This article first considers the question whether machine translation is translation and moves on to address the analogous issue for interpreting. After a review of the development and state of the art in machine interpreting, more commonly referred to as ‘spoken language translation’ or ‘speech translation’, the question of whether machine interpreting is interpreting is discussed – first with regard to terminology and conceptual distinctions and then in broader translation-theoretical frameworks. Using Otto Kade’s early definitional proposal as a point of departure, a reconceptualization is proposed in the form of a three-dimensional model designed to go beyond rigid taxonomies. The dimensions of agency, embodiment and immediacy are used to characterize translation as a graded concept in which these features may be more or less prominent.
{"title":"Is machine interpreting interpreting?","authors":"Franz Pöchhacker","doi":"10.1075/ts.23028.poc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23028.poc","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article first considers the question whether machine translation is translation and moves on to address the\u0000 analogous issue for interpreting. After a review of the development and state of the art in machine interpreting, more commonly\u0000 referred to as ‘spoken language translation’ or ‘speech translation’, the question of whether machine interpreting is interpreting\u0000 is discussed – first with regard to terminology and conceptual distinctions and then in broader translation-theoretical\u0000 frameworks. Using Otto Kade’s early definitional proposal as a point of departure, a reconceptualization is proposed in the form\u0000 of a three-dimensional model designed to go beyond rigid taxonomies. The dimensions of agency, embodiment and immediacy are used\u0000 to characterize translation as a graded concept in which these features may be more or less prominent.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is an exploratory overview of research on translators’ job satisfaction (JS). We analyze the data (51 articles) for indications of (1) translators’ overall JS; (2) associations of overall JS with individual, job-intrinsic, job-extrinsic, societal, and background factors; (3) translators’ satisfaction with job-intrinsic, job-extrinsic, and societal aspects of their work. Translators’ overall JS in the data is fairly high, and it is linked to emotional intelligence, the nature of translating, autonomy, interpersonal relationships, status perceptions, working mode, gender, and experience. The translators studied are mostly happy with the job-intrinsic aspects, but their views on extrinsic and societal aspects are more divided. Gaps in research include individual factors (e.g., self-efficacy, personality traits), background factors (e.g., cultural and socio-economic differences), and the interaction of the different types of factors.
{"title":"What do we know about translators’ job satisfaction?","authors":"Minna Ruokonen, Elin Svahn","doi":"10.1075/ts.23019.ruo","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23019.ruo","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article is an exploratory overview of research on translators’ job satisfaction (JS). We analyze the data (51\u0000 articles) for indications of (1) translators’ overall JS; (2) associations of overall JS with individual, job-intrinsic,\u0000 job-extrinsic, societal, and background factors; (3) translators’ satisfaction with job-intrinsic, job-extrinsic, and\u0000 societal aspects of their work. Translators’ overall JS in the data is fairly high, and it is linked to emotional intelligence,\u0000 the nature of translating, autonomy, interpersonal relationships, status perceptions, working mode, gender, and experience. The\u0000 translators studied are mostly happy with the job-intrinsic aspects, but their views on extrinsic and societal aspects are more\u0000 divided. Gaps in research include individual factors (e.g., self-efficacy, personality traits), background factors (e.g., cultural\u0000 and socio-economic differences), and the interaction of the different types of factors.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140726617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Translators’ and interpreters’ job satisfaction – a multi-faceted object of study with far-reaching\u0000 implications","authors":"Minna Ruokonen, Elin Svahn, Anu Heino","doi":"10.1075/ts.00032.ruo","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.00032.ruo","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140744130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we investigate the stressors that affect interpreters working in public service interpreting (PSI) in Finland and the ethical dilemmas these stressors indicate. Our data derives from a survey carried out among public service interpreters in Finland in 2018. We identified three categories of stressors: content-related stressors, interactional stressors, and stressors related to the organisation of the work. Through these, we identified six ethical dilemmas. Our analysis indicates that, to solve ethical dilemmas in a sound manner, interpreters have to exercise agency in addition to being familiar with professional codes of conduct. Furthermore, many ethical dilemmas interpreters face are emotionally challenging and therefore also require affective labour. Unfortunately, interpreters often seem to be left to their own devices in dealing with emotionally challenging situations. This study calls for increased professional support for interpreters and further research on the link between ethical dilemmas and job satisfaction.
{"title":"Exploring ethical dilemmas encountered by public service interpreters and their effect on job\u0000 satisfaction","authors":"Anni-Kaisa Leminen, Sari Hokkanen","doi":"10.1075/ts.23022.lem","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23022.lem","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, we investigate the stressors that affect interpreters working in public service interpreting (PSI)\u0000 in Finland and the ethical dilemmas these stressors indicate. Our data derives from a survey carried out among public service\u0000 interpreters in Finland in 2018. We identified three categories of stressors: content-related stressors, interactional stressors,\u0000 and stressors related to the organisation of the work. Through these, we identified six ethical dilemmas. Our analysis indicates\u0000 that, to solve ethical dilemmas in a sound manner, interpreters have to exercise agency in addition to being familiar with\u0000 professional codes of conduct. Furthermore, many ethical dilemmas interpreters face are emotionally challenging and therefore also\u0000 require affective labour. Unfortunately, interpreters often seem to be left to their own devices in dealing with emotionally\u0000 challenging situations. This study calls for increased professional support for interpreters and further research on the link\u0000 between ethical dilemmas and job satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140742436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the advent of social media, translators have started communicating about their work- and non-work-related experiences and associated attitudes on these platforms. COVID-19 accelerated a shift toward a greater reliance upon digital media (Tsao et al. 2021; Wong et al. 2021). This paper uses social media data to examine how Chinese translators and/ or interpreters used their Facebook pages as a channel to express their job dis/satisfaction between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2022. Conclusions regarding practitioner job satisfaction are based on an analysis of information gathered concerning expressed attitudes on access to expanded networking opportunities, client appreciation, and the acquisition of new knowledge. Practitioners value their role as cultural mediators. COVID-19 introduced unprecedented changes, requiring practitioners to adapt to remote work settings and an increased reliance upon digital tools. Despite income and job security concerns due to the pandemic, practitioners remain committed to delivering quality work.
{"title":"Scrutinizing job satisfaction during COVID-19 through Facebook","authors":"Fung Ming Christy Liu","doi":"10.1075/ts.23017.liu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23017.liu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Due to the advent of social media, translators have started communicating about their work- and non-work-related\u0000 experiences and associated attitudes on these platforms. COVID-19 accelerated a shift toward a greater reliance upon digital media\u0000 (Tsao et al. 2021; Wong et al. 2021).\u0000 This paper uses social media data to examine how Chinese translators and/ or interpreters used their Facebook pages as a channel\u0000 to express their job dis/satisfaction between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2022. Conclusions regarding practitioner job\u0000 satisfaction are based on an analysis of information gathered concerning expressed attitudes on access to expanded networking\u0000 opportunities, client appreciation, and the acquisition of new knowledge. Practitioners value their role as cultural mediators.\u0000 COVID-19 introduced unprecedented changes, requiring practitioners to adapt to remote work settings and an increased reliance upon\u0000 digital tools. Despite income and job security concerns due to the pandemic, practitioners remain committed to delivering quality\u0000 work.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140744364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the surge of interest in translation revision and its ubiquitousness in translation processes, minimal scholarly research has been carried out into the revision of literary translations (Koponen et al. 2021, 10). This article responds to calls in the literature for empirical studies examining the creation of actual published translations. It aims to partially address this gap by reporting on the processes and practices occurring during the revision of my Maltese translation of Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt’s Concerto à la mémoire d’un ange. Although numerous translation scholars are also practising translators, we rarely look at our own processes and practices. Not only is this reality of translation revision largely overlooked but also the wealth of empirical data generated during the translation process remains unexploited. Drawing on my own translation practice, this study adopts an autoethnographic approach to provide insights into how revision materialised in this specific literary translation. Meticulously conserved real-life data are analysed in order to shed light on the agents involved in the revision process, their role and power.
尽管人们对翻译审校的兴趣日益高涨，而且审校在翻译过程中无处不在，但对文学翻译审校的学术研究却少之又少（Koponen 等，2021 年，10）。本文响应了文献中关于对实际出版译文的创作进行实证研究的呼吁。本文旨在通过报告我对埃里克-埃马纽埃尔-施米特的马耳他文译本《Concerto à la mémoire d'un ange》的修订过程和实践，部分填补这一空白。虽然许多翻译学者也是实践翻译者，但我们很少审视自己的翻译过程和实践。不仅这一翻译修订的现实在很大程度上被忽视，而且在翻译过程中产生的大量实证数据也未被利用。本研究以我自己的翻译实践为基础，采用自述方法，深入探讨在这一具体的文学翻译中，译审是如何具体化的。对精心保存的真实数据进行分析，以揭示参与修订过程的人员、他们的角色和权力。
{"title":"Revising a literary translation for publication","authors":"Claudine Borg","doi":"10.1075/ts.23040.bor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23040.bor","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite the surge of interest in translation revision and its ubiquitousness in translation processes, minimal\u0000 scholarly research has been carried out into the revision of literary translations (Koponen\u0000 et al. 2021, 10). This article responds to calls in the literature for empirical studies examining the creation of\u0000 actual published translations. It aims to partially address this gap by reporting on the processes and practices occurring during\u0000 the revision of my Maltese translation of Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt’s Concerto à la mémoire d’un ange. Although\u0000 numerous translation scholars are also practising translators, we rarely look at our own processes and practices. Not only is this\u0000 reality of translation revision largely overlooked but also the wealth of empirical data generated during the translation process\u0000 remains unexploited. Drawing on my own translation practice, this study adopts an autoethnographic approach to provide insights\u0000 into how revision materialised in this specific literary translation. Meticulously conserved real-life data are analysed in order\u0000 to shed light on the agents involved in the revision process, their role and power.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140742560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores how differences between generations X (people born from 1965 to 1980), Y (1980s and 1990s), and Z (mid-90s to early 2000s) have an impact on healthcare interpreters’ job satisfaction. Based on self-determination theory (SDT), the paper argues that the degree to which a work environment nurtures interpreters’ feelings of competence, connectedness, and autonomy can determine how motivated they feel, resulting in different degrees of job satisfaction. Stressing the organismic component in SDT, the paper further hypothesizes that the motivation in healthcare interpreting is mediated by interpreters’ values and that these vary across generations. An exploratory and qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews is conducted with 9 interpreters (3 from each generational group) who are working or have worked for the same hospital group. The differences in motivational factors and satisfaction are explored and implications for the ability of healthcare interpreting to retain the different generations are discussed.
{"title":"Healthcare interpreters X, Y, Z","authors":"Esther Monzó-Nebot, Cristina R. Álvarez-Álvarez","doi":"10.1075/ts.23018.mon","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23018.mon","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study explores how differences between generations X (people born from 1965 to 1980), Y (1980s and 1990s),\u0000 and Z (mid-90s to early 2000s) have an impact on healthcare interpreters’ job satisfaction. Based on self-determination theory\u0000 (SDT), the paper argues that the degree to which a work environment nurtures interpreters’ feelings of competence, connectedness,\u0000 and autonomy can determine how motivated they feel, resulting in different degrees of job satisfaction. Stressing the organismic\u0000 component in SDT, the paper further hypothesizes that the motivation in healthcare interpreting is mediated by interpreters’\u0000 values and that these vary across generations. An exploratory and qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews is\u0000 conducted with 9 interpreters (3 from each generational group) who are working or have worked for the same hospital group. The\u0000 differences in motivational factors and satisfaction are explored and implications for the ability of healthcare interpreting to\u0000 retain the different generations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140741019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akiko Sakamoto, Darren van Laar, Joss Moorkens, Félix do Carmo
This article discusses the conceptual and methodological aspects of the Translator WRQoL (Work-related Quality of Life) survey and provides some preliminary results and observations based on the first pilot study. The survey is being developed to measure translators’ work satisfaction and motivation in the context of job digitalisation and automation. Literature suggests that translators’ work satisfaction and their career motivation have been adversely affected. The survey being developed in this study intends to quantitatively measure the causes of the adverse effects using psychometric-strong scales. The ultimate goal is to administer the Translator WRQoL survey on a large scale, and using SEM (Structural Equation Modelling), to identify the causal relationships between the constructs measured by the scale and to determine what kind of translators (regarding worker profiles and attitudes to technology and other factors) have high/low levels of work-related quality of life and are more/less willing to stay in the profession.
{"title":"Measuring translators’ quality of working life and their career motivation","authors":"Akiko Sakamoto, Darren van Laar, Joss Moorkens, Félix do Carmo","doi":"10.1075/ts.23026.sak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23026.sak","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article discusses the conceptual and methodological aspects of the Translator WRQoL (Work-related Quality of\u0000 Life) survey and provides some preliminary results and observations based on the first pilot study. The survey is being developed\u0000 to measure translators’ work satisfaction and motivation in the context of job digitalisation and automation. Literature suggests\u0000 that translators’ work satisfaction and their career motivation have been adversely affected. The survey being developed in this\u0000 study intends to quantitatively measure the causes of the adverse effects using psychometric-strong scales. The ultimate goal is\u0000 to administer the Translator WRQoL survey on a large scale, and using SEM (Structural Equation Modelling), to identify the causal\u0000 relationships between the constructs measured by the scale and to determine what kind of translators (regarding worker profiles\u0000 and attitudes to technology and other factors) have high/low levels of work-related quality of life and are more/less willing to\u0000 stay in the profession.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139835820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last decade, translator job satisfaction has received an increasing amount of attention in Translation Studies. Translator job satisfaction is broadly investigated from different perspectives such as psychology, sociology, and ergonomics. This article examines extrinsic sources of satisfaction that translators experience in evolving work environments and revisits a comprehensive construct of job satisfaction (Rodríguez-Castro 2015) that captures perceptions aligned with (a) the job (individual-job fit) and (b) the organization (individual-organization fit). This construct includes multiple factors of job satisfaction that have not been extensively studied in the literature such as client review and feedback, team interactions, communication workflow, and factors associated with online platforms. Such a construct could be used to determine specific predictors of job satisfaction for devising career pathways to enhance retention and improve overall human resource management in the language industry.
{"title":"Extrinsic sources of translator job satisfaction","authors":"Mónica Rodríguez-Castro","doi":"10.1075/ts.23024.rod","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23024.rod","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the last decade, translator job satisfaction has received an increasing amount of attention in Translation\u0000 Studies. Translator job satisfaction is broadly investigated from different perspectives such as psychology, sociology, and\u0000 ergonomics. This article examines extrinsic sources of satisfaction that translators experience in evolving work environments and\u0000 revisits a comprehensive construct of job satisfaction (Rodríguez-Castro 2015) that\u0000 captures perceptions aligned with (a) the job (individual-job fit) and (b) the organization (individual-organization fit). This\u0000 construct includes multiple factors of job satisfaction that have not been extensively studied in the literature such as client\u0000 review and feedback, team interactions, communication workflow, and factors associated with online platforms. Such a construct\u0000 could be used to determine specific predictors of job satisfaction for devising career pathways to enhance retention and improve\u0000 overall human resource management in the language industry.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139836285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last decade, translator job satisfaction has received an increasing amount of attention in Translation Studies. Translator job satisfaction is broadly investigated from different perspectives such as psychology, sociology, and ergonomics. This article examines extrinsic sources of satisfaction that translators experience in evolving work environments and revisits a comprehensive construct of job satisfaction (Rodríguez-Castro 2015) that captures perceptions aligned with (a) the job (individual-job fit) and (b) the organization (individual-organization fit). This construct includes multiple factors of job satisfaction that have not been extensively studied in the literature such as client review and feedback, team interactions, communication workflow, and factors associated with online platforms. Such a construct could be used to determine specific predictors of job satisfaction for devising career pathways to enhance retention and improve overall human resource management in the language industry.
{"title":"Extrinsic sources of translator job satisfaction","authors":"Mónica Rodríguez-Castro","doi":"10.1075/ts.23024.rod","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23024.rod","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the last decade, translator job satisfaction has received an increasing amount of attention in Translation\u0000 Studies. Translator job satisfaction is broadly investigated from different perspectives such as psychology, sociology, and\u0000 ergonomics. This article examines extrinsic sources of satisfaction that translators experience in evolving work environments and\u0000 revisits a comprehensive construct of job satisfaction (Rodríguez-Castro 2015) that\u0000 captures perceptions aligned with (a) the job (individual-job fit) and (b) the organization (individual-organization fit). This\u0000 construct includes multiple factors of job satisfaction that have not been extensively studied in the literature such as client\u0000 review and feedback, team interactions, communication workflow, and factors associated with online platforms. Such a construct\u0000 could be used to determine specific predictors of job satisfaction for devising career pathways to enhance retention and improve\u0000 overall human resource management in the language industry.","PeriodicalId":43764,"journal":{"name":"Translation Spaces","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139776859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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