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Does Adoption of Multiple Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices Improve Rural Farm Households' Food Security in Ethiopia? 采用多种气候智能型农业实践是否能改善埃塞俄比亚农村农户的粮食安全?
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70021
Tibebu Legesse, Zerhun Ganewo, Abera Alemu, Aneteneh Ashebir, Andachew Samuel, Yaynabeba Abayneh

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a set of economically and environmentally friendly practices that can address the issues of food security under the new realities of climate change. However, the adoption of these practices among smallholder farmers is still low, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the factors determining rural farm households' adoption of CSA practices and their impact on food security in the Sidama region, Ethiopia. Primary data for this study were obtained from a randomly selected sample of 523 households using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate probit, and an endogenous switching regression model. The study found that, in the study area, conservation of agriculture is the most popular CSA practice, which is adopted by 96.2% of the adopters, followed by soil fertility management (82.2%), crop diversification (62.3%), small-scale irrigation (47.9%), and crop–livestock integration (40.7%). The multivariate probit model revealed that the sex of the household head, age of the household head, educational level of the household head, extension contact, information on climate change, and distance to the market were identified as determinants for the adoption of CSA practices. Furthermore, the endogenous switching regression model analysis revealed that adoption of CSA practices increased rural farm household food security status. Therefore, this paper suggests that smallholder farmers should incorporate CSA practices to improve their food security.

气候智能型农业(CSA)是一套经济和环境友好型做法,可以解决气候变化新现实下的粮食安全问题。然而,小农采用这些做法的比例仍然很低,尤其是在埃塞俄比亚这样的发展中国家。因此,本研究的主要目的是评估决定埃塞俄比亚西达马地区农村农户采用 CSA 实践的因素及其对粮食安全的影响。本研究的原始数据来自随机抽样的 523 个家庭,采用的是事先测试过的结构化问卷。收集到的数据采用描述性统计、多变量 probit 和内生转换回归模型进行分析。研究发现,在研究地区,保护性农业是最受欢迎的 CSA 做法,96.2% 的采用者采用了这种做法,其次是土壤肥力管理(82.2%)、作物多样化(62.3%)、小型灌溉(47.9%)和作物-牲畜一体化(40.7%)。多元概率模型显示,户主性别、户主年龄、户主受教育程度、推广联系人、气候变化信息和距离市场的远近被认为是采用 CSA 实践的决定因素。此外,内生转换回归模型分析表明,采用 CSA 实践提高了农村农户的粮食安全状况。因此,本文建议小农户采用 CSA 实践来改善其粮食安全状况。
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引用次数: 0
Food Security Status and Associated Drivers Among Climate Migrant Households in Bangladesh: Insight From Urban Informal Settlements 孟加拉国气候移民家庭的粮食安全状况及相关驱动因素:城市非正规住区的启示
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70020
Farhana Hoque, Md. Ayatullah Khan, Irin Azhar Urme, Rashmia Sultana, Sardar Al Imran

Climate migrants and their food accessibility are a pressing issue in Bangladesh that has not been adequately addressed in previous studies. This research aimed to examine the food security status and its associated drivers among climate migrant households' residing in urban informal settlements in Khulna city. This study was conducted in three selected wards (12, 21, and 31) known for their urban informal settlements and high concentrations of climate migrants. Data were collected on socioeconomic, demographic, COVID-19 impacts, and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale using an interview schedule. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square test and binary logit model) were used to analyze the data. The study found a large portion of households to be food insecure (83.3%). Several socio-demographic and economic issues, including the household head's education, occupation, and health, the number of working members, monthly income, savings, debt, and access to a safety net, were identified as significant drivers of food insecurity. Moreover, COVID-19 impacts, considering loss of employment, income, and savings, shortages of daily needs, and price hikes on food items, were identified as the significant contributors to food insecurity. Responsible stakeholders may utilize the outcomes of this study to combat food insecurity and hunger among climate migrants residing in urban informal settlements through necessary policy measures.

气候移民及其粮食可获得性是孟加拉国的一个紧迫问题,以往的研究并未充分解决这一问题。本研究旨在考察居住在库尔纳市城市非正式定居点的气候移民家庭的粮食安全状况及其相关驱动因素。本研究在三个选定的区(12、21 和 31 区)进行,这三个区以城市非正式定居点和气候移民高度集中而闻名。通过访谈表收集了有关社会经济、人口、COVID-19 影响和家庭粮食不安全获取量表的数据。数据分析采用了描述性统计(均值、标准差和百分比)和推论性统计(卡方检验和二元对数模型)。研究发现,大部分家庭(83.3%)粮食无保障。一些社会人口和经济问题,包括户主的教育程度、职业和健康状况、工作成员人数、月收入、储蓄、债务和获得安全网的机会,被认为是粮食不安全的重要驱动因素。此外,考虑到失业、收入和储蓄损失、日常需求短缺以及食品价格上涨等因素,COVID-19 的影响被认为是造成粮食不安全的重要因素。负责任的利益相关者可利用本研究的成果,通过必要的政策措施,消除居住在城市非正规住区的气候移民的粮食不安全和饥饿问题。
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引用次数: 0
Respective Advantages of Growing Different Green Manure With Nitrogen Fertilization in Cotton-Based Cropping Systems: Insights From a Three-Year Field Study 在棉花种植系统中种植不同绿肥并施用氮肥的各自优势:三年田间研究的启示
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70015
Zhenggui Zhang, Jian Wang, Weibin Huang, Yingchun Han, Guoping Wang, Lu Feng, Xiaofei Li, Shiwu Xiong, Minghua Xin, Yabing Li, Zhanbiao Wang

Planting green manure to improve cash crop yield and soil health has been widely recognized, and understanding cash crop performance after green manure integration is pivotal for determining its potential to bolster and enhance crop productivity and sustainable production. However, it is unclear whether the effects of different types of green manure on subsequent cash crops are uniform. In order to clarify this issue, we systematically analyzed the effects of green manure types and nitrogen (N) application rates on succeeding cotton agronomic performance, yield, biomass, yield stability, and nutrient uptake. A split-plot experiment with two factors was designed, main factor includes four cover cropping systems monoculture cotton (MC), February orchid/cotton cover cropping (FoC), hairy vetch/cotton cover cropping (HvC), and a mixture of February orchid and hairy vetch/cotton cover cropping (FHC), and sub-main factor include four N application levels (0 (N0), 112.5 (N1), 168.75 (N2), and 225 (N3) kg N ha−1). Results suggests that nonlegume green manure (February orchid) accumulated more biomass, N, P, and K nutrients than the legume green manure (hairy vetch) and green manure mixture. Compared with cotton yield of MC, the FoC, HvC, and FHC system increased by 5.8%, 7.6%, and 15%, respectively. N use efficiency was more significantly influenced by the N application rates than by cropping systems. Specifically, as N application rates increased, N use efficiency decreased under MC, HvC, and FHC systems, while it increased under the FoC system. Additionally, we observed a trade-off between cotton yield and yield stability, with the highest yield stability when cotton yield reached 2633 kg ha−1. This study provides evidence that nonlegume green manure (February orchid) with greater advantages on cotton vegetative organ growth, legume green manure (hairy vetch) can promote nutrient uptake compared to other green manure, while green manure mixture (February orchid and hairy vetch mixture) significantly increased cotton yield and yield stability. These findings provide evidence-based insights highlighting the respective benefits of incorporating diverse species of green manure into cotton-based cropping systems in the Yellow River Basin of China.

种植绿肥以提高经济作物产量和改善土壤健康已得到广泛认可,而了解绿肥整合后经济作物的表现对于确定其促进和提高作物生产力和可持续生产的潜力至关重要。然而,目前还不清楚不同类型的绿肥对后续经济作物的影响是否一致。为了澄清这一问题,我们系统分析了绿肥类型和氮肥施用量对棉花后续农艺表现、产量、生物量、产量稳定性和养分吸收的影响。试验设计了两个因子的小区试验,主因子包括单作棉花(MC)、二月兰/棉花覆盖种植(FoC)、毛茸茸的薇菜/棉花覆盖种植(HvC)以及二月兰和毛茸茸的薇菜/棉花混合覆盖种植(FHC)四种覆盖种植系统,副主因子包括四种施氮水平(0(N0)、112.5(N1)、168.75(N2)和 225(N3)千克/公顷)。结果表明,非豆科绿肥(二月兰)比豆科绿肥(毛缕草)和绿肥混合物积累了更多的生物量、氮、磷和钾养分。与 MC 棉花产量相比,FoC、HvC 和 FHC 系统分别增加了 5.8%、7.6% 和 15%。与种植制度相比,氮肥施用量对氮肥利用率的影响更为明显。具体来说,随着氮肥施用量的增加,MC、HvC 和 FHC 系统的氮肥利用率下降,而 FoC 系统的氮肥利用率上升。此外,我们还观察到棉花产量和产量稳定性之间的权衡,当棉花产量达到 2633 千克/公顷时,产量稳定性最高。本研究提供的证据表明,与其他绿肥相比,非豆科绿肥(二月兰)对棉花无性器官生长具有更大的优势,豆科绿肥(毛茸茸的野豌豆)能促进养分吸收,而绿肥混合物(二月兰和毛茸茸的野豌豆混合物)能显著提高棉花产量和产量稳定性。这些研究结果提供了基于证据的见解,强调了在中国黄河流域以棉花为基础的种植系统中施用不同种类绿肥的各自益处。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Sustainability in the Supply Chain of Sweet Red Pepper Paste Production With Exergy and Life Cycle Analyses 通过能耗和生命周期分析评估甜红椒酱生产供应链的可持续性
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70019
Samiye Adal, Zafer Erbay

This study examines cumulative energy (CEnC), exergy (CExC), CO₂ emissions (CCO₂C), and life cycle assessment of sweet red pepper (SRP) paste production. A whole system approach in five improvement scenarios including different packaging materials and precision farming encompasses the supply chain from farm to fork and cradle to gate. The largest impact on SRP farming is caused by the use of diesel oil, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, and the use of electricity. In SRP farming step, the CEnC is mainly caused by 86.5% fertilizer and 11% diesel usage. Hotspot impact categories were determined as abiotic (fossil) depletion potential, global warming potential, and human toxicity potential. The base case scenario has the greatest values for CEnC, CExC, and CCO₂C and impact assessment results. A CEnC value reduction of 48.6%, 50%, and 30% in the factory processing, packaging-transportation step and whole process, respectively, is observed when the biodiesel scenario is performed. With a 40% reduction in global warming potential value, the combination of polyethylene terephthalate packaging, biodiesel, and precision farming scenario yielded the best results for each impact category analyzed in this study.

本研究探讨了甜红辣椒(SRP)糊生产的累积能量(CEnC)、放热量(CExC)、二氧化碳排放量(CCO₂C)和生命周期评估。五种改进方案中的全系统方法包括不同的包装材料和精准农业,涵盖了从农场到餐桌和从摇篮到大门的供应链。对 SRP 农业影响最大的是柴油的使用、化肥的过度使用和电力的使用。在 SRP 农业步骤中,CEnC 主要由 86.5% 的化肥和 11% 的柴油使用造成。热点影响类别被确定为非生物(化石)损耗潜能值、全球变暖潜能值和人类毒性潜能值。基础方案的 CEnC、CExC 和 CCO₂C 值最大,影响评估结果也最大。在生物柴油方案中,工厂加工、包装-运输步骤和整个过程的 CEnC 值分别降低了 48.6%、50% 和 30%。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯包装、生物柴油和精耕细作方案组合的全球升温潜能值降低了 40%,在本研究分析的各个影响类别中取得了最佳结果。
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引用次数: 0
Degrees of Post-Silking Water Deficit Alter the Structural, Pasting, and Gelatinization Properties of Waxy Maize Starch 制浆后的缺水程度会改变蜡质玉米淀粉的结构、糊化和糊化特性
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70016
Huan Yang, Longfei Wang, Jian Guo, Guanghao Li, Dalei Lu

Maize starch is an important source of industrial starch in the world, and its production is seriously affected by water deficit. Waxy maize starch is composed of nearly pure amylopectin, which endows with its high economic value. The effects of mild, moderate, and severe drought stresses during grain filling on the structural and functional properties of waxy maize starch were evaluated using two hybrids as materials. In general, the starch granule size enlarged, the branching degree decreased, and amylopectin chain length and relative crystallinity increased when both hybrids suffered post-silking water deficit in 2 years. Meanwhile, the influence of drought degree on these starch structures depended on the hybrid and year. Peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities gradually decreased with the severity of water shortage, and trough and final viscosities were the lowest under severe drought conditions. Gelatinization enthalpy gradually decreased with the water supply decrease, and gelatinization temperatures showed an opposite trend and were the highest during severe drought. Correlation analysis indicated that the decrease in pasting viscosities and gelatinization enthalpy and the increase in gelatinization peak temperature may be due to the high proportion of low-molecular-weight amylopectin, low proportion of DP 25–36 chains and large granule size of starch. Furthermore, drought stress was easily destroyed the starch structure of JKN2000 and the pasting viscosities and gelatinization enthalpy of SYN5. In conclusion, water deficit during grain filling affected the structural and physicochemical properties of waxy maize starch. The lowest pasting viscosities and gelatinization enthalpy and the highest gelatinization temperatures were observed when these plants suffered severe water shortage during grain filling.

玉米淀粉是世界上工业淀粉的重要来源,其生产受到缺水的严重影响。蜡质玉米淀粉由近乎纯净的直链淀粉组成,具有很高的经济价值。以两个杂交种为材料,评估了籽粒灌浆期轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫对蜡质玉米淀粉结构和功能特性的影响。总体而言,当两个杂交种在两年内遭受出苗后水分亏缺时,淀粉粒径增大,分枝度降低,直链淀粉链长和相对结晶度增加。同时,干旱程度对这些淀粉结构的影响取决于杂交种和年份。峰值粘度、分解粘度和挫折粘度随着缺水程度的增加而逐渐降低,在严重干旱条件下,谷值粘度和终值粘度最低。糊化焓随供水量的减少而逐渐降低,糊化温度则呈现相反的趋势,在严重干旱时糊化温度最高。相关分析表明,糊化粘度和糊化焓的降低以及糊化峰值温度的升高可能是由于淀粉中低分子量直链淀粉比例高、DP 25-36链比例低和颗粒大造成的。此外,干旱胁迫容易破坏 JKN2000 的淀粉结构和 SYN5 的糊化粘度和糊化焓。总之,籽粒灌浆期的水分亏缺会影响蜡质玉米淀粉的结构和理化性质。当这些植株在籽粒灌浆期严重缺水时,糊化粘度和糊化焓最低,糊化温度最高。
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引用次数: 0
Wheat Straw Incorporation Coupled With Direct Seeding Method Influence Nitrogen Uptake and Translocation in Rice 小麦秸秆掺入与直播方法对水稻氮素吸收和转移的影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70018
Jinyu Tian, Zhipeng Xing, Baowei Guo, Yajie Hu, Haiyan Wei, Hui Gao, Haipeng Zhang, Min Li, Hongcheng Zhang

On-farm trials were performed to investigate the nitrogen (N) uptake, N translocation, and grain yield of rice planted via different direct seeding methods into a field after wheat straw incorporation. The study conducted using two direct seeding methods, dry direct seeding of rice (DDSR) and wet direct seeding of rice (WDSR), in a field without or with straw incorporation demonstrated that straw incorporation negatively influenced both grain yield and N uptake in direct-seeded rice. Compared with WDSR, DDSR suffered significant negative effects, with a 7.2% decrease in grain yield and an 8.0% decrease in N uptake. Additionally, N uptake in direct-seeded rice with straw addition decreased by 6.5% at the middle stage and 9.5% at the late stage compared with that without straw incorporation. Straw incorporation prolonged the initial phase of growth and thus shortened the N uptake days in the last two phases. Moreover, the total N uptake of rice was positively associated with the uptake rate and the uptake days during the latter stages. Specifically, WDSR exhibited a higher N uptake rate, N uptake days, and N translocation ability than DDSR, which increased the N uptake in stem and panicle, total N uptake, and grain yield at maturity. These results indicated that straw incorporation decreased grain yield and N uptake, which was related to the fewer N uptake days in the latter stages caused by the prolonged early growth stage for direct-seeded rice. Nevertheless, using WSDR in a field incorporated with straw alleviated the losses in N uptake and grain yield.

通过田间试验研究了水稻在掺入小麦秸秆后采用不同直播方法种植的氮素(N)吸收、N 转化和谷物产量。研究采用两种直播方法,即水稻旱直播(DDSR)和水稻湿直播(WDSR),在未掺入或掺入稻草的田地中进行直播,结果表明,掺入稻草对直播水稻的产量和氮吸收均有负面影响。与湿直播水稻相比,湿直播水稻受到了显著的负面影响,谷物产量减少了 7.2%,氮吸收量减少了 8.0%。此外,与未掺入秸秆的水稻相比,掺入秸秆的水稻在中期和后期的氮吸收量分别减少了 6.5%和 9.5%。秸秆的加入延长了水稻生长的初期阶段,从而缩短了后两个阶段的氮吸收天数。此外,水稻的总氮吸收量与后期的吸收率和吸收天数呈正相关。具体而言,WDSR 比 DDSR 表现出更高的氮吸收率、氮吸收天数和氮转化能力,从而提高了茎秆和圆锥花序的氮吸收率、总氮吸收率和成熟时的谷物产量。这些结果表明,秸秆掺入降低了谷物产量和氮吸收率,这与直播稻早期生长阶段延长导致后期氮吸收天数减少有关。然而,在掺入稻草的田块中使用 WSDR 可减轻氮吸收量和谷物产量的损失。
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引用次数: 0
Highly Efficient Water and Nitrogen Application Strategies for Maintaining Summer Maize Yield in the North China Plain During Future Drought Years 未来干旱年份华北平原夏玉米高效施水施氮保产策略
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70014
Zheng Wang, Changxiu Cheng

Future frequent droughts threaten summer maize production in the North China Plain (NCP). A proper combination of irrigation and nitrogen (N) application can improve water and N use efficiency while maintaining summer maize yield. However, the optimal irrigation and N application strategies (OINASs) for summer maize during future drought years in the NCP require further exploration. This study applied the DSSAT-CERES-Maize model to investigate OINASs for summer maize for all drought years during 2021–2050 under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). The performance of the OINASs was subsequently evaluated against no irrigation and N application (CK) condition and a conventional irrigation and N application strategy (CINAS). The results highlight the following: (1) For all drought years under the three SSP scenarios, the base fertilizer rate should be 60 kg/hm2, after that the irrigation and N application are required during the jointing and heading periods. Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, the average values of irrigation and N application during each earlier period are 35.5 mm and 22 kg/hm2. Under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the average values are (34.5 mm, 23 kg/hm2) and (47.5 mm, 18 kg/hm2). (2) Under all SSP scenarios, the optimal irrigation amounts and N application rates are much lower than those under the CINAS. After applying OINASs for summer maize, an average of 1.16–1.22 billion kg of N and 2.98–5.19 billion m3 of freshwater will be saved per future drought year in the NCP. (3) Under all SSP scenarios, the summer maize yields under the OINASs are slightly and significantly greater than those under the CINAS and CK conditions. Moreover, both water and N use efficiencies improved under the OINASs compared with those under the CINAS, with more significant improvements in N use efficiency. The OINASs provide a practical way to ensure food security and environmental sustainability.

未来频繁的干旱会威胁到华北平原(NCP)的夏玉米生产。合理的灌溉与施氮相结合可提高水和氮的利用效率,同时保持夏玉米的产量。然而,华北平原未来干旱年份夏玉米的最佳灌溉和施氮策略(OINASs)还需要进一步探索。本研究应用 DSSAT-CERES-Maize 模型研究了三种共同社会经济路径(SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5 和 SSP5-8.5)下 2021-2050 年所有干旱年份的夏玉米最佳灌溉和氮施用策略。随后,对照无灌溉和氮施用条件(CK)和常规灌溉和氮施用策略(CINAS),对 OINAS 的性能进行了评估。结果如下(1) 在三种 SSP 情景下的所有干旱年份,基肥施用量应为 60 kg/hm2,之后在拔节期和抽穗期需要灌溉和施用氮肥。在 SSP1-2.6 情景下,前期灌溉和氮肥施用量的平均值分别为 35.5 mm 和 22 kg/hm2。在 SSP2-4.5 和 SSP5-8.5 情景下,平均值分别为(34.5 mm,23 kg/hm2)和(47.5 mm,18 kg/hm2)。(2) 在所有 SSP 情景下,最佳灌溉量和氮施用量远低于 CINAS 情景下的最佳灌溉量和氮施用量。在对夏玉米采用 OINASs 后,未来干旱年国家应对计划平均每年可节约 11.6-1.2 亿公斤氮和 29.8-51.9 亿立方米淡水。(3)在所有 SSP 情景下,OINASs 条件下的夏玉米产量略高于 CINAS 和 CK 条件下的夏玉米产量。此外,与 CINAS 条件相比,OINAS 条件下水和氮的利用效率都有所提高,其中氮的利用效率提高更为显著。OINAS 为确保粮食安全和环境可持续性提供了一种切实可行的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Drought Responses in Mexican Soybeans: Plant Water Status, Shoot and Root Biomass, and Root System Architecture 探索墨西哥大豆的干旱反应:植物水分状况、根茎生物量和根系结构
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70017
Julio C. García-Rodríguez, María K. Manzo-Valencia, Víctor Olalde-Portugal, Silvia E. Valdés-Rodríguez

Drought stress is the primary abiotic threat to soybean production. Drought tolerance mechanisms in Mexican soybeans have not yet been fully studied. We examined the responses of three Mexican soybean genotypes, with varying maturities, to progressive drought stress and recovery irrigation, regarding plant water status, biomass traits, root system architecture, and their relationships. Genotypes I1240, I700 (intermediate maturity), and E2309 (early maturity) were examined since they showed drought tolerance characteristics under field conditions in previous studies. Drought stress was applied at the R2 growth stage for 17 days, after that irrigation was restored. Control plants were irrigated normally throughout the study. Responses to severe drought stress were different depending on the genotype. Early genotype E2309 exhibited a wider root system and tolerated drought stress maintaining shoot biomass and root characteristics at a low plant water potential. Intermediate genotypes, I1240 and I700, avoided drought stress achieving a greater root system at a higher plant water potential. Due to drought, genotype I1240 showed a more prominent increase in root diameter; meanwhile, root biomass was not decreased in genotype I700. Genotype I700 displayed a longer root system with the highest root-to-shoot ratio and recovered root growth more efficiently after recovery irrigation. General effects also indicated a longer root system in this genotype. Therefore, it could be used as a genetic source to improve root traits to cope with drought. Morphological and biomass root traits are suitable for selecting drought stress–tolerant soybean genotypes.

干旱胁迫是大豆生产面临的主要非生物威胁。墨西哥大豆的抗旱机制尚未得到充分研究。我们研究了三个不同成熟度的墨西哥大豆基因型对渐进干旱胁迫和恢复灌溉的反应,包括植物水分状况、生物量性状、根系结构及其关系。由于基因型 I1240、I700(中熟)和 E2309(早熟)在之前的研究中显示出在田间条件下的抗旱特性,因此对它们进行了研究。在 R2 生长阶段施加干旱胁迫 17 天,之后恢复灌溉。在整个研究过程中,对照植物的灌溉正常。不同基因型对严重干旱胁迫的反应不同。早期基因型 E2309 的根系较宽,能承受干旱胁迫,在植物水势较低时仍能保持植株生物量和根系特性。中间基因型 I1240 和 I700 可避免干旱胁迫,在植物水势较高的情况下获得较大的根系。在干旱的影响下,基因型 I1240 的根直径明显增大,而基因型 I700 的根生物量却没有减少。基因型 I700 的根系较长,根芽比最高,在恢复灌溉后根系恢复生长的效率更高。一般效应也表明该基因型的根系较长。因此,该基因型可用作改善根系性状以应对干旱的基因来源。根系的形态和生物量性状适合用于选育抗旱大豆基因型。
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引用次数: 0
A Functional Analysis of Inflorescence Architecture in Musa L. (Musaceae) 麝香草花序结构的功能分析
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70010
David W. Turner, D. Jane Gibbs, Walter Ocimati, Guy Blomme

Inflorescence architecture underpins sexual reproduction in wild Musa species and productivity in edible banana cultivars. In a functional analysis, we identified the apical inflorescence and lateral ‘cushion’ meristems and the change in flower type as the three primary components that generate inflorescence architecture. Five genotypes of two clone sets of edible plantains (Musa AAB) were grown for four generations along an elevation gradient (1100–2200 m, 16°C–24°C) straddling the equator in the humid highlands of East Africa. The data consisted of reproductive peduncle length at harvest (Pr), fruit per hand (Fh) and hands per bunch (Hb). The activity of the apical inflorescence meristem drives peduncle length and generates lateral ‘cushion’ meristems which determine Fh. However, Hb is determined by a change in flower type—from fruit forming to non-fruit forming. Site temperature affected Hb more than Fh, while the development of the genet (rhizome) changed the allocation of resources between Hb and Fh, independently of the effect of site temperature. Clone sets differed in their response to genet development. Cooler temperatures reduced the number of fruit-forming flowers in an inflorescence and changed the balance away from female towards male flowers. In banana breeding schemes, manipulating inflorescence components independently raises options for producing genotypes better suited to markets, environments and cultural practices.

花序结构是野生穆萨物种有性生殖和食用香蕉栽培品种产量的基础。通过功能分析,我们确定顶端花序和侧 "垫 "分生组织以及花型的变化是产生花序结构的三个主要组成部分。在东非潮湿高原,我们沿着横跨赤道的海拔梯度(1100-2200 米,16°C-24°C)种植了食用芭蕉(Musa AAB)两个克隆集的五个基因型,共进行了四代。数据包括收获时的生殖梗长度(Pr)、每手果实数(Fh)和每串果实数(Hb)。顶端花序分生组织的活动推动了花序梗的长度,并产生了决定 Fh 的侧 "垫 "分生组织。然而,Hb 是由花朵类型的变化决定的--从形成果实到不形成果实。地点温度对 Hb 的影响大于对 Fh 的影响,而基因组(根茎)的发育改变了 Hb 和 Fh 之间的资源分配,与地点温度的影响无关。克隆集对基因组发育的反应各不相同。较低的温度减少了花序中形成果实的花朵数量,并改变了雌花与雄花之间的平衡。在香蕉育种计划中,对花序各组成部分进行独立操作,可以培育出更适合市场、环境和文化习俗的基因型。
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引用次数: 0
Crop Residue Biochar Rather Than Manure and Straw Return Provided Short Term Synergism Among Grain Production, Carbon Sequestration, and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in a Paddy Under Rice-Wheat Rotation 在稻麦轮作的稻田中,作物残茬生物炭而不是粪肥和秸秆还田可在短期内实现粮食产量、碳封存和温室气体减排的协同作用
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.70009
Xin Xia, Zheng Zhao, Yuanjun Ding, Xiao Feng, Shuotong Chen, Qianqian Shao, Xiaoyu Liu, Kun Cheng, Rongjun Bian, Jufeng Zheng, Lianqing Li, Genxing Pan

Return of crop residues directly as straw, animal manure, or biochar are recommended management options for biowaste recycling and soil organic carbon (SOC) maintenance in agriculture. However, to address the soil health challenges associated with soil degradation and climate change, it is critical to determine if or which of these different forms of crop residues could deliver a synergic improvement in SOC storage, emission reduction, and crop productivity following field application. In this study, maize straw in the form of air-dried biomass (CS), manure via cattle digestion (CM), and biochar via pyrolysis (CB) was respectively amended once at a dose of 10 t C ha−1, in comparison to no maize straw addition (CK), in a paddy field under rice-wheat rotation. Changes in soil properties, SOC storage, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and rice/wheat yield were examined over two consecutive rice/wheat rotation cycles following soil amendment. The total rice grain yield considerably increased by 6% under CM and CB, while it reduced by 6% under CS compared to CK. Soil nutrient content persistently increased under CM and CB by 4.2% ~ 17% and 11% ~ 26% for total nitrogen, 26% ~ 61% and 20% ~ 53% for available P, and 2% ~ 82% and 30% ~ 115% for available K, respectively. Topsoil SOC storage increased considerably by 8% under CM and 20% under CB, while remained unchanged under CS, compared to CK. The total methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were considerably increased by 7 folds and 15% under CS and 3.5 folds and 61% under CM, respectively, compared to CK. In contrast, these emissions considerably decreased under CB by 33% for CH4 and 29% for N2O. Consequently, the C emission efficiency considerably reduced under CS and CM but increased under CB over the two rotation cycles monitored. Moreover, the soil quality index (SQI) considerably improved under CM and CB but remained unchanged under CS compared to CK. Among the different forms of straw return, manure, and biochar, straw amendments differed considerably in their effects on C sequestration, GHG emissions, and crop productivity. Only biochar from crop residues synergistically improved these functions in the short-term following application to paddy soil.

将作物秸秆直接作为秸秆、动物粪便或生物炭还田是农业中生物废物循环利用和土壤有机碳(SOC)维护的推荐管理方案。然而,为了应对与土壤退化和气候变化相关的土壤健康挑战,关键是要确定这些不同形式的作物秸秆在田间应用后,是否或哪种形式的作物秸秆能协同改善土壤有机碳储存、减排和作物生产力。在这项研究中,与不添加玉米秸秆(CK)相比,在水稻-小麦轮作的稻田中分别添加了风干生物质形式的玉米秸秆(CS)、牛粪(CM)和热解生物炭(CB),添加剂量为 10 吨 C ha-1。在土壤改良后的两个连续的水稻/小麦轮作周期中,考察了土壤性质、SOC 储存、温室气体(GHG)排放以及水稻/小麦产量的变化。与 CK 相比,CM 和 CB 的水稻总产量显著增加了 6%,而 CS 的水稻总产量减少了 6%。土壤养分含量在 CM 和 CB 条件下持续增加,全氮分别增加了 4.2% ~ 17% 和 11% ~ 26%,可利用钾分别增加了 2% ~ 82% 和 30% ~ 115%,可利用磷分别增加了 26% ~ 61% 和 20% ~ 53%。与 CK 相比,CM 和 CB 的表土 SOC 储量分别增加了 8%和 20%,而 CS 保持不变。与 CK 相比,CS 条件下甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的总排放量分别增加了 7 倍和 15%,CM 条件下分别增加了 3.5 倍和 61%。相比之下,在 CB 条件下,CH4 和 N2O 的排放量分别减少了 33% 和 29%。因此,在监测的两个轮作周期中,CS 和 CM 的碳排放效率显著降低,而 CB 的碳排放效率则有所提高。此外,与 CK 相比,CM 和 CB 的土壤质量指数(SQI)显著提高,但 CS 保持不变。在不同形式的秸秆还田、粪肥和生物炭中,秸秆改良剂对固碳、温室气体排放和作物产量的影响差别很大。只有从作物秸秆中提取的生物炭在施用到水稻田土壤后,能在短期内协同改善这些功能。
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Food and Energy Security
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