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The fight metaphor in translation: From patriotism to pragmatism 翻译中的战斗隐喻:从爱国主义到实用主义
2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1075/target.21151.wu
Yang Wu
Abstract The fight metaphors discussed in this article are linguistic expressions of physical conflict, a revolutionary legacy that still lingers in contemporary Chinese political discourse. This article takes a critical cognitive-linguistic approach to fight metaphors in translation, analysing a dataset comprising the Chinese governmental and Communist Party of China’s congressional reports and their official English-language translations from 2004 to 2020. The discussion highlights conceptual metaphor’s representational role and its ideological potential in discourse, and operationalises the English-based metaphor identification procedure ( Steen et al. 2010 ) for Mandarin texts. Drawing on corpus-based evidence, the article argues that fight metaphors in the source texts (STs) legitimise and consolidate Beijing’s dominance of domestic power by generating positive representations and reproducing patriotic ideology. The translations of those metaphors transform Beijing’s image, assertive in the STs, into a non-aggressive one for the international readership. The target texts (TTs) also reproduce favourable representations from the STs to justify China’s unique political system and to satisfy a pragmatic need – that of constructing positive images for the Chinese authority and China internationally.
摘要本文讨论的打架隐喻是肢体冲突的语言表达,肢体冲突是当代中国政治话语中仍然存在的革命遗产。本文采用一种批判性的认知语言学方法来对抗翻译中的隐喻,分析了一个包含2004年至2020年中国政府和中国共产党国会报告及其官方英语翻译的数据集。讨论强调了概念隐喻的表征作用及其在话语中的意识形态潜力,并将基于英语的隐喻识别程序(Steen et al. 2010)应用于普通话文本。根据基于语料库的证据,本文认为,源文本(STs)中的战斗隐喻通过产生积极的表征和再现爱国主义意识形态,使北京对国内权力的主导地位合法化并得到巩固。这些隐喻的翻译将北京在STs中的自信形象转变为国际读者眼中的非侵略性形象。目标文本(TTs)也复制STs的有利陈述,以证明中国独特的政治制度,并满足实用主义的需要-为中国当局和中国在国际上建立积极的形象。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Faria, Pinto & Moura (2023): Reframing Translators, Translators as Reframers Faria, Pinto &莫拉(2023):重构翻译:作为重构者的翻译
2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1075/target.23105.son
Hua Song
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引用次数: 0
How to break a norm and get away with it 如何打破常规而不受惩罚
2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1075/target.21008.yu
Jing Yu
Abstract Norm conformity and violation constitute two sides of norm operation: the former maintains the stability of the system while the latter motivates its modification, evolution, and change. While previous studies have concentrated on the constraints of norms in translators’ behaviour and their conformity to them, few have examined norm violation, especially why translators choose violation over conformity and how they get away with the violation. This study explores motivation and risk management concerning norm violation based on a case study of two Chinese translators who violated the norm of standard Chinese and got away with it when translating a dialect in the source text. The case study shows norm violation is the result of an optimal trade-off between translators’ reward-seeking behaviour and risk management in their negotiation with multiple conflicting norms, rather than an abnormal behaviour involving negative consequences, as suggested in previous studies. Whether one can get away with the violation is often related to its impact on the system. The study contributes to norm studies by illuminating the complexity of norm-governed behaviours and norm violation, offering new insights on norm dynamics and risk management in translation.
规范符合性与违规性构成了规范运行的两个方面,前者维持着制度的稳定性,后者推动着制度的修正、演变和变化。虽然以往的研究主要集中在规范对译者行为的约束以及译者对规范的遵从,但很少有人研究规范的违背,特别是为什么译者选择违背规范,而不是遵从规范,以及他们如何逃避违反规范的惩罚。本研究以两名中国翻译人员在翻译源文本方言时违反标准汉语规范而不受惩罚的案例为基础,探讨了违反规范的动机和风险管理。案例研究表明,规范违背是译者在与多种相互冲突的规范协商过程中寻求奖励行为和风险管理之间最佳权衡的结果,而不是以往研究认为的导致负面后果的异常行为。违章行为能否逃脱惩罚,往往与违章行为对制度的影响有关。该研究通过阐明规范治理行为和规范违反的复杂性,为规范动态和翻译风险管理提供了新的见解,为规范研究做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Subtitlers’ beliefs about pivot templates 字幕者对支点模板的看法
IF 1 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1075/target.00019.val
Susana Valdez, Hanna Pięta, E. Torres-Simón, Rita Menezes
Streaming service platforms are said to increase worldwide access to peripheral languages, often via the use of pivot templates. To shed light on how pivot subtitling practices impact language hierarchies and translation quality, we report on the results of an online questionnaire completed by European subtitlers. The questionnaire elicited data on the respondents’ experiences and expectations when translating from pivot templates for streaming services and other media environments (such as cable TV, cinema, and websites). The questionnaire was completed by 370 subtitlers and the elicited data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results suggest that streaming platforms reinforce traditional language hierarchies by strengthening the position of English as a hyper-central language (Heilbron 2010). ‘Peripheral–peripheral’ subtitling practices (e.g., Korean–Danish) occur mainly through pivot templates in English, and so do ‘central–central’ subtitling practices (e.g., German–French). This means that even when the original content is in a language other than English, English is still the most common source language for subtitlers because of the use of pivot templates. Furthermore, according to our respondents, pivot templates are more common in streaming platforms than in other media environments. The use of pivot templates is also reported to negatively impact subtitlers’ working conditions and give rise to particular ethical, linguistic, and technological challenges for which there are currently few guidelines and training opportunities.
据说,流媒体服务平台通常通过使用枢轴模板,增加了全球对外围语言的访问。为了阐明枢纽字幕实践如何影响语言等级和翻译质量,我们报告了一份由欧洲字幕提供商完成的在线问卷调查的结果。调查问卷收集了受访者在从流媒体服务和其他媒体环境(如有线电视、电影院和网站)的枢纽模板翻译时的体验和期望数据。370名字幕者完成了问卷调查,并对所得数据进行了定量和定性分析。结果表明,流媒体平台通过加强英语作为超中心语言的地位来强化传统的语言等级(Heilbron 2010)。“外围-外围”字幕翻译实践(例如,韩语-丹麦语)主要通过英语的枢轴模板进行,“中心-中心”字幕翻译实践(例如,德语-法语)也是如此。这意味着,即使原始内容是英语以外的语言,由于使用了枢纽模板,英语仍然是字幕最常用的源语言。此外,根据我们的受访者,支点模板在流媒体平台中比在其他媒体环境中更常见。据报道,枢纽模板的使用也会对字幕员的工作条件产生负面影响,并产生特定的道德、语言和技术挑战,目前很少有指导方针和培训机会。
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引用次数: 0
Disruptive AVT workflows in the age of streaming 流媒体时代颠覆性的AVT工作流程
IF 1 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1075/target.00021.mas
Serenella Massidda
In the last decade, media industries have witnessed a shift in the way audiovisual content is localised, broadcast, and consumed by multifaceted audiences: from traditional linear TV to subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services. While this major shift has been well-documented by media studies scholars (Lotz 2014; Lobato 2017a, 2017b; Storstein Spilker and Colbjørnsen 2020), the overall effect it has had on audiovisual translation (AVT) is relatively under-researched within Translation Studies. Hence, this article aims to delve into the current state of the art of AVT within a mediascape dominated by non-linear over-the-top (OTT) platforms. Drawing on the impact that streaming solutions such as Amazon Prime, Disney+, and Netflix have had on the acceleration of AVT workflows worldwide as a way to localise a high volume of content created to reach global audiences, my analysis focuses on their impact on the way subtitling workflows are managed and turnaround times scheduled. This study focuses on the day-of-broadcast (DOB) model, the media release strategy intended to make audiovisual content available ‘now and everywhere’. The disruptive nature of DOB models in localisation workflows is investigated using a case study, the ad hoc subtitling workflow devised for Netflix’s Chelsea, and analysed using a qualitative research method. The aim is to unveil the practices behind the scenes of the first global talk show subtitled in twenty languages with a turnaround time of only fourteen hours.
在过去的十年中,媒体行业见证了视听内容本地化、广播和面向多方面受众的消费方式的转变:从传统的线性电视到订阅视频点播(SVOD)服务。虽然这一重大转变已被媒体研究学者充分记录(Lotz 2014;Lobato 2017a, 2017b;Storstein Spilker和Colbjørnsen 2020),翻译研究中对它对视听翻译(AVT)的总体影响的研究相对较少。因此,本文旨在深入研究由非线性OTT (over-the-top)平台主导的媒体环境中AVT技术的现状。基于Amazon Prime、Disney+和Netflix等流媒体解决方案对加速全球AVT工作流程的影响,作为一种将大量内容本地化以达到全球受众的方式,我的分析侧重于它们对字幕工作流程管理方式和周转时间计划的影响。本研究的重点是广播日(DOB)模型,旨在使视听内容“现在和无处不在”的媒体发布策略。DOB模型在本地化工作流程中的颠覆性是通过一个案例研究来研究的,这个案例研究是为Netflix的《切尔西》设计的特别字幕工作流程,并使用定性研究方法进行分析。目的是揭开第一个全球脱口秀节目的幕后操作,该节目有20种语言的字幕,周转时间仅为14小时。
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引用次数: 1
Can you amuse the audience through an interpreter? 你能通过翻译来逗观众开心吗?
IF 1 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1075/target.22003.bar
Magdalena Bartłomiejczyk
In this article, I investigate how interpreters handle humorous utterances during plenary debates of the European Parliament, focusing on the input by one Polish Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Janusz Korwin-Mikke. The source speeches (in Polish or English) are analysed bottom-up to identify the types of humour favoured by the speaker. The most frequent ones are irony, ad hominem arguments with an element of ridicule, absurdity, and shifts in register. Subsequently, a pragmatically oriented comparative analysis is conducted to assess whether and how individual instances of humour are transferred by interpreters. Additionally, possible side effects are considered, such as shifts accompanying transferred humour and message incoherence resulting from humour loss. Register humour is typically removed by interpreters. The successful handling of absurdity relies mainly on compression and often fails, while ad hominem and irony appear to be relatively less challenging to interpret. Interestingly, irony is occasionally added by interpreters, either to boost the speaker’s comical intent or to distance themselves from his views.
在这篇文章中,我研究了口译员如何处理欧洲议会全体辩论中的幽默话语,重点关注了欧洲议会(MEP)波兰议员Janusz Korwin-Mikke的输入。对源演讲(波兰语或英语)进行自下而上的分析,以确定说话者喜欢的幽默类型。最常见的是讽刺,带有嘲笑,荒谬元素的人身攻击争论,以及语域的变化。随后,以语用学为导向进行了对比分析,以评估译者是否以及如何转移幽默的个体实例。此外,还考虑了可能的副作用,如幽默转移带来的变化和幽默丢失导致的信息不连贯。语言幽默通常被口译员去掉。对荒谬的成功处理主要依赖于压缩,但往往会失败,而人身攻击和讽刺似乎相对来说不那么具有挑战性。有趣的是,口译员偶尔会加入反讽,要么是为了增强说话人的滑稽意图,要么是为了与说话人的观点保持距离。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Bielsa (2023): A Translational Sociology: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Politics and Society Bielsa(2023):翻译社会学:政治与社会的跨学科视角
IF 1 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-23 DOI: 10.1075/target.23033.che
Li Chen
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引用次数: 0
The Boys in the Band 乐队里的男孩
IF 1 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1075/target.00017.mar
A. J. Martínez Pleguezuelos, Iván Villanueva-Jordán
This article analyzes the Spanish dubbed version and English-language version of Netflix’s recent adaptation of The Boys in the Band (Mantello 2020), which was initially a theater play by Crowley (1968), and compares it with the first English-language film adaptation (Friedkin 1970), also dubbed into Spanish. The concept of nostalgia is used here to analyze the resemiotization of different audiovisual modes (particularly cinematography) and how they are combined with the linguistic code to reimagine the narrative of the homosexual community in New York at the end of the 1960s. The English versions of the two films (released in 1970 and 2020) repeat the dialogues almost verbatim; however, the versions dubbed into Spanish offer different translation solutions. The time of production of both dubbed versions accounts for the viability of the expression of different sexual identities in the Spanish context at each moment. Based on this, the article reveals how the audiovisual modes of the latest version of The Boys in the Band, including its Spanish dubbing, contribute to nostalgic aesthetics and discursive representation of the emerging cultural and social gay American scene.
本文分析了Netflix最近改编的《乐队里的男孩》(Mantello 2020)的西班牙语配音版和英语版本,该版本最初是克劳利(1968)的一部戏剧,并将其与第一部英语电影改编版(弗里德金1970)进行了比较,后者也是西班牙语配音版。这里用怀旧的概念来分析不同视听模式(尤其是电影摄影)的相似性,以及它们如何与语言代码相结合,重新想象20世纪60年代末纽约同性恋群体的叙事。两部电影的英文版(分别于1970年和2020年上映)几乎一字不差地重复了对白;然而,翻译成西班牙语的版本提供了不同的翻译解决方案。两个配音版本的制作时间说明了在西班牙语境中不同性别身份的表达在每个时刻的可行性。在此基础上,本文揭示了最新版本the Boys in the Band的视听模式,包括它的西班牙语配音,是如何对美国新兴的同性恋文化和社会场景的怀旧美学和话语表现做出贡献的。
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引用次数: 0
The audience strikes back 观众进行了反击
IF 1 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1075/target.00016.buc
Chiara Bucaria
Newer distribution models and delivery mechanisms for audiovisual content have, over the years, contributed to the emergence of different dynamics between the consumers (or end-users) of these audiovisual texts and their providers on a global scale. Fans and casual viewers alike have now become more vocal in expressing their dissatisfaction with subtitled or dubbed content that is not up to their standards. In this article, I take a macro-level approach to audience studies in audiovisual translation (AVT) by reflecting on if and how viewers’ perspectives are being incorporated into streaming platforms’ policies and sense of accountability towards their subscribers. By analysing a recent case study from Netflix Italia – the Japanese anime Neon Genesis Evangelion (Netflix 2019–2020) – I consider the ways in which the streaming platform took on board the subscribers’ complaints about the quality of the Italian adaptation and modified its offering accordingly. This new dynamic seems to suggest that distributors who are more sensitive to their subscribers’ needs may foster a process of co-creation and meaning-making of the localized content that concretely acknowledges the consumers’ point of view. At the same time it raises issues concerning the impact that the opinions of viewers who are mostly untrained in the standards and practices of AVT might ultimately have in localization and distribution choices.
多年来,新的视听内容分发模式和交付机制促使这些视听文本的消费者(或最终用户)与全球范围内的提供者之间出现了不同的动态。现在,粉丝和普通观众都越来越直言不讳地表达他们对不符合他们标准的字幕或配音内容的不满。在本文中,我从宏观层面对视听翻译(AVT)中的受众研究进行了探讨,思考了观众的观点是否以及如何被纳入流媒体平台的政策和对订阅者的责任感。通过分析意大利网飞公司(Netflix)最近的一个案例研究——日本动漫《Neon Genesis Evangelion》(Netflix 2019-2020)——我考虑了这家流媒体平台是如何考虑用户对意大利版改编质量的抱怨,并相应地修改了其产品的。这种新的动态似乎表明,对订阅者需求更敏感的分销商可能会促进共同创造和本地化内容的意义创造过程,从而具体地承认消费者的观点。与此同时,这也引发了一些问题,即那些未受过AVT标准和实践培训的观众的意见最终可能会对本土化和发行选择产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Theorizing a postmodern translator education 后现代翻译教育的理论化
IF 1 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1075/target.21163.was
K. Washbourne
The goal of this article is to unite the different strands of postpositivist thinking about translator education, including both axiological and epistemological, as well as the often-neglected political dimensions. Accordingly, the study considers evidence-based versus values-based education, performativity, dialogue, deconstruction, reflexivity, emergentism, border pedagogy, complexity, pluralism, and the enactment of “multiple voices” (González-Davies 2004). Thirteen postmodern notions and their implications for translation pedagogics are surveyed, including ethics, intersubjectivity, shifting classroom power structures, and the dilemma of canon. How are uncertainty and fragmentariness reconciled with the inherent progress-orientedness of the educational project? And significantly, how is postmodern consciousness enacted in classroom practice? In seeking what Torres del Rey (2002, 271) calls a more participatory and reflexive educational context, I entertain postmodern teaching and learning in the discipline as a possible approach to active, flexible, creative, collaborative, and inclusive roles and identities for both facilitators and learners.
本文的目的是将后实证主义关于译者教育的不同观点统一起来,包括价值论和认识论,以及经常被忽视的政治维度。因此,该研究考虑了基于证据的教育与基于价值的教育、表演性、对话、解构、反身性、紧急主义、边界教育学、复杂性、多元主义和“多种声音”的制定(González-Davies 2004)。本文考察了13个后现代概念及其对翻译教育学的启示,包括伦理学、主体间性、课堂权力结构的转移和经典困境。不确定性和碎片性如何与教育项目固有的进步性相协调?重要的是,后现代意识是如何在课堂实践中发挥作用的?在寻找托雷斯·德雷(2002,271)所称的更具参与性和反思性的教育背景时,我认为后现代教学是一种可能的方法,可以为促进者和学习者提供积极、灵活、创造性、协作性和包容性的角色和身份。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Target-International Journal of Translation Studies
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