化学最新文献

Occupation-based practice (OBP) is considered a cornerstone of occupational therapy practice. However, there is no consensus-based definition of OBP, let alone agreement on its mediators across practice settings. To describe how OBP is currently conceptualized and enacted across different practice settings, a descriptive qualitative approach of focus groups and elicitation of visual data (e.g., photographs, video recordings) was used with 65 participants. Multiple rounds of qualitative data analysis were used to identify codes and themes. Three themes were identified: (a) contextual factors of OBP, (b) client status, and (c) temporal characteristics of OBP. OBP is influenced by institutional, historical, and temporal aspects of practice settings, with further exploration needed across different practice settings and occupational therapy pedagogy styles. Considering the influence of contextual aspects may support occupational therapy practitioners and researchers' efforts to support their advocacy for occupation as a foundational concept in the profession.

Objective: This study aimed to survey the practice of palliative sedation in Portugal, where data on this subject were lacking. Methods: This was a prospective multicentric study that included all patients admitted to each team that agreed to participate. Patients were followed until death, discharge, or after 3 months of follow-up. Results: The study included 8 teams: 4 as palliative care units (PCU), 1 as a hospital palliative care team (HPCT), 2 as home care (HC), and 1 as HPCT and HC. Of the 361 patients enrolled, 52% were male, the median age was 76 years, and 285 (79%) had cancer. Continuous sedation was undergone by 49 (14%) patients: 26 (53%) were male, and the median age was 76. Most patients, 46 (94%), had an oncological diagnosis. Only in a minority of cases, the family, 16 (33%), or the patient, 5 (10%), participated in the decision to sedate. Delirium was the most frequent symptom leading to sedation. The medication most used was midazolam (65%). In the multivariable analysis, only age and the combined score were independently associated with sedation; patients <76 years and those with higher levels of suffering had a higher probability of being sedated. Conclusions: The practice of continuous palliative sedation in Portugal is within the range reported in other studies. One particularly relevant point was the low participation of patients and their families in the decision-making process. Each team must have a deep discussion on this aspect.

Ferrous ion (Fe²⁺) can indicate the redox situation of water and also plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of water bodies. However, due to the redox-active property of Fe²⁺, it is still a huge challenge to sensitively and accurately determine Fe²⁺ especially in interstitial water. Herein, we prepared a ferrozine gel rod for valence fixation during sampling and subsequent smartphone-based detection of Fe²⁺. The electrode potential of the redox pair can be varied through the formation of Fe²⁺-ligand complexes, and when E_complex was higher than [Formula: see text] , the oxidation of Fe²⁺ by O₂ was hindered, thus achieving the valence fixation of Fe²⁺. Six ligands were screened, and it was found that ferrozine could effectively increase the redox potential after complexing with Fe²⁺, and also exhibits an obvious color change while fixing the valence of Fe²⁺. To facilitate Fe²⁺ detection, a cross-linked porous polymer gel rod prepared by acrylamide and sodium alginate was used to encapsulate the ferrozine molecules. The ferrozine gel rod enabled fixation the valence of Fe²⁺ longer than 30 days, and the resulted purple-red color was pictured and analyzed by a smartphone. Ultimately, the developed ferrozine gel rod sensing system was able to achieve sensitive and linear detection of Fe²⁺ in the range of 1-200 μM with the limit of detection as low as 0.33 μM, and it also exhibited excellent selectivity and anti-interference ability. The accuracy and reliability of the method was verified by the determination of Fe²⁺ in spiked water samples and certified standard reference water samples. Finally, the ferrozine gel rod sensing system was successfully applied to in-situ detection of Fe²⁺ in interstitial water, overlying water and upper water of lake and river. This facile system that enabled valence fixation and fast detection is promising for detection of Fe²⁺ in environmental waters.

Over half of women in the United States report urinary incontinence (UI). This condition can be treated conservatively, but many people do not seek treatment. The current correlational study assessed women's knowledge of UI. Specifically, we investigated the relationships between knowledge level about UI and quality of life (QoL), and between severity level of UI and QoL. A convenience cross-sectional sample of 39 older women was obtained from two YMCA locations. Data were analyzed using the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. A significant relationship was found between severity of UI and QoL, r_s = -.73, p < .001; no relationship was found between knowledge level of UI and QoL, r_s = .24, p = .13. Results suggested women's knowledge about the causes of UI and conservative therapy is limited. Occupational therapists need to address UI with their patients and educate them about treatment options and availability.

This study aimed to examine the consequences of COVID-19 socialization restrictions on familial and social support systems of older Middle Eastern/Arab immigrants in Michigan, home to the largest, most visible concentration of Middle Eastern/Arab Americans in the United States. Six focus group (N = 45) interviews were conducted with Middle Eastern/Arab American immigrants aged 60 and older to assess difficulties faced during the pandemic as it related to familial, social, and medical care. Inductive analysis identified two major themes to advance meanings of intergenerational relations among older immigrants (a) the breakdown of family relations, which describes a shift in both the experience and expectations of intergenerational relations in Middle Eastern/Arab families; and (b) cultural sources of increased stress, illustrating how the pandemic interfered with valued family interactions to affect well-being. These findings indicated social and cultural sources of heightened stress linked to shifts in intergenerational relations among Middle Eastern/Arab American older immigrants.

An ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor is constructed by electrostatically adsorbing negatively charged hourglass-shape Cu-Polyoxometalate (POM) onto a positively charged CoO nanowires modified carbon cloth. The petaloid CoO nanowires have a large specific surface area that can well disperse open-structured Cu-POM to form Cu-POM@CoONWs@CC, which can maximumly expose catalytic active centers (Co²⁺ and Cu²⁺) and accelerate mass/charge transfer. In addition to the above advantages, the excellent electron exchange ability of Cu-POM and good conductivity of CoONWs@CC endow the sensor with good detection capability to H₂O₂ including a linear detection range of 0.05-1.4 μA μM^-1, a low detection limit of 0.022 μM, high sensitivity of 110.48 μA μM^-1, good selectivity and long-term stability. Due to the fast transformation of superoxide anion (O₂^∙-) to H₂O₂, the sensor can indirectly monitor the electron leakage resulting in the formation of O₂^∙- via detecting H₂O₂. Afterwards, Hela cell mitochondria were extracted from the living cells that cultured with different mitochondrial inhibitors and the release of O₂^∙- from the corresponding mitochondrial complexes was monitored by the sensor. Through comparing the current signals, we determined that complex I is probably the main electron leakage site. This work could provide meaningful information for the diagnosis of certain oxidative stress diseases.

Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is commonly used as an alternative for demonstrating to detect sarin, which is one of the most toxic but odorless chemical nerve agents. Among various types of DMMP sensors, those utilizing surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology provide notable advantages such as wireless/passive monitoring, digital output, and a compact, portable design. However, key challenges for SAW-based DMMP sensors operated at room temperature lies in simultaneous enhancement of sensitivities and reduction of detection limits. In this study, we developed a binary material strategy by combining reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and tin disulfide (SnS₂) with (100)-facets orientation as sensing layers of SAW device for DMMP detection utilized at room temperature. Ultraviolet (UV) light was applied to activate the sensitive film and reduce the sensor's response time. The developed SAW DMMP sensor demonstrated a superior sensitivity (-1298.82 Hz/ppm), a low detection limit of 50 ppb, and a hysteresis below 1.5%, along with fast response/recovery time (39.2 s/28.4 s), excellent selectivity, long-term stability and repeatability. The formation of shrub-like rGO-SnS₂ heterojunctions with abundant surface defects and large specific surface areas, high-energy (100) crystalline surfaces of SnS₂, and photogenerated carriers generated by UV irradiation were pinpointed as the crucial sensing mechanisms. These factors collectively enhanced adsorption and reaction dynamics of DMMP molecules.

The purpose of this study was to understand the occupational performance of parents with cancer and to understand if photo-elicitation would provide new insights into these experiences. In a semi-structured photo-elicitation interview, 36 participants living with and beyond cancer who had children under 18 years old shared and discussed photographs related to their parenting experiences. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Two main themes were identified. Parents shared how they (a) managed daily responsibilities and (b) maintained connection with their family. Across all types, stages and phases of the cancer continuum parents shared experiences related to maintaining child and family responsibilities and maintaining connection with their children. Photo-elicitation was an efficient and effective method to gather rich data from parents living with cancer. The results emphasize the clinical utility of using photo-elicitation to understand the occupational performance of parents throughout the cancer continuum of care.

Objective(s): Unmet needs of relatives of patients with advanced cancer not only reduce their own health-related quality of life, but may also negatively affect patients' health outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess changes in relatives' unmet needs of patients with advanced cancer in the last year of life and to identify differences in unmet needs by gender and type of relationship. Methods: Relatives of patients with advanced cancer in the Netherlands were included in a prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Relatives' unmet needs were measured every 3 months with an adapted version of the Problems and Needs in Palliative Care (PNPC) questionnaire Caregiver form (44 items, 12 domains). Questionnaires completed in the patients' last year of life were analyzed. Change of unmet needs in the last year, and differences in unmet needs by gender and type of relationship were analyzed. Results: A total of 409 relatives were included with a median of 4 unmet needs in the patient's last year. Unmet needs were most prevalent at all time points during the last year in the domains "caring for the patient" (highest need = 35%) and "psychological issues" (highest need = 40%). The number of unmet needs of relatives did not change significantly during the last year of life (P=.807). There were no significant differences in the number of unmet needs between male and female partners and between partners and other relatives. Conclusion: The most unmet needs for relatives were in the domains "caring for the patient" and "psychological issues." Professional support should focus on these items. Within these domains, it seems especially important that relatives get more knowledge and support about what scenarios to expect and how to deal with them.

Rapid and selective separation, enrichment and detection of trace residue all-in-one in complex samples is a major challenge. Hydrogels with molecular sieve properties can selectively separate and enrich target analytes, and the combination with high sensitivity detection of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is expected to achieve the above all-in-one detection. Herein, the core-shell structured Au@poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-phenylboronic acid hydrogel (Au@PNIP-VBA) with boronic acid ester groups was prepared by thermally initiated polymerization. The boronic acid ester groups in hydrogel are selectively hydrolyzed by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to hydroxyl structures, leading to a reduction in SERS signals. The Au@PNIP-VBA hydrogel has molecular sieve properties and high SERS activity, making it suitable for separation, enrichment, hydrolysis and detection of H₂O₂ all-in-one. A rapid SERS method was developed for analysis of H₂O₂ based on the Au@PNIP-VBA hydrogel with the linear range of 8.5 × 10^-2-6.8 mg L^-1 and the detection limit of 33 μg L^-1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of H₂O₂ residue in fresh milk, pure milk, yogurt and camel milk, with the recoveries were in the range of 82.2%-109.3% and the relative standard deviations were 2.8%-8.3%. This efficient all-in-one strategy has the advantages of simple sample pre-treatment, rapid analysis (30 min) and high sensitivity, making it highly promising for food quality and safety analysis.