The aim of this paper is to examine the cross-cultural differences between (in)direct Spanish and French request formulations, adopting a pragmatic approach. More specifically, this study focusses on pragmatic equivalences in request formulations in informal and educational contexts, in French and Spanish corpora. In order to do so, a taxonomy was developed, based on the literature and on the analysis of the Spanish and French corpora. The analysis of the data shows that, on the one hand, direct strategies are among the most frequent request formulations in both corpora and, on the other, some formulations are similar in Spanish and in French but that their pragmatic interpretation or their frequency differs.
{"title":"Directness vs. indirectness: A contrastive analysis of pragmatic equivalence in Spanish and French request formulations","authors":"Aurélie Marsily","doi":"10.1075/LIC.00006.MAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.00006.MAR","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to examine the cross-cultural differences between (in)direct Spanish and French request formulations, adopting a pragmatic approach. More specifically, this study focusses on pragmatic equivalences in request formulations in informal and educational contexts, in French and Spanish corpora. In order to do so, a taxonomy was developed, based on the literature and on the analysis of the Spanish and French corpora. The analysis of the data shows that, on the one hand, direct strategies are among the most frequent request formulations in both corpora and, on the other, some formulations are similar in Spanish and in French but that their pragmatic interpretation or their frequency differs.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"46 1","pages":"122-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81936320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper reports on a translation-based teaching-oriented study of the expression of path and manner of motion ( Talmy 1972 ) in English and Spanish. The aim is to explore contrastive differences by analysing translations, with special attention to crossed transposition ( Molina and Hurtado Albir 2002 ), which implies a double shift of part-of-speech from the source text to the target text, and is the expected type of transfer between a satellite-framed language like English and a verb-framed language like Spanish. Two corpora have been used, a monolingual corpus of Children’s Short Stories, the CSS-corpus, and a parallel corpus English-Spanish, P-ACTRES 2.0. The results show a high tendency for implicitation of either path or manner and for compression in the translations into Spanish, whereas crossed transposition is preferred in the translations into English. Also, some pedagogical applications are suggested for including these motion expressions in TEFL to young learners through storytelling.
{"title":"Crossed transposition in a corpus-based study of motion in English and Spanish","authors":"Belén Labrador","doi":"10.1075/LIC.15019.LAB","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.15019.LAB","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper reports on a translation-based teaching-oriented study of the expression of path and manner of motion ( Talmy 1972 ) in English and Spanish. The aim is to explore contrastive differences by analysing translations, with special attention to crossed transposition ( Molina and Hurtado Albir 2002 ), which implies a double shift of part-of-speech from the source text to the target text, and is the expected type of transfer between a satellite-framed language like English and a verb-framed language like Spanish. Two corpora have been used, a monolingual corpus of Children’s Short Stories, the CSS-corpus, and a parallel corpus English-Spanish, P-ACTRES 2.0. The results show a high tendency for implicitation of either path or manner and for compression in the translations into Spanish, whereas crossed transposition is preferred in the translations into English. Also, some pedagogical applications are suggested for including these motion expressions in TEFL to young learners through storytelling.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"90 1","pages":"207-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72973633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Academic spoken discourse has been a dominant issue for discourse studies researchers for the last 25 years or so. Different spoken academic genres have been analysed ( Swales, 1990 , 2004 ; Berkenkotter and Huckin, 1995 ; Bhatia, 2001 , 2002 ; Mauranen, 2001 ; Juzwik, 2004 ; Crawford-Camiciottoli, 2004 , 2007 ; among others) thanks to the compilation and the easy access to electronic spoken corpora. This study focuses on the genre of lecture as “the central ritual of the culture of learning” ( Benson, 1994 ) in higher education. Here, I analyse the use of evaluative language in medical discourse lectures. A contrastive study between Spanish and English medical lectures is carried out. To my knowledge, little attention has been paid to the analysis of evaluative language in medical discourse. The present study employs a quantitative and a qualitative approach to analyse four Spanish and English medical discourse lectures with an average of 35,000 words. The English lectures have been taken from the Michigan Corpus of Academic and Spoken English (MICASE) and the Spanish lectures have been recorded and transcribed in the Degree in Medicine course at a Spanish university for the purpose of this study. Corpus analysis tools have been used to analyse attitudinal language expressing explicit evaluation. The findings show similarities and also differences in the use of evaluative markers in academic medical discourse.
在过去25年左右的时间里，学术口语语篇一直是语篇研究人员关注的主要问题。已经分析了不同的学术口语类型(Swales, 1990,2004;Berkenkotter and Huckin, 1995;巴蒂亚，2001年，2002年;毛兰，2001;Juzwik, 2004;Crawford-Camiciottoli, 2004,2007;(除其他外)由于编写和易于访问的电子口语语料库。本研究主要关注高等教育中作为“学习文化的中心仪式”的讲座类型(Benson, 1994)。在此，我分析了评价性语言在医学语篇讲座中的使用。对西班牙语和英语医学讲座进行了对比研究。据我所知，很少有人关注医学语篇中评价性语言的分析。本研究采用定量和定性的方法来分析四个西班牙语和英语医学话语讲座，平均35,000字。英语讲座摘自密歇根学术和口语语料库(MICASE)，西班牙语讲座在西班牙一所大学的医学学位课程中进行了记录和转录。语料库分析工具已被用于分析表达明确评价的态度语言。研究结果显示了在学术医学话语中使用评价标记的相似性和差异性。
{"title":"Evaluative language in medical discourse: a contrastive study between English and Spanish university lectures","authors":"Begoña Bellés-Fortuño","doi":"10.1075/LIC.15018.BEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.15018.BEL","url":null,"abstract":"Academic spoken discourse has been a dominant issue for discourse studies researchers for the last 25 years or so. Different spoken academic genres have been analysed ( Swales, 1990 , 2004 ; Berkenkotter and Huckin, 1995 ; Bhatia, 2001 , 2002 ; Mauranen, 2001 ; Juzwik, 2004 ; Crawford-Camiciottoli, 2004 , 2007 ; among others) thanks to the compilation and the easy access to electronic spoken corpora. This study focuses on the genre of lecture as “the central ritual of the culture of learning” ( Benson, 1994 ) in higher education. Here, I analyse the use of evaluative language in medical discourse lectures. A contrastive study between Spanish and English medical lectures is carried out. To my knowledge, little attention has been paid to the analysis of evaluative language in medical discourse. The present study employs a quantitative and a qualitative approach to analyse four Spanish and English medical discourse lectures with an average of 35,000 words. The English lectures have been taken from the Michigan Corpus of Academic and Spoken English (MICASE) and the Spanish lectures have been recorded and transcribed in the Degree in Medicine course at a Spanish university for the purpose of this study. Corpus analysis tools have been used to analyse attitudinal language expressing explicit evaluation. The findings show similarities and also differences in the use of evaluative markers in academic medical discourse.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"6 1","pages":"155-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82081343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of ten Hacken, Pius, ed. (2016) The Semantics of Compounding","authors":"T. Leuschner","doi":"10.1075/LIC.00008.LEU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.00008.LEU","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"31 1","pages":"150-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73654466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pronominal subject use constitutes a potential challenge in translation because of cross-linguistic differences: while the subject must be expressed in non-null subject languages, this is not necessary in null subject languages. The aim of the paper is twofold: first, to show that the type of source language influences the frequency of personal pronouns in translation, and second, to establish whether translations into a null subject language differ from comparable target language originals in terms of pronominal subject use. The study is based on the analysis of a 625,000-word corpus comprising original and translated popular science texts in Slovene and the corresponding source texts in English and Italian. The results confirm that pronominal subjects are more frequent in translations from English, a non-null subject language; furthermore, they are more frequent in translations than in comparable originals. Untypical cohesive patterns are identified in translations and possible reasons for their presence are explored.
{"title":"Contrasting pronominal subjects: A cross-linguistic corpus study of English, Italian and Slovene","authors":"Agnes Pisanski Peterlin, Tamara Mikolič Južnič","doi":"10.1075/LIC.16007.PIS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.16007.PIS","url":null,"abstract":"Pronominal subject use constitutes a potential challenge in translation because of cross-linguistic differences: while the subject must be expressed in non-null subject languages, this is not necessary in null subject languages. The aim of the paper is twofold: first, to show that the type of source language influences the frequency of personal pronouns in translation, and second, to establish whether translations into a null subject language differ from comparable target language originals in terms of pronominal subject use. The study is based on the analysis of a 625,000-word corpus comprising original and translated popular science texts in Slovene and the corresponding source texts in English and Italian. The results confirm that pronominal subjects are more frequent in translations from English, a non-null subject language; furthermore, they are more frequent in translations than in comparable originals. Untypical cohesive patterns are identified in translations and possible reasons for their presence are explored.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"48 1","pages":"230-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85662428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compares the semantic networks of the verbal prefix u - in two South Slavic languages, Bulgarian ( blg .) and Croatian ( cro .), in a cognitive linguistics framework using two databases of prefixed verbs drawn from dictionaries and corpora. We point to similarities and overlapping categories in the semantic networks of u - in blg . and cro ., as well as to differences. When accounting for the differences, we consider prefixes semantically similar to u - (within one language and in both languages) that combine with the same base verbs forming either prefixed near-synonyms (e.g., blg . uvehna, zavehna, izvehna ‘wither, fade’; cro . umastiti, omastiti, zamastiti ‘grease, stain’) or prefixed verbs that are only seemingly near-synonyms (e.g., blg . ukaža ‘indicate, show’, okaža se ‘turn out’; cro . ocrniti ‘denigrate, slander’, ucrniti ( se ) ‘color black, wear black’). We examine how the meaning networks of individual semantically related prefixes (e.g., u - and za -, iz- ) overlap within one language and across the two languages, as well as how different construals of the same event affect the prefix choice.
本研究在认知语言学框架下，使用从词典和语料库中提取的两个前缀动词数据库，比较了两种南斯拉夫语言(保加利亚语和克罗地亚语)中动词前缀u -的语义网络。我们指出了u - in blog语义网络中的相似性和重叠类别。和交叉，以及差异。当考虑到这些差异时，我们认为前缀在语义上类似于u -(在一种语言和两种语言中)，它们与相同的基动词结合形成前缀近义词(例如，blg)。Uvehna, zavehna, izvehna“枯萎，褪色”;阴极射线示波器。Umastiti, omastiti, zamastiti“油脂，污渍”)或前缀动词，看起来只是近义词(例如，BLG。Ukaža '指示，显示'，okažase ' turn out ';阴极射线示波器。crniti是“诋毁、诽谤”，ucrniti是“涂黑，穿黑”。我们研究了单个语义相关前缀(例如，u -和za -， iz-)的意义网络如何在一种语言和两种语言中重叠，以及对同一事件的不同解释如何影响前缀的选择。
{"title":"The verbal prefix u- in Croatian and Bulgarian","authors":"Ljiljana Šarić, Svetlana Nedelcheva","doi":"10.1075/LIC.16015.SAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.16015.SAR","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares the semantic networks of the verbal prefix u - in two South Slavic languages, Bulgarian ( blg .) and Croatian ( cro .), in a cognitive linguistics framework using two databases of prefixed verbs drawn from dictionaries and corpora. We point to similarities and overlapping categories in the semantic networks of u - in blg . and cro ., as well as to differences. When accounting for the differences, we consider prefixes semantically similar to u - (within one language and in both languages) that combine with the same base verbs forming either prefixed near-synonyms (e.g., blg . uvehna, zavehna, izvehna ‘wither, fade’; cro . umastiti, omastiti, zamastiti ‘grease, stain’) or prefixed verbs that are only seemingly near-synonyms (e.g., blg . ukaža ‘indicate, show’, okaža se ‘turn out’; cro . ocrniti ‘denigrate, slander’, ucrniti ( se ) ‘color black, wear black’). We examine how the meaning networks of individual semantically related prefixes (e.g., u - and za -, iz- ) overlap within one language and across the two languages, as well as how different construals of the same event affect the prefix choice.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"71 1","pages":"252-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82802892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we focus on an eventual convergence outcome (the pluralization of presentational haber/haver-hi) in the grammar of two Romance languages, Spanish and Catalan, which have been living side-by-side for centuries in Eastern Spain. Taking into account the sociolinguistic comparative method and on the basis of several representative corpora of the two languages in contact, the data from this research offer evidence that points to a notable congruence between the underlying grammars of both languages, which would, at least partially, account for a similar diffusion of these vernacular pluralizations. Moreover, some of the few cases of disagreement found can be explained on the basis of both internal (such as the existence of points of structural conflict in some verbal paradigms) and external factors (such as hypercorrection), which certain social groups particularly sensitive to normative pressure are more receptive to.
{"title":"At the boundaries of linguistic convergence: Variation in presentational haber / haver-hi: A sociolinguistic comparative analysis of Spanish and Catalan grammars","authors":"J. Arroyo","doi":"10.1075/LIC.00003.BLA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.00003.BLA","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we focus on an eventual convergence outcome (the pluralization of presentational haber/haver-hi) in the grammar of two Romance languages, Spanish and Catalan, which have been living side-by-side for centuries in Eastern Spain. Taking into account the sociolinguistic comparative method and on the basis of several representative corpora of the two languages in contact, the data from this research offer evidence that points to a notable congruence between the underlying grammars of both languages, which would, at least partially, account for a similar diffusion of these vernacular pluralizations. Moreover, some of the few cases of disagreement found can be explained on the basis of both internal (such as the existence of points of structural conflict in some verbal paradigms) and external factors (such as hypercorrection), which certain social groups particularly sensitive to normative pressure are more receptive to.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"26 1","pages":"35-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86452788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses aspects of the greater use of coordination in Modern Standard Arabic as compared to English, illustrating this through Arabic>English translation. It argues that Arabic ‘favours’ coordination linguistically, textually and rhetorically, as follows: 1. The linguistic resources of Arabic favour coordination while those of English favour subordination – whether these are lexical (Arabic و wa- and ف fa- vs. English ‘and’), or semantic (the possibility of backgrounding coordinated clauses in Arabic compared to the marginality of backgrounded coordinated clauses in English); 2. Accompanying Arabic textual norms, e.g. (near-)synonym repetition and chained coordination, favour coordination while those of English favour subordination; 3. Further associated ‘rhetorical semantic’ uses of coordination are found in Arabic, e.g. hyperonym-hyponym repetition and associative repetition, which do not exist in English; 4. These extended usages further entrench coordination as a norm in Arabic as compared to English.
{"title":"The pervasiveness of coordination in Arabic, with reference to Arabic>English translation","authors":"J. Dickins","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17.2.04DIC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17.2.04DIC","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses aspects of the greater use of coordination in Modern Standard Arabic as compared to English, illustrating this through Arabic>English translation. It argues that Arabic ‘favours’ coordination linguistically, textually and rhetorically, as follows: 1. The linguistic resources of Arabic favour coordination while those of English favour subordination – whether these are lexical (Arabic و wa- and ف fa- vs. English ‘and’), or semantic (the possibility of backgrounding coordinated clauses in Arabic compared to the marginality of backgrounded coordinated clauses in English); 2. Accompanying Arabic textual norms, e.g. (near-)synonym repetition and chained coordination, favour coordination while those of English favour subordination; 3. Further associated ‘rhetorical semantic’ uses of coordination are found in Arabic, e.g. hyperonym-hyponym repetition and associative repetition, which do not exist in English; 4. These extended usages further entrench coordination as a norm in Arabic as compared to English.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"110 6 1","pages":"229-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72901889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper analyzes the occurrence of indicative and subjunctive complements of the verbs comprender (Spanish) and compreender (Portuguese) in European Spanish and European Portuguese. A quantitative analysis based on 400 occurrences of the complements randomly selected from the newspaper genre shows that the indicative mood occurs more frequently than the subjunctive mood in both languages, although the subjunctive mood is more frequent in the Portuguese corpus than in the Spanish one. The analysis also shows that the occurrence of the subjunctive complement is highly restricted to contexts in which the subject of the main clause verb is either 1st person or 3rd person singular. From the theoretical perspective of Cognitive Grammar, the mood alternation is explained by the concept of dominion , i.e. the indicative complement designates an event that is located within the conceptualizer’s epistemic dominion, whereas the subjunctive complement designates an event that is located outside the conceptualizer’s dominion of effective control.
{"title":"Mood choice in complements of Spanish comprender and Portuguese compreender (‘understand’) – distribution and meaning","authors":"Rainer Vesterinen","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17.2.06VES","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17.2.06VES","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper analyzes the occurrence of indicative and subjunctive complements of the verbs comprender (Spanish) and compreender (Portuguese) in European Spanish and European Portuguese. A quantitative analysis based on 400 occurrences of the complements randomly selected from the newspaper genre shows that the indicative mood occurs more frequently than the subjunctive mood in both languages, although the subjunctive mood is more frequent in the Portuguese corpus than in the Spanish one. The analysis also shows that the occurrence of the subjunctive complement is highly restricted to contexts in which the subject of the main clause verb is either 1st person or 3rd person singular. From the theoretical perspective of Cognitive Grammar, the mood alternation is explained by the concept of dominion , i.e. the indicative complement designates an event that is located within the conceptualizer’s epistemic dominion, whereas the subjunctive complement designates an event that is located outside the conceptualizer’s dominion of effective control.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"29 1","pages":"279-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80922411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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