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The Role of Gesture in Language Development for Neurotypical Children and Children With or at Increased Likelihood of Autism. 手势在神经畸形儿童和自闭症儿童的语言发展中的作用。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12723
Boin Choi, Meredith L Rowe

For young children, gesture is found to precede and predict language development. However, we are still building a knowledge base about the specific nature of the relationship between gesture and speech. While much of the research on this topic has been conducted with neurotypical children, there is a growing body of work with children who have or are at increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we summarize the literature on relations between gesture and speech, including the role of child gesture production as well as that of gesture exposure (caregiver gesture). We include literature on both neurotypical children and children with or at likelihood of ASD, highlight the similarities and differences across populations, and offer implications for research as well as early identification and intervention.

对于幼儿来说,手势被认为先于并预示着语言的发展。然而,我们仍在建立一个知识库,以了解手势和语言之间关系的具体性质。虽然有关这一主题的大部分研究都是针对神经畸形儿童进行的,但针对患有或更有可能患有自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的儿童的研究也在不断增加。在此,我们总结了有关手势与言语之间关系的文献,包括儿童手势制作的作用以及手势接触(照顾者手势)的作用。我们既包括神经畸形儿童的文献,也包括患有或可能患有自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的儿童的文献,强调了不同人群之间的异同,并提出了研究以及早期识别和干预的意义。
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引用次数: 0
The Interaction of Linguistic and Visual Cues for the Processing of Case in Russian by Russian-German Bilinguals: An Eye Tracking Study. 俄德双语者处理俄语案例时语言和视觉线索的相互作用:眼动跟踪研究
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12724
Serge Minor, Natalia Mitrofanova, Marit Westergaard

Modulation of visual attention in the Visual World Paradigm relies on parallel processing of linguistic and visual information. Previous studies have argued that the human linguistic capacity includes an aspect of anticipation of upcoming material. Such anticipation can be triggered by both lexical and grammatical/morphosyntactic cues. In this study, we investigated the relationship between comprehension and prediction by testing how subtle changes in visual representations can affect the processing of grammatical case cues in Russian by Russian-German bilingual children (n = 49, age 8-13). The linguistic manipulation followed previous designs, contrasting SVO and OVS sentences, where the first NP (NP1) was marked with nominative or accusative case, respectively. Three types of visual displays were compared: (i) individual referents (potential agent/theme); (ii) pairs of referents (NP1 + potential agent/theme); and (iii) events (representing interactions between the referents). Participants were significantly more sensitive to the case manipulation when presented with events compared to the other two types of visual display. This suggests that they were able to quickly integrate the thematic role information signaled by grammatical case in the event representations. However, they were less likely to use the case information to anticipate upcoming arguments when the target pictures represented individual referents or pairs of noninteracting referents. We hypothesize that the process of argument anticipation is mediated by the activation of syntactic templates (SVO or OSV, depending on the case marking on NP1). The relatively weak anticipation effect observed may be attributed to the absence, or weak representation, of the noncanonical OVS template in the bilingual children's long-term memory.

视觉世界范式对视觉注意力的调节依赖于对语言和视觉信息的并行处理。以往的研究认为,人类的语言能力包括对即将出现的材料的预期。词法和语法/形态句法线索都可以触发这种预期。在本研究中,我们通过测试视觉表征的微妙变化如何影响俄德双语儿童(n = 49,8-13 岁)对俄语语法大小写线索的处理,研究了理解与预测之间的关系。语言操作沿用了之前的设计,将 SVO 和 OVS 句子进行对比,其中第一个 NP(NP1)分别标记为名词性或指称性。比较了三种类型的视觉显示:(i) 单个指代(潜在代理人/主题);(ii) 成对指代(NP1 + 潜在代理人/主题);(iii) 事件(代表指代之间的互动)。与其他两类视觉显示相比,当显示事件时,受试者对案例操作的敏感度明显更高。这表明他们能够在事件表征中迅速整合语法大小写所表示的主题角色信息。然而,当目标图片表现的是单个指代物或一对互不影响的指代物时,他们不太可能利用大小写信息来预测即将发生的争论。我们假设,论据预测过程是由句法模板(SVO 或 OSV,取决于 NP1 上的大小写标记)的激活介导的。所观察到的相对较弱的预期效应可能是由于在二语儿童的长时记忆中没有非规范的 OVS 模板或其代表性较弱。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Individual Differences: A Case for Measuring Children's Spontaneous Gesture Production as a Predictor of Learning From Gesture Instruction. 探索个体差异:将测量儿童的自发手势作为预测手势教学学习效果的一个案例。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12722
Eliza L Congdon, Miriam A Novack, Elizabeth M Wakefield

Decades of research have established that learners benefit when instruction includes hand gestures. This benefit is seen when learners watch an instructor gesture, as well as when they are taught or encouraged to gesture themselves. However, there is substantial individual variability with respect to this phenomenon-not all individuals benefit equally from gesture instruction. In the current paper, we explore the sources of this variability. First, we review the existing research on individual differences that do or do not predict learning from gesture instruction, including differences that are either context-dependent (linked to the particular task at hand) or context-independent (linked to the learner across multiple tasks). Next, we focus on one understudied measure of individual difference: the learner's own spontaneous gesture rate. We present data showing rates of "non-gesturers" across a number of studies and we provide theoretical motivation for why this is a fruitful area for future research. We end by suggesting ways in which research on individual differences will help gesture researchers to further refine existing theories and develop specific predictions about targeted gesture intervention for all kinds of learners.

数十年的研究证实,如果教学中包含手势,学习者会受益匪浅。当学习者观看教师做手势时,以及当他们被教导或鼓励自己做手势时,都能看到这种益处。然而,这一现象存在很大的个体差异,并非所有人都能从手势教学中获益。在本文中,我们将探讨这种差异的来源。首先,我们回顾了现有的关于个体差异的研究,这些差异会或不会预测手势教学的学习效果,包括依赖于情境的差异(与手头的特定任务相关)或独立于情境的差异(与跨多个任务的学习者相关)。接下来,我们将重点关注一种未被充分研究的个体差异测量方法:学习者自身的自发手势率。我们展示了一些研究中 "非手势者 "的手势率数据,并从理论上解释了为什么这是未来研究的一个富有成效的领域。最后,我们提出了研究个体差异的方法,这将有助于手势研究人员进一步完善现有理论,并为各类学习者制定有针对性的手势干预具体预测。
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引用次数: 0
Editor's Introduction: Best Papers from the 20th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling. 编辑导言:第 20 届认知建模国际会议最佳论文。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12718
Terrence C Stewart

The International Conference on Cognitive Modelling is dedicated to understanding how the complex processes of the mind can be explained in terms of detailed inner processing. In this issue, we present four representative papers of this field of research from our 20th meeting, ICCM 2022. This meeting was our first hybrid meeting, with a virtual version happening July 11-15, 2022, and an in-person event from July 23-27, 2022, held in Toronto, Canada. The four papers presented here were the top-ranked papers across both the virtual and in-person events. Three of the papers develop novel computational theories about low-level components within the mind and how those components result in high-level phenomena such as motivation, anhedonia, and attention. The final paper demonstrates the use of cognitive modeling to develop novel explanations of a paired associate learning task, and uses those insights to develop and explain human performance in a more complex version of that task.

国际认知建模会议致力于了解如何通过详细的内部处理来解释复杂的思维过程。本期,我们将介绍第20届会议(ICCM 2022)上该研究领域的四篇代表性论文。这次会议是我们的首次混合会议,虚拟会议于 2022 年 7 月 11-15 日举行,现场会议于 2022 年 7 月 23-27 日在加拿大多伦多举行。本文介绍的四篇论文是虚拟会议和现场会议中排名最靠前的论文。其中三篇论文提出了新颖的计算理论,涉及思维的低层次组成部分,以及这些组成部分如何导致动机、失乐症和注意力等高层次现象。最后一篇论文展示了如何利用认知建模对配对联想学习任务进行新颖的解释,并利用这些见解来开发和解释该任务更复杂版本中的人类表现。
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引用次数: 0
Representing the World in Language and Thought. 用语言和思想表现世界。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12719
Barbara C Malt

Internal representations guide our navigation of the world, while language allows us to share some of what is encoded internally with others. I have been interested in the content of thought, the nature of word meanings and what they reveal about thought, and how thoughts are expressed in words. My work has combined evidence from laboratory experimentation with observation of word use in natural settings, including from people who speak different languages. Some of the ideas guiding the work are these: understanding entities in the world non-linguistically engages different representations and processes than talking about them; patterns of word use in a language reflect cultural and linguistic history, not only conceptual representations of current speakers; linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge is therefore at least partially independent, and so language and thought will not always closely parallel one another; the beliefs people express about their concepts and word meanings may not accurately reflect the implicit knowledge they draw on in interacting with and talking about the world; and only by carefully observing actual word use can we understand how word meanings come about and how linguistic knowledge is used to select words for communication.

内部表征引导我们认识世界,而语言则使我们能够与他人分享内部编码的部分内容。我一直对思维的内容、词义的性质及其对思维的揭示,以及如何用语言表达思维感兴趣。我的研究工作结合了实验室实验证据和对自然环境中词语使用的观察,包括对讲不同语言的人的观察。指导这项工作的一些观点如下:以非语言的方式理解世界上的实体与谈论这些实体需要不同的表征和过程;一种语言的用词模式反映了文化和语言的历史,而不仅仅是当前说话者的概念表征;因此,语言知识和非语言知识至少部分是独立的,所以语言和思维并不总是紧密平行的;人们对其概念和词义所表达的信念可能无法准确反映他们在与世界互动和谈论世界时所利用的隐含知识;只有通过仔细观察实际用词,我们才能了解词义是如何产生的,以及语言知识是如何被用来选择交流用词的。
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引用次数: 0
Visual Perception Principles in Constellation Creation. 星座创建中的视觉感知原理。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12720
Bridget A Kelly, Charles Kemp, Daniel R Little, Duane Hamacher, Simon J Cropper

Many cultures share common constellations and common narratives about the stars in the night sky. Previous research has shown that this overlap in asterisms, minimal star groupings inside constellations, is clearly present across 27 distinct culture groups and can be explained in part by properties of individual stars (brightness) and properties of pairs of stars (proximity) (Kemp, Hamacher, Little, & Cropper, 2022). The same work, however, found no evidence that properties of triples (angle) and quadruples (good continuation) predicted constellation formation. We developed a behavioral experiment to explore how individuals form constellations under conditions that reduce cultural learning. We found that participants independently selected and connected similar stars, and that their responses were predicted by two properties of triples (angle and even spacing) in addition to the properties of brightness and proximity supported by previous work. Our findings lend further evidence to the theory that commonality of constellations across cultures is not a result of shared human history but rather stems from shared human nature.

许多文化都有共同的星座和关于夜空中星星的共同叙事。之前的研究表明,小行星(星座内最小的恒星群)的这种重叠在 27 个不同的文化群体中都明显存在,并且可以部分地用单个恒星的特性(亮度)和成对恒星的特性(邻近性)来解释(Kemp, Hamacher, Little, & Cropper, 2022)。然而,同样的研究没有发现三倍星(角度)和四倍星(良好的延续性)的特性可以预测星座的形成。我们开发了一个行为实验,以探索个体如何在减少文化学习的条件下形成星座。我们发现,参与者会独立选择并连接相似的恒星,他们的反应是由三元组的两个属性(角度和均匀的间距)预测的,此外,亮度和距离的属性也得到了先前工作的支持。我们的研究结果进一步证明了这样一种理论,即不同文化间星座的共性并不是人类共同历史的结果,而是源于人类共同的本性。
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引用次数: 0
Storytelling as Inverse Inverse Planning. 讲故事就像逆逆计划。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12710
Kartik Chandra, Tzu-Mao Li, Joshua B Tenenbaum, Jonathan Ragan-Kelley

Great storytelling takes us on a journey the way ordinary reality rarely does. But what exactly do we mean by this "journey?" Recently, literary theorist Karin Kukkonen proposed that storytelling is "probability design:" the art of giving an audience pieces of information bit by bit, to craft the journey of their changing beliefs about the fictional world. A good "probability design" choreographs a delicate dance of certainty and surprise in the reader's mind as the story unfolds from beginning to end. In this paper, we computationally model this conception of storytelling. Building on the classic Bayesian inverse planning model of human social cognition, we treat storytelling as inverse inverse planning: the task of choosing actions to manipulate an inverse planner's inferences, and therefore a human audience's beliefs. First, we use an inverse inverse planner to depict social and physical situations, and present behavioral studies indicating that inverse inverse planning produces more expressive behavior than ordinary "naïve planning." Then, through a series of examples, we demonstrate how inverse inverse planning captures many storytelling elements from first principles: character, narrative arcs, plot twists, irony, flashbacks, and deus ex machina are all naturally encoded in the flexible language of probability design.

伟大的故事带我们踏上一段旅程,而普通的现实却很少这样做。但我们所说的“旅程”究竟是什么意思呢?最近,文学理论家Karin Kukkonen提出,讲故事是一种“概率设计”:一种一点一点地给观众提供信息的艺术,以塑造他们对虚构世界不断变化的信念。一个好的“概率设计”会在故事从头到尾展开的过程中,在读者的脑海中编排出一种微妙的确定性和惊喜之舞。在本文中,我们计算模型的概念讲故事。在人类社会认知的经典贝叶斯逆规划模型的基础上,我们将讲故事视为逆逆规划:选择行动来操纵逆规划者的推论,从而操纵人类观众的信念。首先,我们使用逆逆规划器来描述社会和物理情况,并提出行为研究表明逆逆规划比普通的“naïve规划”产生更多的表达行为。然后,通过一系列例子,我们展示了逆逆计划如何从第一原则中捕捉许多故事元素:角色、叙事弧线、情节转折、讽刺、闪回和解围都自然地编码在概率设计的灵活语言中。
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引用次数: 0
Allocating Mental Effort in Cognitive Tasks: A Model of Motivation in the ACT-R Cognitive Architecture. 认知任务中的脑力分配:ACT-R认知架构中的动机模型。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12711
Yuxue C Yang, Andrea Stocco

Motivation is the driving force that influences people's behaviors and interacts with many cognitive functions. Computationally, motivation is represented as a cost-benefit analysis that weighs efforts and rewards in order to choose the optimal actions. Shenhav and colleagues proposed an elegant theory, the Expected Value of Control (EVC), which describes the relationship between cognitive efforts, costs, and rewards. In this paper, we propose a more fine-grained and detailed motivation framework that incorporates the principles of EVC into the ACT-R cognitive architecture. Specifically, motivation is represented as a specific slot in the Goal buffer with a corresponding scalar value, M, that is translated into the reward value Rt that is delivered when the goal is reached. This implementation is tested in two models. The first model is a high-level model that reproduces the EVC predictions with abstract actions. The second model is an augmented version of an existing ACT-R model of the Simon task. The motivation mechanism is shown to permit optimal effort allocation and reproduce known phenomena. Finally, the broader implications of our mechanism are discussed.

动机是影响人们行为并与许多认知功能相互作用的驱动力。计算上,动机被表示为一种成本效益分析,权衡努力和回报,以选择最佳行动。Shenhav和他的同事提出了一个优雅的理论,即控制的期望值(EVC),它描述了认知努力、成本和回报之间的关系。在本文中,我们提出了一个更细粒度和详细的动机框架,将EVC的原则纳入ACT-R认知架构。具体来说,动机被表示为目标缓冲区中具有相应标量值M的特定槽位,该标量值M被转换为在达到目标时传递的奖励值Rt。该实现在两个模型中进行了测试。第一个模型是用抽象动作再现EVC预测的高级模型。第二个模型是Simon任务的现有ACT-R模型的增强版本。动机机制允许最优的努力分配和再现已知现象。最后,讨论了该机制的更广泛含义。
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引用次数: 0
Interval Timing as a Computational Pathway From Early Life Adversity to Affective Disorders. 时间间隔作为从早期生活逆境到情感障碍的一种计算途径。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12701
Nora C Harhen, Aaron M Bornstein

Adverse early life experiences can have remarkably enduring negative consequences on mental health, with numerous, varied psychiatric conditions sharing this developmental origin. Yet, the mechanisms linking adverse experiences to these conditions remain poorly understood. Here, we draw on a principled model of interval timing to propose that statistically optimal adaptation of temporal representations to an unpredictable early life environment can produce key characteristics of anhedonia, a transdiagnostic symptom associated with affective disorders like depression and anxiety. The core observation is that early temporal unpredictability produces broader, more imprecise temporal expectations. As a result, reward anticipation is diminished, and associative learning is slowed. When agents with such representations are later introduced to more stable environments, they demonstrate a negativity bias, responding more to the omission of reward than its receipt. Increased encoding of negative events has been proposed to contribute to disorders with anhedonia as a symptom. We then examined how unpredictability interacts with another form of adversity, low reward availability. We found that unpredictability's effect was most strongly felt in richer environments, potentially leading to categorically different phenotypic expressions. In sum, our formalization suggests a single mechanism can help to link early life adversity to a range of behaviors associated with anhedonia, and offers novel insights into the interactive impacts of multiple adversities.

不良的早期生活经历会对心理健康产生显著持久的负面影响,许多不同的精神疾病都有着共同的发展根源。然而,将不良经历与这些情况联系起来的机制仍然知之甚少。在这里,我们借鉴了一个间隔时间的原则模型,提出时间表征对不可预测的早期生活环境的统计优化适应可以产生快感缺乏的关键特征,快感缺乏是一种与抑郁和焦虑等情感障碍相关的跨诊断症状。核心观察结果是,早期的时间不可预测性会产生更广泛、更不精确的时间预期。结果,奖励预期减少,联想学习减慢。当具有这种表征的代理人后来被引入更稳定的环境时,他们表现出消极偏见,对省略奖励的反应比对收到奖励的反应更多。阴性事件编码的增加已被认为有助于以快感缺乏为症状的疾病。然后,我们研究了不可预测性如何与另一种形式的逆境相互作用,即低回报率。我们发现,在更丰富的环境中,不可预测性的影响最为强烈,可能导致截然不同的表型表达。总之,我们的形式化表明,一种单一的机制可以帮助将早期生活中的逆境与一系列与快感缺乏相关的行为联系起来,并为多种逆境的互动影响提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Peer-Assisted Learning Is More Effective at Higher Task Complexity and Difficulty. 同伴辅助学习在任务复杂度和难度较高的情况下更有效。
IF 3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12708
Jarean Carson, Ion Juvina, Kevin O'Neill, Chi Hang Wong, Preston Menke, Kristin M Kindell, Erin Harmon

This paper presents two studies in which a peer-assisted learning condition was compared to an individual learning condition. The first study used the paired-associates learning task and the second study used an incrementally more complex task-the remote associate test. Participants in the peer-assisted learning condition worked in groups of four. They had to solve a given problem individually and give a first answer before being able to request to see their peers' solutions; then, a second answer was issued. After six sessions of peer-assisted practice, a final individual test was administered. Peer interaction was found to benefit learning in both studies but the benefit transferred to the final test only in the second study. Fine-grained behavioral analyses and computational modeling suggested that the benefits of peer interaction were (partially) offset by its costs, particularly increased cognitive load and error exposure. Overall, the superiority of peer-assisted learning over individual learning was more pronounced in the more complex task and for the more difficult problems in that task.

本文介绍了两项研究,将同伴辅助学习条件与个人学习条件进行了比较。第一项研究使用配对联想学习任务,第二项研究使用递增的更复杂的任务——远程联想测试。同伴辅助学习条件下的参与者以四人为一组进行工作。他们必须单独解决给定的问题,并给出第一个答案,然后才能要求查看同行的解决方案;然后,又给出了第二个答案。经过六次同伴辅助练习后,进行了最后一次个人测试。两项研究都发现同伴互动有利于学习,但只有在第二项研究中,这种益处才转移到最终测试中。细粒度的行为分析和计算建模表明,同伴互动的好处(部分)被其成本所抵消,尤其是增加的认知负荷和错误暴露。总体而言,同伴辅助学习相对于个人学习的优势在更复杂的任务和该任务中更困难的问题中更为明显。
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引用次数: 0
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Topics in Cognitive Science
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