两种缩写:首字母缩写和首字母缩写。英语中的冠词用法是多变的，缩写和首字母都用作专有名词(例如UKIP, at the UN和at MIT)。问题是，可变性是否在很大程度上取决于潜在的全称形式的语义(即，这是来自专有名称还是普通名词)，还是两种类型的缩写在可变冠词的使用方面表现出不同的行为。本文使用来自CoStEP的数据，这是一个新的，与单词对齐的EuroParl版本，并采用数据驱动的方法来调查英语母语人士使用缩写及其完整形式的可变冠词使用情况，并将结果与平行的德语和意大利语语料库的数据进行比较。结果显示，英语的冠词变异性较高，而德语和意大利语的冠词使用明显倾向于或接近于分类冠词。此外，我们的证据证实，首字母缩略词倾向于词类的专有名称末端，而首字母缩略词在句法上更像普通名词。
{"title":"Variable article use with acronyms and initialisms","authors":"Elena Callegaro, S. Clematide, M. Hundt, Sara Wick","doi":"10.1075/LIC.16021.CAL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.16021.CAL","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Shortening is a common type of word-formation in many languages. Crystal (2008) distinguishes two kinds of abbreviation: initialisms and acronyms. Article use in English is variable with both acronyms and initialisms used as proper names (e.g. (the) UKIP, at the UN vs. at MIT). The question is whether variability is largely dependent on the semantics of the underlying full form (i.e. whether this is derived from a proper name or common noun) or whether the two types of abbreviation show different behaviour with respect to variable article use. This paper uses data from CoStEP, a new, word-aligned version of EuroParl, and a data-driven approach to investigate variable article use with abbreviations and their full forms uttered by English native speakers and compares the findings to data from parallel German and Italian corpora. The results show higher article variability in English and a marked preference for and near categorical article use in German and Italian. Furthermore, our evidence confirms that acronyms tend towards the proper name end of the cline, while initialisms behave syntactically more like common nouns.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83112882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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