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Proceedings Twelfth International Conference on VLSI Design. (Cat. No.PR00013)最新文献

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Sub-circuit analysis for power supply rejection ratio in regulated cascode operational transconductance amplifiers and filters 稳压级联码运算跨导放大器和滤波器电源抑制比的子电路分析
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745143
A. Bhattacharyya, Saudas Dey
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA) form an integral part of OTA-C filters. The authors have experimented with OTA-C filters for frequency shaping purposes in micropower all-CMOS hearing aids as against conventionally used switched capacitor filters, as switched capacitor filters present problem due to switching noise and require a double polysilicon technology in a low voltage process. The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of such filters becomes important in hearing aids, as the negative supply voltage for the OTA is derived from the low voltage battery by the use of a dc to dc converter through capacitor switching where a ripple voltage on supply rail is inherent due to charging and discharging mechanism in the converter circuit. A regulated cascode (RGC) differential stage is used for OTA to increase the linearity of the differential input stage and ensure an acceptable level of CMRR. An important finding that has emerged in the present investigation from the viewpoint of application of OTA-C filters in hearing aids is that PSRR of high pass filter is much higher compared to that in low pass configuration. The results have been validated both by SPICE simulation and measurement of OTA-C filter chips fabricated for hearing aid application.
运算跨导放大器(OTA)是OTA- c滤波器的组成部分。作者已经在微功率全cmos助听器中试验了用于频率整形目的的OTA-C滤波器,而不是传统使用的开关电容滤波器,因为开关电容滤波器由于开关噪声而存在问题,并且在低压过程中需要双多晶硅技术。这种滤波器的电源抑制比(PSRR)在助听器中变得很重要,因为OTA的负电源电压是通过电容器开关使用dc - dc转换器从低压电池中获得的,其中电源轨上的纹波电压是由于转换器电路中的充放电机制而固有的。调节级联码(RGC)差分级用于OTA,以增加差分输入级的线性度,并确保可接受的CMRR水平。从OTA-C滤波器在助听器中的应用来看,本研究的一个重要发现是高通滤波器的PSRR比低通滤波器高得多。通过助听器用OTA-C滤波芯片的SPICE仿真和测量验证了实验结果。
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引用次数: 1
A complete characterization of path delay faults through stuck-at faults 通过卡滞故障完整表征路径延迟故障
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745203
S. Majumder, B. Bhattacharya, V. Agrawal, M. Bushnell
A complete one-to-one characterization of path delay fault testability for a combinational circuit is presented in terms of testability of stuck-at faults in an equivalent unfolded circuit. The unfolded circuit is obtained simply by replicating the cone feeding each internal fanout stem line, thereby making it internally fanout free. Unfolding preserves both functional, and structural characteristics of the original circuit. Earlier results describing correlation of path delay and stuck-at faults are either incomplete, or use a complex model of equivalent circuit based on timing parameters. We show that a path delay fault (rising or falling) is testable if certain single or multiple stuck-at fault in the equivalent circuit is testable. Thus, all aspects of path delay faults related to testability under various classification schemes are interpreted using the stuck-at fault model alone in the unfolded circuit. The results unify most of the existing concepts, provide a better understanding of path delay faults in logic circuits, and have potential applications in identification of false paths.
利用等效未展开电路中卡滞故障的可测性,给出了组合电路路径延迟故障可测性的一个完全的一对一表征。展开的电路是简单地通过复制圆锥馈送每个内部扇出杆线,从而使其内部扇出自由获得。展开保留了原有电路的功能和结构特征。先前描述路径延迟与卡滞故障相关性的结果要么是不完整的,要么是使用了基于时序参数的复杂等效电路模型。我们证明,如果等效电路中的某个单卡故障或多个卡故障是可测试的,则路径延迟故障(上升或下降)是可测试的。因此,在不同的分类方案下,与可测试性相关的路径延迟故障的所有方面都可以单独使用展开电路中的卡滞故障模型来解释。结果统一了大多数现有概念,提供了对逻辑电路中路径延迟故障的更好理解,并在假路径识别方面具有潜在的应用前景。
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引用次数: 4
Improved effective capacitance computations for use in logic and layout optimization 改进了用于逻辑和布局优化的有效电容计算
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745217
A. Kahng, S. Muddu
We describe an improved iterationless approach for computing the effective capacitance of an interconnect load at a driving gate output. The speed and accuracy of our approach makes it suitable for the analysis loop within performance-driven iterative layout optimization. We present an iterationless approach for computing the effective capacitance of an interconnect load at a gate output when the slew time is non-zero (i.e., a ramp). We then extend this effective capacitance algorithm to complex gates, i.e., channel-connected components. Preliminary experimental results using the new effective capacitance approach show that the resulting delay estimates are quite accurate-within 15% of HSPICE-computed delays on data taken from a recent microprocessor design in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The improved driver model reduces the cell delay calculation errors to below 10%; this indicates that accurate modeling of effective capacitance is no longer the dominant source of errors in cell delay calculation.
我们描述了一种改进的无迭代方法,用于计算驱动门输出处互连负载的有效电容。我们的方法的速度和准确性使其适合于性能驱动的迭代布局优化中的分析循环。我们提出了一种无迭代的方法来计算转换时间非零(即斜坡)时栅极输出处互连负载的有效电容。然后我们将这种有效电容算法扩展到复杂的门,即通道连接的组件。使用新的有效电容方法的初步实验结果表明,所得到的延迟估计非常准确-在hspice计算延迟的15%之内,这些延迟来自最近的微处理器设计,采用0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS技术。改进的驱动模型将单元延迟计算误差降低到10%以下;这表明有效电容的精确建模不再是电池延迟计算误差的主要来源。
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引用次数: 32
Component characterization and constraint transformation based on directed intervals for analog synthesis 模拟合成中基于有向区间的分量表征与约束变换
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745219
N. Dhanwada, A. Núñez-Aldana, R. Vemuri
In this paper, we present a technique for characterizing CMOS analog circuits based on directed intervals. The technique consists of an analog performance estimator and a characterization table generator. This characterization information may be efficiently used by the constraint transformation step in an analog synthesis system. We present a genetic algorithm based constraint transformation method, that exploits problem structure by using the circuit characterization information. We discuss the design of the genetic operators that capture the characteristics of the constraint transformation problem. The constraint transformation method that uses the characterization information was compared against one using a conventional genetic algorithm and the experimental results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
本文提出了一种基于有向间隔的CMOS模拟电路表征技术。该技术由模拟性能估计器和表征表生成器组成。该表征信息可被模拟合成系统中的约束变换步骤有效地利用。提出了一种基于遗传算法的约束变换方法,利用电路特征信息挖掘问题结构。我们讨论了捕捉约束变换问题特征的遗传算子的设计。将基于特征信息的约束变换方法与基于传统遗传算法的约束变换方法进行了比较,实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 11
Design and test of MEMS MEMS的设计与测试
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745160
B. Courtois, J. Karam, S. Mir, M. Lubaszewski, V. Székely, M. Rencz, K. Hofmann, M. Glesner
This paper deals with design, simulation and test of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems). Both existing tools and open research areas are addressed. An appropriate Computer-Aided Design (CAD) environment is presented. Similarities between the present development of MEMS and the development of microelectronics decades ago are pointed out, including the migration from point tools to CAD frameworks, testing and intellectual property (IP) issues.
本文主要研究微机电系统的设计、仿真和测试。讨论了现有工具和开放的研究领域。提出了一种合适的计算机辅助设计(CAD)环境。指出了目前MEMS的发展与几十年前微电子技术的发展之间的相似之处,包括从点工具到CAD框架的迁移,测试和知识产权(IP)问题。
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引用次数: 5
The retiming of single-phase clocked circuits containing level-sensitive latches 包含电平敏感锁存器的单相时钟电路的重新定时
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745189
Prashant Saxena, P. Pan, C. Liu
Previous approaches to the retiming of latch-based circuits have used the different phases of the clock to prevent race conditions. However, such an approach is not applicable to single-phase clocked circuits. Consequently there is no practical formulation that retimes single-phase clocked circuits containing latches optimally. We present a novel ILP formulation for the retiming of such circuits, along with efficient algorithms to generate its constraint set. This formulation can be used to optimize any criterion whose quality depends on the latch positions and that can be expressed as a linear objective function. As examples, we discuss the optimization of the clock period and the latch count. For the latter we describe a graph transformation to linearize the max-based objective function. Our experiments demonstrate that our formulation is efficient and generates ILPs that are easy to solve.
以前基于锁存器的电路重新计时的方法使用了时钟的不同阶段来防止竞争条件。然而,这种方法不适用于单相时钟电路。因此,没有实用的公式来优化包含锁存器的单相时钟电路。我们提出了一种新的用于此类电路重定时的ILP公式,以及生成其约束集的有效算法。该公式可用于优化质量取决于闩锁位置的任何准则,并可表示为线性目标函数。作为例子,我们讨论了时钟周期和锁存器计数的优化。对于后者,我们描述了一个图变换来线性化基于最大值的目标函数。我们的实验表明,我们的配方是有效的,并产生了易于解决的ilp。
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引用次数: 1
A low-power digital camera-on-a-chip implemented in CMOS active pixel approach 一种采用CMOS有源像素方法实现的低功耗单片数码相机
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745119
B. Pain, Guang Yang, B. Olson, T. Shaw, M. Ortiz, J. Heynssens, C. Wrigley, Charlie Ho
The advent of high performance imaging in CMOS technology using active pixel sensors has enabled ultra-low power, miniature, integrated, single-chip camera systems. We report the first fully digital, programmable, 5-wire, large format (512/spl times/512) digital-camera-on-a-chip that integrates the imager array, control logic, ADC, and bias generation on the same chip. The VLSI chip runs off a single (3.3 V) power supply, consumes only 8 mW at video rates, is capable of electronic panning, and produces high quality images with 78 dB dynamic range.
使用有源像素传感器的高性能CMOS成像技术的出现,使超低功耗、微型、集成、单芯片相机系统成为可能。我们报告了第一个全数字,可编程,5线,大画幅(512/spl倍/512)芯片上的数字相机,它集成了成像仪阵列,控制逻辑,ADC和偏置生成在同一芯片上。该VLSI芯片使用单电源(3.3 V),视频速率仅消耗8 mW,能够电子平移,并产生78 dB动态范围的高质量图像。
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引用次数: 13
Exploiting isomorphism for compaction and faster simulation of binary decision diagrams 利用同构压缩和更快地模拟二进制决策图
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745173
P. Chauhan, P. Dasgupta, P. Chakrabarti
We present two techniques for compaction of ROBDDs. The first technique extracts isomorphic subtrees from a characteristic function ROBDD (cfBDD), replaces them by multi-output nodes, and stores the extracted subtrees as MTBDDs. The second technique searches pre-defined topological structures (signatures) within the cfBDD and replaces them by multi-output nodes. While both approaches are able to extract isomporphic subtrees in the cfBDD, the signature scanning approach gives a significantly better compression and reduces the simulation time as compared to cfBDD simulation, which shows that is possible to compress BDDs and yet simulate them faster.
我们提出了两种压实技术。第一种技术是从特征函数ROBDD (cfBDD)中提取同构子树,用多输出节点替换它们,并将提取的子树存储为mtbdd。第二种技术在cfBDD中搜索预定义的拓扑结构(签名),并用多输出节点替换它们。虽然这两种方法都能够在cfBDD中提取同构子树,但与cfBDD模拟相比,签名扫描方法提供了更好的压缩并减少了模拟时间,这表明压缩bdd并更快地模拟它们是可能的。
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引用次数: 2
Improving area efficiency of residue number system based implementation of DSP algorithms 基于DSP算法的实现提高了残数系统的面积效率
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745179
M. Mahesh, Satrajit Gupta, M. Mehendale
Residue Number System based applications involve modulo-arithmetic which is typically implemented using look-up-tables (LUTs) for a small value of modulus. In this paper we present a data coding technique to minimize the area of these LUTs when implemented using two level logic structures such as PLAs. We also present a technique that exploits the symmetry in these computations to further optimize the LUTs. Results show that area improvement of upto 66% can be achieved using these techniques.
基于剩余数系统的应用涉及模运算,通常使用查找表(LUTs)来实现一个小的模值。在本文中,我们提出了一种数据编码技术,当使用诸如pla的两级逻辑结构实现时,可以将这些lut的面积最小化。我们还提出了一种利用这些计算中的对称性来进一步优化lut的技术。结果表明,使用这些技术可以实现高达66%的面积改善。
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引用次数: 1
Spec-based repeater insertion and wire sizing for on-chip interconnect 基于规范的中继器插入和片上互连的线尺寸
Pub Date : 1999-01-10 DOI: 10.1109/ICVD.1999.745201
N. Menezes, C. C. Chen
Recently Lillis, et al. (see Proc. Custom Integrated Conf., p. 259-262, May 1995) presented an elegant dynamic programming approach to RC interconnect delay optimization through driver sizing, repeater insertion, and, wire sizing which employs the Elmore delay model for RC delay estimation and a crude repeater delay model. This approach, however, ignores an equally important aspect of interconnect optimization: transition time constraints at the sinks. More importantly, Elmore delay techniques because of their inherent inaccuracy are not suited to spec-based design which is directed towards synthesizing nets with user-specified delay/transition time requirements at the sinks. In this paper we present techniques for delay and transition time optimization for RC nets in the context of accurate moment-matching techniques for computing the RC delays and transition times, and an accurate driver/repeater delay model. The asymptotic increase in runtime over the Elmore delay model is O(q/sup 2/) where q is the order of the moment-matching approximation. Experiments on industrial nets indicate that this increase in runtime is acceptable. Our algorithm yields delay and transition time estimates within 5% of circuit simulation results.
最近,Lillis等人(见Proc. Custom Integrated Conf., p. 259-262, 1995年5月)提出了一种优雅的动态规划方法,通过驱动器尺寸、中继器插入和电线尺寸来优化RC互连延迟,该方法采用Elmore延迟模型进行RC延迟估计和粗糙的中继器延迟模型。然而,这种方法忽略了互连优化的一个同样重要的方面:汇合点的转换时间限制。更重要的是,Elmore延迟技术由于其固有的不准确性而不适合基于规范的设计,这种设计旨在综合具有用户指定的延迟/转换时间要求的网络。在本文中,我们在计算RC延迟和过渡时间的精确矩匹配技术以及精确的驱动器/中继器延迟模型的背景下,提出了RC网络的延迟和过渡时间优化技术。Elmore延迟模型的运行时间渐近增长为O(q/sup 2/),其中q是矩匹配近似的阶数。在工业网络上的实验表明,这种运行时间的增加是可以接受的。我们的算法产生的延迟和过渡时间估计在电路仿真结果的5%以内。
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引用次数: 19
期刊
Proceedings Twelfth International Conference on VLSI Design. (Cat. No.PR00013)
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