Abstract This paper aims to examine the perspective of fidelity vs. freedom, from the study of the Portuguese translation of Lu Xun’s essays, produced by third year students of the Portuguese-Chinese Translation and Interpreting course of the Leiria Polytechnic Institute, Portugal, during their study in 2014 at the School of Languages and Translation of the Macao Polytechnic Institute. Their translations were published in Estudio dos Três Sabores.During the whole translation process, the inexperienced young translators tried to put into practice translation techniques – considering various possibilities, making revisions and writing self-reflections, while confronting fidelity to the source text with the freedom afforded by cultural and linguistic differences. By analysing the various solutions found by these translators, this paper attempts to point out the dilemma of translation and to bring a new perspective in terms of fidelity and freedom in translation.
摘要本文旨在通过对葡萄牙莱里亚理工学院葡中翻译课程三年级学生2014年在澳门理工学院语言与翻译学院学习期间所作的鲁迅随笔的葡萄牙语翻译的研究，探讨忠实与自由的视角。他们的翻译发表在Estudio dos Três Sabores上。在整个翻译过程中，初出茅庐的年轻译者们尝试着运用翻译技巧——考虑各种可能性，进行修改，进行自我反思，同时面对对原文的忠实与文化和语言差异所带来的自由。本文试图通过分析这些译者所找到的各种解决方法，来指出翻译的困境，并从一个新的角度来看待翻译中的忠实和自由。
{"title":"Translation of Lu Xun’s Essays — between Fidelity and Freedom","authors":"L. Han, Lola Geraldes Xavier","doi":"10.3726/jts022021.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3726/jts022021.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aims to examine the perspective of fidelity vs. freedom, from the study of the Portuguese translation of Lu Xun’s essays, produced by third year students of the Portuguese-Chinese Translation and Interpreting course of the Leiria Polytechnic Institute,\u0000 Portugal, during their study in 2014 at the School of Languages and Translation of the Macao Polytechnic Institute. Their translations were published in Estudio dos Três Sabores.During the whole translation process, the inexperienced young translators tried to put into practice\u0000 translation techniques – considering various possibilities, making revisions and writing self-reflections, while confronting fidelity to the source text with the freedom afforded by cultural and linguistic differences. By analysing the various solutions found by these translators,\u0000 this paper attempts to point out the dilemma of translation and to bring a new perspective in terms of fidelity and freedom in translation.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81641301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The rise of globalization, the strengthening of multicultural societies, the abolishment of borders, technological advances, social networks and the increasing political power of economic forces are all unmistakable occurrences that are characteristic of the 21st century. It is now very much the responsibility of linguistic and cultural intermediaries or “translators” to provide support through the services they offer in a world that is so diverse, comprising a variety of languages and cultures, unprecedented levels of mobility, and technology that is increasingly advancing and being applied to the communication needs of society. There is also increased awareness regarding the need for qualified interpreters in all types of fields including legal, medical, business, educational, political, governmental and academic settings. Consequently, there has been an increase in the development of short programs and academic courses that are being offered and designed to introduce people to interpreting and to provide training in this field. In addition to this, communication within multilingual societies has also encountered developments and challenges due to the use of technology, an increase in intercultural relations and changes in certain factors or elements that inevitably modify each type of intervention. All of these issues are subjects of growing interest within the scope of research and training in interpreting studies. It is my intention to focus on some of these matters in the following pages.
{"title":"Interpreting and Intercultural Communication: Crossing Domains in the Era of Globalization, Technological Advances and Social Networks","authors":"C. Valero-Garcés","doi":"10.3726/jts022021.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3726/jts022021.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The rise of globalization, the strengthening of multicultural societies, the abolishment of borders, technological advances, social networks and the increasing political power of economic forces are all unmistakable occurrences that are characteristic of the 21st\u0000 century. It is now very much the responsibility of linguistic and cultural intermediaries or “translators” to provide support through the services they offer in a world that is so diverse, comprising a variety of languages and cultures, unprecedented levels of mobility, and technology\u0000 that is increasingly advancing and being applied to the communication needs of society. There is also increased awareness regarding the need for qualified interpreters in all types of fields including legal, medical, business, educational, political, governmental and academic settings. Consequently,\u0000 there has been an increase in the development of short programs and academic courses that are being offered and designed to introduce people to interpreting and to provide training in this field. In addition to this, communication within multilingual societies has also encountered developments\u0000 and challenges due to the use of technology, an increase in intercultural relations and changes in certain factors or elements that inevitably modify each type of intervention. All of these issues are subjects of growing interest within the scope of research and training in interpreting studies.\u0000 It is my intention to focus on some of these matters in the following pages.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81402714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Technology has come to play an increasingly important role in conference interpreter training since the turn of the millennium. Computer-assisted interpreter training (CAIT) reflects the aim to provide students of conference interpreting with better instructional support making learning more effective. CAIT has contributed to the development of conference interpreting pedagogy, by innovating teaching methods, providing access to training materials and spurring the development of innovative solutions to tangible learning problems. Hence, CAIT appears to be a productive area for teaching practice and research that could promote the field’s ongoing shift towards a systematic theoretical and methodological framework for teaching practice. However, conceptual and methodological gaps are currently preventing the advancement of CAIT research. In turn, these limitations may be seen as one of the factors constraining the full and pedagogically sound integration of CAIT resources into conference interpreter training. The present paper reviews the evolution and state-of-the-art of CAIT, contextualizing it within the development of conference interpreting pedagogy. It provides a critical review of existing empirical research to single out existing limitations and define trajectories for future research. It also proposes a new functional definition of the term and a classification introducing the concept of CAIT-Affordances.
{"title":"Computer-assisted Conference Interpreter Training: Limitations and Future Directions","authors":"F. M. Frittella","doi":"10.3726/jts022021.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3726/jts022021.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Technology has come to play an increasingly important role in conference interpreter training since the turn of the millennium. Computer-assisted interpreter training (CAIT) reflects the aim to provide students of conference interpreting with better instructional\u0000 support making learning more effective. CAIT has contributed to the development of conference interpreting pedagogy, by innovating teaching methods, providing access to training materials and spurring the development of innovative solutions to tangible learning problems. Hence, CAIT appears\u0000 to be a productive area for teaching practice and research that could promote the field’s ongoing shift towards a systematic theoretical and methodological framework for teaching practice. However, conceptual and methodological gaps are currently preventing the advancement of CAIT research.\u0000 In turn, these limitations may be seen as one of the factors constraining the full and pedagogically sound integration of CAIT resources into conference interpreter training. The present paper reviews the evolution and state-of-the-art of CAIT, contextualizing it within the development of\u0000 conference interpreting pedagogy. It provides a critical review of existing empirical research to single out existing limitations and define trajectories for future research. It also proposes a new functional definition of the term and a classification introducing the concept of CAIT-Affordances.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91089811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since the beginnings of translation studies, applied translation research has set out to address the practices, processes and products of translation in both work and education. The contexts in which these are realized are embedded in broader sociotechnical systems as well as in the specific settings where translation is performed. Although the situated nature of professional translation is uncontroversial and suggests that it should be investigated in situ, workplace-based, organization-oriented research in applied translation studies is a relatively recent and still under-developed phenomenon. The nascent interest in it is partly due to advances in research tools and practices, but mostly to an emerging but still largely implicit transdisciplinary research framework. This article argues that the actual and potential impact of transdisciplinarity should frame translation research more explicitly. It considers how the growing diversification of professional translation and its convergence with other communication professions calls for applied translation studies to adjust to new realities. It explores current developments in professional translation practice, presents a use case of workplace-based research, and concludes with a model of transdisciplinary action research that can serve as a structured framework for investigating and learning from rapidly evolving professional processes and practices in translators’ sociotechnical workplaces.
{"title":"Transitioning from Interdisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity in Applied Translation Studies: Towards Transdisciplinary Action Research in Translators’ Workplaces","authors":"G. Massey","doi":"10.3726/jts022021.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3726/jts022021.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the beginnings of translation studies, applied translation research has set out to address the practices, processes and products of translation in both work and education. The contexts in which these are realized are embedded in broader sociotechnical systems\u0000 as well as in the specific settings where translation is performed. Although the situated nature of professional translation is uncontroversial and suggests that it should be investigated in situ, workplace-based, organization-oriented research in applied translation studies is a relatively\u0000 recent and still under-developed phenomenon. The nascent interest in it is partly due to advances in research tools and practices, but mostly to an emerging but still largely implicit transdisciplinary research framework. This article argues that the actual and potential impact of transdisciplinarity\u0000 should frame translation research more explicitly. It considers how the growing diversification of professional translation and its convergence with other communication professions calls for applied translation studies to adjust to new realities. It explores current developments in professional\u0000 translation practice, presents a use case of workplace-based research, and concludes with a model of transdisciplinary action research that can serve as a structured framework for investigating and learning from rapidly evolving professional processes and practices in translators’ sociotechnical\u0000 workplaces.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76964397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Of all the online and offline methods for probing into the translation processes of student translators, written retrospective protocols are reportedly the earliest, most widely and easily administered didactic and assessment tool used in and outside classrooms. Despite their recorded advantages, a close examination of both English and Chinese literature reveals a plethora of approaches to their implementation. They differ with respect to factors that include, but are not limited to, the name, contents, nature and number of problems covered, writing guidelines, language of writing, time and frequency of writing, theoretical components, meta-language and theories used, assessors, assessment rubrics, provision and training, uses and follow-ups. Although these differences may be only a matter of trainers’ personal preferences that suit particular settings, they do have important didactic implications. This paper, therefore, sets out to capture such diversity, with a view to establishing a framework of reference to inform better use of this instrument of intervention in translator education.
{"title":"Taking Stock of Written Retrospective Protocols Used in Translator Education","authors":"Rui Li","doi":"10.3726/jts022021.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3726/jts022021.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Of all the online and offline methods for probing into the translation processes of student translators, written retrospective protocols are reportedly the earliest, most widely and easily administered didactic and assessment tool used in and outside classrooms.\u0000 Despite their recorded advantages, a close examination of both English and Chinese literature reveals a plethora of approaches to their implementation. They differ with respect to factors that include, but are not limited to, the name, contents, nature and number of problems covered, writing\u0000 guidelines, language of writing, time and frequency of writing, theoretical components, meta-language and theories used, assessors, assessment rubrics, provision and training, uses and follow-ups. Although these differences may be only a matter of trainers’ personal preferences that\u0000 suit particular settings, they do have important didactic implications. This paper, therefore, sets out to capture such diversity, with a view to establishing a framework of reference to inform better use of this instrument of intervention in translator education.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81902120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Management of Language Services — Human Resource Manager and Agent of Workforce Rejuvenation: Linguist or Generalist?","authors":"Ian A. Newton","doi":"10.3726/jts022021.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3726/jts022021.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88558055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the impact of word order asymmetry between source language and target language on cognitive load during Chinese–English sight translation. Twenty-five MA students of translation from a Hong Kong university were asked to sight translate sentences with different degrees of between-language structural asymmetry from Chinese into English, in both single-sentence and discourse context conditions. Their eye movements were recorded to examine cognitive load during sight translation. The results show: (1) There was a significant effect of word order asymmetry on overall cognitive load as indicated by the considerably longer dwell times and more frequent fixations for the asymmetric sentences, but it was only during the later-processing stage that structural asymmetry exerted a strong influence on local processing in terms of first fixation duration and regression path duration; (2) the role of context in offsetting the asymmetry effect was very limited; and (3) although reordering may place a greater burden on working memory, most participants preferred reordering over segmentation to cope with the asymmetric structures. The empirical data point to the need to consider word order asymmetry as a variable in theoretical accounts of the interpreting process, especially for interpreting between languages that are structurally very different.
{"title":"Exploring the impact of word order asymmetry on cognitive load during Chinese–English sight translation","authors":"Xingcheng Ma, Dechao Li, Yu-Yin Hsu","doi":"10.1075/target.19052.ma","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/target.19052.ma","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper explores the impact of word order asymmetry between source language and target language on cognitive load during Chinese–English sight translation. Twenty-five MA students of translation from a Hong Kong university were asked to sight translate sentences with different degrees of between-language structural asymmetry from Chinese into English, in both single-sentence and discourse context conditions. Their eye movements were recorded to examine cognitive load during sight translation. The results show: (1) There was a significant effect of word order asymmetry on overall cognitive load as indicated by the considerably longer dwell times and more frequent fixations for the asymmetric sentences, but it was only during the later-processing stage that structural asymmetry exerted a strong influence on local processing in terms of first fixation duration and regression path duration; (2) the role of context in offsetting the asymmetry effect was very limited; and (3) although reordering may place a greater burden on working memory, most participants preferred reordering over segmentation to cope with the asymmetric structures. The empirical data point to the need to consider word order asymmetry as a variable in theoretical accounts of the interpreting process, especially for interpreting between languages that are structurally very different.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74254076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-26DOI: 10.1075/target.19166.def
Bart Defrancq, Claudio Fantinuoli
Abstract Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has been proposed as a means to enhance state-of-the-art computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tools and to allow machine-learning techniques to enter the workflow of professional interpreters. In this article, we test the usefulness of real-time transcription with number highlighting of a source speech for simultaneous interpreting using InterpretBank ASR. The system’s precision is high (96%) and its latency low enough to fit interpreters’ ear–voice span (EVS). We evaluate the potential benefits among first-time users of this technology by applying an error matrix and by investigating the users’ subjective perceptions through a questionnaire. The results show that the ASR provision improves overall performance for almost all number types. Interaction with the ASR support is varied and participants consult it for just over half of the stimuli. The study also provides some evidence of the psychological benefits of ASR availability and of overreliance on ASR support.
{"title":"Automatic speech recognition in the booth","authors":"Bart Defrancq, Claudio Fantinuoli","doi":"10.1075/target.19166.def","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/target.19166.def","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has been proposed as a means to enhance state-of-the-art computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tools and to allow machine-learning techniques to enter the workflow of professional interpreters. In this article, we test the usefulness of real-time transcription with number highlighting of a source speech for simultaneous interpreting using InterpretBank ASR. The system’s precision is high (96%) and its latency low enough to fit interpreters’ ear–voice span (EVS). We evaluate the potential benefits among first-time users of this technology by applying an error matrix and by investigating the users’ subjective perceptions through a questionnaire. The results show that the ASR provision improves overall performance for almost all number types. Interaction with the ASR support is varied and participants consult it for just over half of the stimuli. The study also provides some evidence of the psychological benefits of ASR availability and of overreliance on ASR support.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81582359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.1075/target.18085.ram
Sara Ramos Pinto, A. Mubaraki
This article proposes a new methodology for multimodal corpus analysis. It does so by particularly focusing on the issue of the translation of non-standard language varieties. This new methodology, which is significantly influenced by the work of Iedema (2003), Jimenez Hurtado and Soler Gallego (2013), Pastra (2008) and Ramos Pinto (2018), is capable of identifying the modes and resources at play and the relations identified between them, as well as how such relations participate in the construction of the non-standard varieties’ communicative meaning. It also accounts for the impact of the introduction of subtitles on preserving, cancelling or modifying the intermodal relations identified in the source text and, consequently, the diegetic functions they support; that is, the function they assume in the fictional world of the film. In this regard, the methodology assumes a clear translational perspective.
{"title":"Multimodal corpus analysis of subtitling","authors":"Sara Ramos Pinto, A. Mubaraki","doi":"10.1075/target.18085.ram","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/target.18085.ram","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article proposes a new methodology for multimodal corpus analysis. It does so by particularly focusing on the\u0000 issue of the translation of non-standard language varieties. This new methodology, which is significantly influenced by the work\u0000 of Iedema (2003), Jimenez Hurtado and Soler Gallego\u0000 (2013), Pastra (2008) and Ramos Pinto\u0000 (2018), is capable of identifying the modes and resources at play and the relations identified between them, as well as\u0000 how such relations participate in the construction of the non-standard varieties’ communicative meaning. It also accounts for the\u0000 impact of the introduction of subtitles on preserving, cancelling or modifying the intermodal relations identified in the source\u0000 text and, consequently, the diegetic functions they support; that is, the function they assume in the fictional world of the film.\u0000 In this regard, the methodology assumes a clear translational perspective.","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83060853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.1075/target.19126.gen
Jiyong Geng, Qiang Pi
{"title":"Xifang Zhao. 翻译与现代中国 [Translation and Modern China].","authors":"Jiyong Geng, Qiang Pi","doi":"10.1075/target.19126.gen","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/target.19126.gen","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51739,"journal":{"name":"Target-International Journal of Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79196007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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