Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-24-39
V. V. Kashcheev, E. Pryakhin, Y. Kurashvili
Currently the application of diagnostic imaging procedures is extended. After the COVID-19 out-break the number of radiological examinations have increased significantly. The number of re-peated radiological examinations increased as well. Although the risk of cancer from single radi-ological scanning is small, risk from multiple imaging has not been estimated yet. The develop-ment of methodology for assessment of cancer risks from multiple radiological examinations is needed. This paper presents the procedure for assessment of radiation risks from multiple radio-logical examinations of any type. The validity of the developed approach was tested on the ex-ample of assessment of lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer incidence from multiple com-puted tomography (CT) examinations, the results are discussed in the paper. The authors devel-oped the method for estimating radiation detriment from multiple radiological CT scans for re-maining life years. The method is based on equivalent radiation doses to organs and tissues of a patient’s body. Tables of LARs values per dose unit for males and females within the age range 0-95 years and a step of 5 years were designed. The tables were computed for the following cancer sites: bladder, breast, colon, bone marrow, liver, lungs, esophagus, ovary, stomach, thy-roid and other solid. The authors estimated cancer risks for a female, she was exposed to radia-tion from CT scanning. The female’s risks assessed with the developed methodology were com-pared with radiation risks estimated with mathematical model ICRP (Publication 103). The com-parison showed that the difference between risks estimated with the developed method and the risks estimated with the ICRP model did not exceed 12%. In models sex and age were account-ed, medical and demographic data applicable to the Russian population were taken into account as well.
{"title":"Methodology for assessment of radiation risks from medical exposure on the example of multiple computed tomography","authors":"V. V. Kashcheev, E. Pryakhin, Y. Kurashvili","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-24-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-24-39","url":null,"abstract":"Currently the application of diagnostic imaging procedures is extended. After the COVID-19 out-break the number of radiological examinations have increased significantly. The number of re-peated radiological examinations increased as well. Although the risk of cancer from single radi-ological scanning is small, risk from multiple imaging has not been estimated yet. The develop-ment of methodology for assessment of cancer risks from multiple radiological examinations is needed. This paper presents the procedure for assessment of radiation risks from multiple radio-logical examinations of any type. The validity of the developed approach was tested on the ex-ample of assessment of lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer incidence from multiple com-puted tomography (CT) examinations, the results are discussed in the paper. The authors devel-oped the method for estimating radiation detriment from multiple radiological CT scans for re-maining life years. The method is based on equivalent radiation doses to organs and tissues of a patient’s body. Tables of LARs values per dose unit for males and females within the age range 0-95 years and a step of 5 years were designed. The tables were computed for the following cancer sites: bladder, breast, colon, bone marrow, liver, lungs, esophagus, ovary, stomach, thy-roid and other solid. The authors estimated cancer risks for a female, she was exposed to radia-tion from CT scanning. The female’s risks assessed with the developed methodology were com-pared with radiation risks estimated with mathematical model ICRP (Publication 103). The com-parison showed that the difference between risks estimated with the developed method and the risks estimated with the ICRP model did not exceed 12%. In models sex and age were account-ed, medical and demographic data applicable to the Russian population were taken into account as well.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87844232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-40-51
I. Khvostunov, V. Krylov, A. Rodichev, N. Shepel, O. Korovchuk, T. Kochetova, T.I. Khvostunova, A.S. Zhironkina
Radical surgery is the mainstay for differentiated thyroid cancer, radioiodine therapy followed by the surgery is the “gold standard” treatment modality indicated after the surgery. Radioiodine therapy becomes practically non-alternative treatment for patients with distant metastases. How-ever, orally administered radioiodine may be also absorbed into the bloodstream and can dam-age surrounding normal organs and tissues and cause side effect. To test radioiodine therapy safety side effects of the radionuclide on somatic cells should be accurately assessed. In addi-tion, external beam radiotherapy can also damage adjacent normal organs and tissues and thereby increases radioiodine therapy side effect. It is possible to evaluate patient-specific total radiation dose with the use of cytogenetic assay of chromosome aberrations level in peripheral blood lymphocytes because some types of chromosome aberrations are specific radiation mark-ers clearly indicating that the cells have been exposed to radiation. Radiation absorbed dose can be estimated by the number of the aberrations occurrence frequency, and the value of side radia-tion dose greatly depends on a patient personality. In this case peripheral blood lymphocytes are thought of as a model of somatic and bone marrow cells. The paper present results of application of cytogenetic assay for estimating side effects caused by exposure of adjacent organs and tis-sues to external beam radiotherapy and surrounding somatic cells to radioiodine therapy. Results of statistical analysis of external beam radiotherapy related side effect contribution to the total side effect are present in the paper. The joint group of 43 patients was involved in the study, all patients received radioiodine therapy and 5 of them received also external beam radiotherapy in addition to radioiodine therapy. All patents received radioiodine therapy in the Radionuclide Therapy Department, A. Tsyb MRRC in Obninsk. Cytogenetic assay was carried out in the Radia-tion Cytogenetics Laboratory, A. Tsyb MRRC. Results of the study and examination of regularities of radioiodine therapy and external beam radiotherapy related side effects development make it evident that patients received combining radioiodine therapy and external beam radiotherapy should present special group with the treatment plan different from that for the radioiodine thera-py exposed group. Exposure to external radiation may cause not only significant overestimation but also a false-positive underestimation of the number of radiation-specific markers because of lymphocytes inhibition following exposure to high total radiation dose. Inhibition effect may be a result of overestimating multiple radioiodine therapy administrations to achieve total I-131 activity (Σact) exceeds 1200 mCi. The absolute value of the total focal radiotherapy dose is probably ir-relevant. In general, patients assigned to both radioiodine therapy and external beam radiothera-py require personalize
{"title":"Analysis of side effect in thyroid cancer patients received combined treatment with radioiodine and external beam radiotherapy","authors":"I. Khvostunov, V. Krylov, A. Rodichev, N. Shepel, O. Korovchuk, T. Kochetova, T.I. Khvostunova, A.S. Zhironkina","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-40-51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-40-51","url":null,"abstract":"Radical surgery is the mainstay for differentiated thyroid cancer, radioiodine therapy followed by the surgery is the “gold standard” treatment modality indicated after the surgery. Radioiodine therapy becomes practically non-alternative treatment for patients with distant metastases. How-ever, orally administered radioiodine may be also absorbed into the bloodstream and can dam-age surrounding normal organs and tissues and cause side effect. To test radioiodine therapy safety side effects of the radionuclide on somatic cells should be accurately assessed. In addi-tion, external beam radiotherapy can also damage adjacent normal organs and tissues and thereby increases radioiodine therapy side effect. It is possible to evaluate patient-specific total radiation dose with the use of cytogenetic assay of chromosome aberrations level in peripheral blood lymphocytes because some types of chromosome aberrations are specific radiation mark-ers clearly indicating that the cells have been exposed to radiation. Radiation absorbed dose can be estimated by the number of the aberrations occurrence frequency, and the value of side radia-tion dose greatly depends on a patient personality. In this case peripheral blood lymphocytes are thought of as a model of somatic and bone marrow cells. The paper present results of application of cytogenetic assay for estimating side effects caused by exposure of adjacent organs and tis-sues to external beam radiotherapy and surrounding somatic cells to radioiodine therapy. Results of statistical analysis of external beam radiotherapy related side effect contribution to the total side effect are present in the paper. The joint group of 43 patients was involved in the study, all patients received radioiodine therapy and 5 of them received also external beam radiotherapy in addition to radioiodine therapy. All patents received radioiodine therapy in the Radionuclide Therapy Department, A. Tsyb MRRC in Obninsk. Cytogenetic assay was carried out in the Radia-tion Cytogenetics Laboratory, A. Tsyb MRRC. Results of the study and examination of regularities of radioiodine therapy and external beam radiotherapy related side effects development make it evident that patients received combining radioiodine therapy and external beam radiotherapy should present special group with the treatment plan different from that for the radioiodine thera-py exposed group. Exposure to external radiation may cause not only significant overestimation but also a false-positive underestimation of the number of radiation-specific markers because of lymphocytes inhibition following exposure to high total radiation dose. Inhibition effect may be a result of overestimating multiple radioiodine therapy administrations to achieve total I-131 activity (Σact) exceeds 1200 mCi. The absolute value of the total focal radiotherapy dose is probably ir-relevant. In general, patients assigned to both radioiodine therapy and external beam radiothera-py require personalize","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90366622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-25-37
I. Kryshev, A. Buryakova, T. Sazykina
The current environmental situation in areas located in the “Chernobyl footprint” in Russia is con-sidered in the paper. Radiation contamination in different parts of the “footprint” varies from the maximum level in the exclusion zones to the level close to the background in areas with low level of radioactive contamination. Environmental monitoring data and calculated density of soil con-tamination with radionuclides in the vicinities of residential areas in Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula, Orel and Novgorod regions were used as reference data for assessment of radiation dose rates and ecological risks for the reference biological species: the elk (Alces alces), red-backed mouse (Myodes glareolus), the Archangel fir (Pinus sylvestris), brandling (Lumbricus terrestris), the pike (Esox lucius), and the fresh-water soldier (Stratiotes aloides). The integrated contamination index, that is the sum of ratios of registered radionuclides contamination density to the reference levels, was used as the indicator of territory radioecological safety. The calculation was made in accord-ance with the Roshydromet Recommendations R-52.18.853-2016. The highest doses to the biota and ecological risks were registered in 1986. Radiation dose rates to some vertebrates in the most contaminated districts of the Bryansk region in May 1986 exceeded ecologically safe radiation level of 1 mGy/day. Doses to reference biological species inhabited outside exclusion zones within the period of May-December 1986 were lower than the radioecological safety level. After decay of 131I and other short-lived radionuclides 137Cs became the basic contributor to the biota dose. Radiation dose rate to the terrestrials and radio-ecological safety index gradually decreased due to radionuclides physical decay over the period of 1986-2020. Current radiation doses to the terrestrials inhabited the most contaminated districts were, on average, one order below the safe radiation dose to the vertebrates, two orders below the safety radiation level to the Archangel fir and three orders be-low the safety radiation dose to the soil invertebrates. Current radiation dose rates to inhabitants of the lake of Kozhanovskoe, one of the most contaminated areas due to the radioactive fallout, current radiation dose rates to the lake fish were two orders below the safe level, radiation dose rates to algae were three orders below the safety level, however, they still are above the back-ground level. Current indices of integrated contamination in areas of the Chernobyl radioactive “footprint” are inhomogeneous. Current indices of integrated contamination in the majority of contaminates areas are dozens times and the indices in low radiation contaminated areas are hundreds times lower than ecological safety level. The highest indices occur in a number of dis-tricts of Bryansk region but they are lower than ecological safety level, however in some sites in exclusion zones the indices exceed the ecological safety level. The
{"title":"Assessment of radioecological situation in the areas of the “Chernobyl footprint” in Russia (1986-2020)","authors":"I. Kryshev, A. Buryakova, T. Sazykina","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-25-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-25-37","url":null,"abstract":"The current environmental situation in areas located in the “Chernobyl footprint” in Russia is con-sidered in the paper. Radiation contamination in different parts of the “footprint” varies from the maximum level in the exclusion zones to the level close to the background in areas with low level of radioactive contamination. Environmental monitoring data and calculated density of soil con-tamination with radionuclides in the vicinities of residential areas in Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula, Orel and Novgorod regions were used as reference data for assessment of radiation dose rates and ecological risks for the reference biological species: the elk (Alces alces), red-backed mouse (Myodes glareolus), the Archangel fir (Pinus sylvestris), brandling (Lumbricus terrestris), the pike (Esox lucius), and the fresh-water soldier (Stratiotes aloides). The integrated contamination index, that is the sum of ratios of registered radionuclides contamination density to the reference levels, was used as the indicator of territory radioecological safety. The calculation was made in accord-ance with the Roshydromet Recommendations R-52.18.853-2016. The highest doses to the biota and ecological risks were registered in 1986. Radiation dose rates to some vertebrates in the most contaminated districts of the Bryansk region in May 1986 exceeded ecologically safe radiation level of 1 mGy/day. Doses to reference biological species inhabited outside exclusion zones within the period of May-December 1986 were lower than the radioecological safety level. After decay of 131I and other short-lived radionuclides 137Cs became the basic contributor to the biota dose. Radiation dose rate to the terrestrials and radio-ecological safety index gradually decreased due to radionuclides physical decay over the period of 1986-2020. Current radiation doses to the terrestrials inhabited the most contaminated districts were, on average, one order below the safe radiation dose to the vertebrates, two orders below the safety radiation level to the Archangel fir and three orders be-low the safety radiation dose to the soil invertebrates. Current radiation dose rates to inhabitants of the lake of Kozhanovskoe, one of the most contaminated areas due to the radioactive fallout, current radiation dose rates to the lake fish were two orders below the safe level, radiation dose rates to algae were three orders below the safety level, however, they still are above the back-ground level. Current indices of integrated contamination in areas of the Chernobyl radioactive “footprint” are inhomogeneous. Current indices of integrated contamination in the majority of contaminates areas are dozens times and the indices in low radiation contaminated areas are hundreds times lower than ecological safety level. The highest indices occur in a number of dis-tricts of Bryansk region but they are lower than ecological safety level, however in some sites in exclusion zones the indices exceed the ecological safety level. The","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75415836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-62-76
V. Ivanov, A. Lopatkin, A. Menyajlo, E. V. Spirin, S. Chekin, S. Lovachev, A. M. Korelo, V. Solomatin
The Russian Government approved the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation (Government Decree No.1523-r of June 9, 2020). The Strategy envisages the use of both thermal (TR) and fast (FR) reactors. The Strategy points out that the problems of nuclear power are associated with po-tential high expenses for irradiated fuel and radioactive wastes management. The previously de-signed model of the Russian nuclear energy development suggested that fast reactors only would operate at NPPs after 2010. Radiological equivalence, expressed as the equivalence of lifetime radiation risks to the public from radioactive wastes and from primary uranium ore, was shown to be achieved after 100-year storage. The burnup of 241Am, 237Np и 242Сm in closed nu-clear fuel cycle with fast reactors is a key part in the achievability of radiation risks equivalence. Scenarios of the Russian nuclear energy development through to 2100 with account of uncertain-ty factors in the measurement of contribution of fast and thermal reactors to the electric energy production are considered in the paper. The following three scenarios were developed: uncer-tainty is replaced by FRs; uncertainty is replaced by TRs; 50 per cent of FRs and 50 per cent of TRs replace uncertainty. If the energy is produced by fast reactors only (scenario 1) radiological equivalence was found to be achieved in 412 years. In two other scenarios radiological equiva-lence will be achieved after more than 1000 years. Contribution of main dose-forming radionu-clides and relevant ratios of potential biological hazards is included in models regardless of whether uncertainty in nuclear energy development is taking or not taking into account. Results of the study of conditions for radiological equivalence achievement should be used for amending Strategic plan of Russian nuclear power development through to 2100 that meets requirements of radiation ecology and radiation protection of the public.
{"title":"Achievability of radiological equivalence associated with closed nuclear fuel cycle with fast reactors: impact of uncertainty factors in scenarios of Russian nuclear power development through to 2100. Part 1. Fast and thermal reactors","authors":"V. Ivanov, A. Lopatkin, A. Menyajlo, E. V. Spirin, S. Chekin, S. Lovachev, A. M. Korelo, V. Solomatin","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-62-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-62-76","url":null,"abstract":"The Russian Government approved the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation (Government Decree No.1523-r of June 9, 2020). The Strategy envisages the use of both thermal (TR) and fast (FR) reactors. The Strategy points out that the problems of nuclear power are associated with po-tential high expenses for irradiated fuel and radioactive wastes management. The previously de-signed model of the Russian nuclear energy development suggested that fast reactors only would operate at NPPs after 2010. Radiological equivalence, expressed as the equivalence of lifetime radiation risks to the public from radioactive wastes and from primary uranium ore, was shown to be achieved after 100-year storage. The burnup of 241Am, 237Np и 242Сm in closed nu-clear fuel cycle with fast reactors is a key part in the achievability of radiation risks equivalence. Scenarios of the Russian nuclear energy development through to 2100 with account of uncertain-ty factors in the measurement of contribution of fast and thermal reactors to the electric energy production are considered in the paper. The following three scenarios were developed: uncer-tainty is replaced by FRs; uncertainty is replaced by TRs; 50 per cent of FRs and 50 per cent of TRs replace uncertainty. If the energy is produced by fast reactors only (scenario 1) radiological equivalence was found to be achieved in 412 years. In two other scenarios radiological equiva-lence will be achieved after more than 1000 years. Contribution of main dose-forming radionu-clides and relevant ratios of potential biological hazards is included in models regardless of whether uncertainty in nuclear energy development is taking or not taking into account. Results of the study of conditions for radiological equivalence achievement should be used for amending Strategic plan of Russian nuclear power development through to 2100 that meets requirements of radiation ecology and radiation protection of the public.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77331525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-3-21-31
V. A. Miarzlova
The nuclear accident at the Chernobyl NPP caused radioactive contamination of large areas of agricultural lands in the Republic of Belarus; 265 thousand hectares of the lands were withdrawn from agricultural turnover. Later 75% of these lands were transferred to forestry enterprises and environmental protection organizations. According to ecological and economic assessments of the feasibility of returning the retiring land in the Mogilev region to full economic activity based on the outcomes of comprehensive inventory of 2014-2016 only 23% of the land areas could be re-stored. At the same time, due to the irreversible radioactive decay it is possible to assess future positive changes in radiological situation and the possibility of recovering of the land, previously recognized as radioactively dangerous, and returning into the agricultural use. The issues con-sidered in the article aim at the assessment of the future changes in the levels of radiation con-tamination of local areas and shows the prospects for their further arable and meadow use.
{"title":"Assessment of the feasibility of returning Chernobyl-affected radioactively contaminated agricultural lands in the Mogilev region of Belarus to agricultural cycle","authors":"V. A. Miarzlova","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-3-21-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-3-21-31","url":null,"abstract":"The nuclear accident at the Chernobyl NPP caused radioactive contamination of large areas of agricultural lands in the Republic of Belarus; 265 thousand hectares of the lands were withdrawn from agricultural turnover. Later 75% of these lands were transferred to forestry enterprises and environmental protection organizations. According to ecological and economic assessments of the feasibility of returning the retiring land in the Mogilev region to full economic activity based on the outcomes of comprehensive inventory of 2014-2016 only 23% of the land areas could be re-stored. At the same time, due to the irreversible radioactive decay it is possible to assess future positive changes in radiological situation and the possibility of recovering of the land, previously recognized as radioactively dangerous, and returning into the agricultural use. The issues con-sidered in the article aim at the assessment of the future changes in the levels of radiation con-tamination of local areas and shows the prospects for their further arable and meadow use.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80362682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-52-60
P. Kuptsova, G. Zhurakovskaya, S. Belkina
Modification of the action of ionizing radiation by chemicals, used both to enhance its action and to weaken it’s known and is widely used in medical radiology. The article presents a comparative analysis of the modifying properties of three chemical radioprotectors (cysteamine, cysteine and cysteamine) when they are simultaneously act with to gama-rays, alpha-particles and ultraviolet radiation on yeast cells. The aim of the study was to compare the features of the manifestation of the properties of chemicals in relation to the protection of cells from UV-like damage when exposed to ionizing radiation or from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. It was demonstrated that the cysteamine protects cells both from the damaging effects of gama-rays and from ultraviolet radiation, unlike cysteamine and cysteine, which protect cells exclusively from the effects of ionizing radiation. Moreover, cystamine does not change the effect of alpha-particles, which have a high ionization density of the substance, but practically do not cause excitation processes in biological objects. The obtained data indicate that cystamine realizes its protective properties against damage caused by ultraviolet radiation and UV-like damage resulting from the action of gama-rays due to the excitation of molecules or, more precisely, the ultraviolet component of Vavilov-Cherenkov luminescence accompanying the action of ionizing radiation.
{"title":"Features of modifying properties of chemicals under the action of radiation of different quality: UV light, gamma-radiation and alfa-particles","authors":"P. Kuptsova, G. Zhurakovskaya, S. Belkina","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-52-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-52-60","url":null,"abstract":"Modification of the action of ionizing radiation by chemicals, used both to enhance its action and to weaken it’s known and is widely used in medical radiology. The article presents a comparative analysis of the modifying properties of three chemical radioprotectors (cysteamine, cysteine and cysteamine) when they are simultaneously act with to gama-rays, alpha-particles and ultraviolet radiation on yeast cells. The aim of the study was to compare the features of the manifestation of the properties of chemicals in relation to the protection of cells from UV-like damage when exposed to ionizing radiation or from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. It was demonstrated that the cysteamine protects cells both from the damaging effects of gama-rays and from ultraviolet radiation, unlike cysteamine and cysteine, which protect cells exclusively from the effects of ionizing radiation. Moreover, cystamine does not change the effect of alpha-particles, which have a high ionization density of the substance, but practically do not cause excitation processes in biological objects. The obtained data indicate that cystamine realizes its protective properties against damage caused by ultraviolet radiation and UV-like damage resulting from the action of gama-rays due to the excitation of molecules or, more precisely, the ultraviolet component of Vavilov-Cherenkov luminescence accompanying the action of ionizing radiation.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82916859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-131-142
E. Prosyannikov, L. A. Zvereva, A. L. Silaev
The changes in the density of pollution Cs-137 of arable land, hayfields and pastures in the south-west of the Bryansk region are considered. It is noted that the cleansing process is slow, so reha-bilitation measures are the main way to reduce the specific activity of the radionuclide in crop and feed production. The paper presents algorithm of calculation. Economic efficiency of agrotech-nical and agrochemical rehabilitation of arable land is estimated on results of stationary field ex-periments. The most economically expedient rehabilitation measures for various soils and densi-ties of radioactive contamination are established: 1) soil sod-podzolic sand, contamination densi-ty 137Cs 871 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation barley, clover, corn, winter rye, oats application of lime flour in a dose of 2.1 t/ha + NPK; 2) sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, contamination density Cs-137 2516 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation winter rye, potatoes, barley + perennial grasses, clover + timofeevka of the first year of use, clover + timofeevka of the second year of use introduction of phosphorite flour in a dose of 288 kg/ha + NPK; 3) sod-podzolic soil light loamy, contamination density Cs-137 901 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation potatoes, barley, corn, oats + perennial grasses, clover + timofeev-ka of the first year of use, clover + timofeevka of the second year of use, winter rye application of one-and-a-half doses of phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizer in combination with one dose of nitrogen mineral fertilizer (NP1,5K1,5); 4) sod-podzolic soil is light loamy, contamination density Cs-137 1224 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation potatoes, barley, corn, oats + perennial grasses, clover + timofeevka of the first year of use, clover + timofeevka of the second year of use, application of dolomite flour in a dose of 3 t/ha + manure 120 t/ha + K600. For natural meadows, where rehabili-tation measures are not used, an adaptive method of agroecological use is proposed. With a con-tamination density of Cs-137 of more than 185 kBq/m2, it is advisable to harvest a green mass of canary grass stands in the central parts of the floodpubs, which accumulate less radionuclide, grazing animals along the otava is prohibited in order to protect them from radioactive substanc-es that may enter their body with sod and shallow soil. In “near the river bed” and “near terrace” parts of the waterprays, where grass stands accumulate much more Cs-137, grazing of animals is prohibited.
{"title":"35 years after the Chernobyl accident – do we need rehabilitation measures on agricultural land?","authors":"E. Prosyannikov, L. A. Zvereva, A. L. Silaev","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-131-142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-131-142","url":null,"abstract":"The changes in the density of pollution Cs-137 of arable land, hayfields and pastures in the south-west of the Bryansk region are considered. It is noted that the cleansing process is slow, so reha-bilitation measures are the main way to reduce the specific activity of the radionuclide in crop and feed production. The paper presents algorithm of calculation. Economic efficiency of agrotech-nical and agrochemical rehabilitation of arable land is estimated on results of stationary field ex-periments. The most economically expedient rehabilitation measures for various soils and densi-ties of radioactive contamination are established: 1) soil sod-podzolic sand, contamination densi-ty 137Cs 871 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation barley, clover, corn, winter rye, oats application of lime flour in a dose of 2.1 t/ha + NPK; 2) sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, contamination density Cs-137 2516 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation winter rye, potatoes, barley + perennial grasses, clover + timofeevka of the first year of use, clover + timofeevka of the second year of use introduction of phosphorite flour in a dose of 288 kg/ha + NPK; 3) sod-podzolic soil light loamy, contamination density Cs-137 901 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation potatoes, barley, corn, oats + perennial grasses, clover + timofeev-ka of the first year of use, clover + timofeevka of the second year of use, winter rye application of one-and-a-half doses of phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizer in combination with one dose of nitrogen mineral fertilizer (NP1,5K1,5); 4) sod-podzolic soil is light loamy, contamination density Cs-137 1224 kBq/m2 – in crop rotation potatoes, barley, corn, oats + perennial grasses, clover + timofeevka of the first year of use, clover + timofeevka of the second year of use, application of dolomite flour in a dose of 3 t/ha + manure 120 t/ha + K600. For natural meadows, where rehabili-tation measures are not used, an adaptive method of agroecological use is proposed. With a con-tamination density of Cs-137 of more than 185 kBq/m2, it is advisable to harvest a green mass of canary grass stands in the central parts of the floodpubs, which accumulate less radionuclide, grazing animals along the otava is prohibited in order to protect them from radioactive substanc-es that may enter their body with sod and shallow soil. In “near the river bed” and “near terrace” parts of the waterprays, where grass stands accumulate much more Cs-137, grazing of animals is prohibited.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81496019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-89-100
V. Kuznetsov, P. N. Tsygvintsev, N. Sanzharova, A. Panov
The paper presents results of long-term monitoring of radioecological situation in the area sur-rounding the Leningrad NPP (LNPP), that covers the periods before the Chernobyl accident (1980-1985), during and immediately after the accident (1986-1992) and the late period (2013-2014). After the Chernobyl accident the enhanced radioactivity level in the environment including soil and vegetation was registered in the area surrounded the Leningrad NPP. Several test points for sampling were selected inside the 30-km zone around the LNPP. Before the accident, in 1985, 137Cs soil contamination density was 3 kBq/m2; immediately after the accident, in 1986, the contamination density increased by 10 fold. In the late period, in 2013, the 137Cs soil contamina-tion density reduced significantly, however it exceeded the levels registered in 1985 by 2.6-7.3 times. 90Sr soil contamination density was 1.4-1.6 kBq/m2 both before and after the accident (1985-1992). The presence of artificial radionuclides in agricultural produce before 1985 was caused by global radioactive fall-outs, however no radionuclides emissions from the Leningrad NPP were registered. Average 137Cs content in grain and intertilled crops exceeded their content before 1986 by 19-44 times; the high content was associated with the contamination of the vege-tation by airway. The 137Cs content in agricultural produce is still higher than the level registered before the Chernobyl accident by 1.4-2.1 times, but the current levels are many times less than the current acceptable level. The levels exceeding the acceptable magnitude are found in wild berries only, that grow in some swampland with 137Cs soil contamination density of 3-9 kBq/m2 near the LNPP. Dynamics of transfer factors of 90Sr and 137Cs from soil to agricultural produce in the LNPP area was evaluated. The soil properties and the Chernobyl fall-out are shown to affect the factor magnitude. Presented data demonstrate that the Leningrad NPP operating in the standard way does not influence strongly on radiological situation in the 30-km zone around the NPP.
{"title":"Radioecological monitoring of the area surrounding the Leningrad NPP: results evaluation","authors":"V. Kuznetsov, P. N. Tsygvintsev, N. Sanzharova, A. Panov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-89-100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-89-100","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results of long-term monitoring of radioecological situation in the area sur-rounding the Leningrad NPP (LNPP), that covers the periods before the Chernobyl accident (1980-1985), during and immediately after the accident (1986-1992) and the late period (2013-2014). After the Chernobyl accident the enhanced radioactivity level in the environment including soil and vegetation was registered in the area surrounded the Leningrad NPP. Several test points for sampling were selected inside the 30-km zone around the LNPP. Before the accident, in 1985, 137Cs soil contamination density was 3 kBq/m2; immediately after the accident, in 1986, the contamination density increased by 10 fold. In the late period, in 2013, the 137Cs soil contamina-tion density reduced significantly, however it exceeded the levels registered in 1985 by 2.6-7.3 times. 90Sr soil contamination density was 1.4-1.6 kBq/m2 both before and after the accident (1985-1992). The presence of artificial radionuclides in agricultural produce before 1985 was caused by global radioactive fall-outs, however no radionuclides emissions from the Leningrad NPP were registered. Average 137Cs content in grain and intertilled crops exceeded their content before 1986 by 19-44 times; the high content was associated with the contamination of the vege-tation by airway. The 137Cs content in agricultural produce is still higher than the level registered before the Chernobyl accident by 1.4-2.1 times, but the current levels are many times less than the current acceptable level. The levels exceeding the acceptable magnitude are found in wild berries only, that grow in some swampland with 137Cs soil contamination density of 3-9 kBq/m2 near the LNPP. Dynamics of transfer factors of 90Sr and 137Cs from soil to agricultural produce in the LNPP area was evaluated. The soil properties and the Chernobyl fall-out are shown to affect the factor magnitude. Presented data demonstrate that the Leningrad NPP operating in the standard way does not influence strongly on radiological situation in the 30-km zone around the NPP.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78747114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-117-130
V. A. Panteleev, M. D. Segal, A. E. Pimenov
The paper considers the current state in the field of level 3 probabilistic safety assessment (PSA Level 3) of nuclear facilities. The issues on rationing individual and social risks in various indus-tries and practice of legislative control in some countries are examined. Some attention is paid to the identification of acceptable risk level and features of radiation risk perception. The paper ad-dresses possibilities of use of PSA Level 3 methodology for radiation risk assessment. We pro-pose a practical approach to quantify specific features that may affect individual, collective and social radiation-associated cancer risks at the initial stage of severe radiation accidents at nuclear power plants. PSA Level 3 capacities are demonstrated on the example of individual and social radiation risks assessment at the initial stage of a severe accident at a model nuclear power plant. When performing numerical simulations of the consequences of the accident of such type with the program developed at the Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the nuclide composition of the emission is similar to one of the emissions during the Fukushima accident, and the distribution of population density and weather conditions correspond to real values in Fukushima Prefecture. We evaluated the effectiveness of various options for protective countermeasures based on the results of risk assessments. We have shown that the PSA Level 3 methodology allows us to obtain information about the risks associated with accidents at nuclear facilities in the form of standard risk-informative safety management methods. This will strength-en scientific and technical support for the processes of interaction with experts, decision-makers, the media and the public in making a wide range of decisions in the event of a threat, occurrence and elimination of the consequences of an emergency with a radiation factor.
{"title":"Radiation risk and level 3 probability safety assessment of nuclear facilities","authors":"V. A. Panteleev, M. D. Segal, A. E. Pimenov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-117-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-4-117-130","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the current state in the field of level 3 probabilistic safety assessment (PSA Level 3) of nuclear facilities. The issues on rationing individual and social risks in various indus-tries and practice of legislative control in some countries are examined. Some attention is paid to the identification of acceptable risk level and features of radiation risk perception. The paper ad-dresses possibilities of use of PSA Level 3 methodology for radiation risk assessment. We pro-pose a practical approach to quantify specific features that may affect individual, collective and social radiation-associated cancer risks at the initial stage of severe radiation accidents at nuclear power plants. PSA Level 3 capacities are demonstrated on the example of individual and social radiation risks assessment at the initial stage of a severe accident at a model nuclear power plant. When performing numerical simulations of the consequences of the accident of such type with the program developed at the Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the nuclide composition of the emission is similar to one of the emissions during the Fukushima accident, and the distribution of population density and weather conditions correspond to real values in Fukushima Prefecture. We evaluated the effectiveness of various options for protective countermeasures based on the results of risk assessments. We have shown that the PSA Level 3 methodology allows us to obtain information about the risks associated with accidents at nuclear facilities in the form of standard risk-informative safety management methods. This will strength-en scientific and technical support for the processes of interaction with experts, decision-makers, the media and the public in making a wide range of decisions in the event of a threat, occurrence and elimination of the consequences of an emergency with a radiation factor.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72977426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-3-134-148
I. Kogarko, A. Akleev, V. Petushkova, Е.А. Neyfakh, B. Kogarko, O. V. Ktitorova, I. Ganeev
The paper summarizes results of medical examination of two groups of patients, the public members resided in high natural background radiation areas and occupationally irradiated nu-clear and health workers. Adaptive response to chronic exposure to radiation was found to last much time and, thus, its impact on the development of late health effects, including cancer, may be great. In vitro studies demonstrate that induction of adaptive response is the multistep process including the excision reparation of nucleotides, nonhomologous DNA ends joining, antioxidative system and cell cycle control factors. The review presents data on effects of low doses radiation of high or low relative radiation effectiveness(RBE). Some damaged peripheral blood lympho-cytes demonstrated increased radioresistance to high radiation doses, results of examinations of both the public members and professionals.
{"title":"Induction of adaptive response to chronic environmental and occupational exposure to radiation","authors":"I. Kogarko, A. Akleev, V. Petushkova, Е.А. Neyfakh, B. Kogarko, O. V. Ktitorova, I. Ganeev","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-3-134-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-3-134-148","url":null,"abstract":"The paper summarizes results of medical examination of two groups of patients, the public members resided in high natural background radiation areas and occupationally irradiated nu-clear and health workers. Adaptive response to chronic exposure to radiation was found to last much time and, thus, its impact on the development of late health effects, including cancer, may be great. In vitro studies demonstrate that induction of adaptive response is the multistep process including the excision reparation of nucleotides, nonhomologous DNA ends joining, antioxidative system and cell cycle control factors. The review presents data on effects of low doses radiation of high or low relative radiation effectiveness(RBE). Some damaged peripheral blood lympho-cytes demonstrated increased radioresistance to high radiation doses, results of examinations of both the public members and professionals.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74909382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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