Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.034
Fei Tao , Yilin Li , Yupeng Wei , Chenyuan Zhang , Ying Zuo
As pivotal supporting technologies for smart manufacturing and digital engineering, model-based and data-driven methods have been widely applied in many industrial fields, such as product design, process monitoring, and smart maintenance. While promising, both methods have issues that need to be addressed. For example, model-based methods are limited by low computational accuracy and a high computational burden, and data-driven methods always suffer from poor interpretability and redundant features. To address these issues, the concept of data–model fusion (DMF) emerges as a promising solution. DMF involves integrating model-based methods with data-driven methods by incorporating big data into model-based methods or embedding relevant domain knowledge into data-driven methods. Despite growing efforts in the field of DMF, a unanimous definition of DMF remains elusive, and a general framework of DMF has been rarely discussed. This paper aims to address this gap by providing a thorough overview and categorization of both data-driven methods and model-based methods. Subsequently, this paper also presents the definition and categorization of DMF and discusses the general framework of DMF. Moreover, the primary seven applications of DMF are reviewed within the context of smart manufacturing and digital engineering. Finally, this paper directs the future directions of DMF.
{"title":"Data–Model Fusion Methods and Applications Toward Smart Manufacturing and Digital Engineering","authors":"Fei Tao , Yilin Li , Yupeng Wei , Chenyuan Zhang , Ying Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As pivotal supporting technologies for smart manufacturing and digital engineering, model-based and data-driven methods have been widely applied in many industrial fields, such as product design, process monitoring, and smart maintenance. While promising, both methods have issues that need to be addressed. For example, model-based methods are limited by low computational accuracy and a high computational burden, and data-driven methods always suffer from poor interpretability and redundant features. To address these issues, the concept of data–model fusion (DMF) emerges as a promising solution. DMF involves integrating model-based methods with data-driven methods by incorporating big data into model-based methods or embedding relevant domain knowledge into data-driven methods. Despite growing efforts in the field of DMF, a unanimous definition of DMF remains elusive, and a general framework of DMF has been rarely discussed. This paper aims to address this gap by providing a thorough overview and categorization of both data-driven methods and model-based methods. Subsequently, this paper also presents the definition and categorization of DMF and discusses the general framework of DMF. Moreover, the primary seven applications of DMF are reviewed within the context of smart manufacturing and digital engineering. Finally, this paper directs the future directions of DMF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 36-50"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.019
Wei Zhou, Yue Gao
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) represent a rich resource for innovative drug discovery. However, their complex mechanisms of action, stemming from their multicomponent, multitarget interactions, have hindered CHM-based drug research and development (R&D), especially given the current dominance of target-based drug discovery (TDD). Recent advances in microphysiological systems and large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) models have driven the iterative optimization of TDD and revied interest in and the application of phenotypic drug discovery (PDD). Given the complex nature of CHMs, PDD offers a potential advantage: complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes can be bypassed to screen potential active compounds in an end-to-end manner. Furthermore, PDD can assist in identifying potential drug targets from the CHM “black box”, thereby facilitating subsequent target- based rediscovery. Therefore, we integrate the principles of PDD with TDD technologies to propose a high-throughput phenotype–target coupled drug screening (PTDS) framework. This approach may enable both the precise elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms and the accelerated discovery of first-in-class drugs derived from CHMs.
{"title":"Phenotype–Target Coupled Drug Screening: A High-Efficiency Framework for Innovative Drug Discovery from CHMs","authors":"Wei Zhou, Yue Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.019","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) represent a rich resource for innovative drug discovery. However, their complex mechanisms of action, stemming from their multicomponent, multitarget interactions, have hindered CHM-based drug research and development (R&D), especially given the current dominance of target-based drug discovery (TDD). Recent advances in microphysiological systems and large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) models have driven the iterative optimization of TDD and revied interest in and the application of phenotypic drug discovery (PDD). Given the complex nature of CHMs, PDD offers a potential advantage: complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes can be bypassed to screen potential active compounds in an end-to-end manner. Furthermore, PDD can assist in identifying potential drug targets from the CHM “black box”, thereby facilitating subsequent target- based rediscovery. Therefore, we integrate the principles of PDD with TDD technologies to propose a high-throughput phenotype–target coupled drug screening (PTDS) framework. This approach may enable both the precise elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms and the accelerated discovery of first-in-class drugs derived from CHMs.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.018
Elisabeth Shrimpton, Nazmiye Balta-Ozkan
Hydrogen has the potential to support the transition to low carbon energy systems if engineering systems can advance to meet the challenges of production, storage and use at scale. Engineering, science and technology (EST) continues to have a pivotal role in meeting those challenges and in developing new hydrogen ecosystems. However, technological advance is not enough and with innovations of this scale come greater issues of risk and risk management. An aspect of risk management is the availability of suitable and affordable insurance cover. However, hydrogen insurance remains in its infancy compounded by data and knowledge gaps. With a new wave of hydrogen innovations likely to be reaching market readiness soon, a question arises as to whether financial services such as insurance will be ready for them. The position explored here is the role EST can play in addressing those issues now. It finds opportunities for productive early engagement between EST and the insurance sector. This View and Comment seeks to stimulate multidisciplinary understanding and dialogue between EST and the insurance sector to manage risk and ensure that much needed innovation can be successfully implemented at pace.
{"title":"Insurance for New and Adapted Hydrogen Processes","authors":"Elisabeth Shrimpton, Nazmiye Balta-Ozkan","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.018","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen has the potential to support the transition to low carbon energy systems if engineering systems can advance to meet the challenges of production, storage and use at scale. Engineering, science and technology (EST) continues to have a pivotal role in meeting those challenges and in developing new hydrogen ecosystems. However, technological advance is not enough and with innovations of this scale come greater issues of risk and risk management. An aspect of risk management is the availability of suitable and affordable insurance cover. However, hydrogen insurance remains in its infancy compounded by data and knowledge gaps. With a new wave of hydrogen innovations likely to be reaching market readiness soon, a question arises as to whether financial services such as insurance will be ready for them. The position explored here is the role EST can play in addressing those issues now. It finds opportunities for productive early engagement between EST and the insurance sector. This View and Comment seeks to stimulate multidisciplinary understanding and dialogue between EST and the insurance sector to manage risk and ensure that much needed innovation can be successfully implemented at pace.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.020
Fiorella Massa, Antonio Coppola, Fabrizio Scala
In the energy transition context, there is growing interest in thermochemical catalytic processes for producing synthetic renewable hydrocarbons. These include biomass gasification followed by syngas conversion, or CO2 capture from flue gases and subsequent hydrogenation—known as carbon capture and utilization (CCU). The latter uses excess renewable electricity to generate green hydrogen via water electrolysis, a concept called Power-to-Fuel. A recently proposed approach, sorption-enhanced hydrogenation, applies Le Chatelier’s principle to improve reaction efficiency by selectively removing steam with a suitable sorbent. By locally adsorbing water, the system shifts equilibrium toward desired products, enabling effective hydrogenation at relatively low pressures. The key challenge is developing materials that adsorb water under operating conditions yet can be regenerated without degrading the catalyst or consuming excessive energy. Most research so far has focused on fixed-bed reactors, which are simple and compact but require intermittent operation for sorbent regeneration and face heat management challenges at larger scale. In contrast, chemical looping systems using coupled fluidized beds can offer continuous operation, easier heat control, and effective sorbent regeneration. This review summarizes both early and recent developments in sorption-enhanced catalytic hydrogenation of carbon oxides into products such as methane, methanol, dimethyl ether, and carbon monoxide (via the reverse water-gas shift reaction). It covers experimental and modeling studies, and highlights key challenges and research directions for scaling up this promising technology to commercial levels.
{"title":"Sorption-Enhanced Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Oxides by Selective Water Vapor Capture","authors":"Fiorella Massa, Antonio Coppola, Fabrizio Scala","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.020","url":null,"abstract":"In the energy transition context, there is growing interest in thermochemical catalytic processes for producing synthetic renewable hydrocarbons. These include biomass gasification followed by syngas conversion, or CO<sub>2</sub> capture from flue gases and subsequent hydrogenation—known as carbon capture and utilization (CCU). The latter uses excess renewable electricity to generate green hydrogen via water electrolysis, a concept called Power-to-Fuel. A recently proposed approach, sorption-enhanced hydrogenation, applies Le Chatelier’s principle to improve reaction efficiency by selectively removing steam with a suitable sorbent. By locally adsorbing water, the system shifts equilibrium toward desired products, enabling effective hydrogenation at relatively low pressures. The key challenge is developing materials that adsorb water under operating conditions yet can be regenerated without degrading the catalyst or consuming excessive energy. Most research so far has focused on fixed-bed reactors, which are simple and compact but require intermittent operation for sorbent regeneration and face heat management challenges at larger scale. In contrast, chemical looping systems using coupled fluidized beds can offer continuous operation, easier heat control, and effective sorbent regeneration. This review summarizes both early and recent developments in sorption-enhanced catalytic hydrogenation of carbon oxides into products such as methane, methanol, dimethyl ether, and carbon monoxide (via the reverse water-gas shift reaction). It covers experimental and modeling studies, and highlights key challenges and research directions for scaling up this promising technology to commercial levels.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.017
Ren Wei, Uwe T. Bornscheuer
Synthetic plastics are essential to modern society; however, they generate long-lasting waste that exceeds the capacity of current recycling systems. Enzyme-catalyzed depolymerization is a green method for recovering monomers and upcycling waste plastics. This article summarizes two novel biocatalytic strategies with the potential to transform plastic recycling. Artificial intelligence-guided enzyme engineering has resulted in de novo-designed hydrolases that have the potential to outperform naturally evolved counterparts in the future. Multi-enzyme systems that combine oxidative and hydrolytic biocatalysts may be highly adaptable to mixed plastics containing both hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable fractions. Building upon these two advanced strategies and various other innovations in current research, we anticipate the emergence of a bio-based circular plastic economy in the near future to tackle the urgent issue of global plastic pollution.
{"title":"New Biocatalytic Approaches for Plastic Depolymerization","authors":"Ren Wei, Uwe T. Bornscheuer","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic plastics are essential to modern society; however, they generate long-lasting waste that exceeds the capacity of current recycling systems. Enzyme-catalyzed depolymerization is a green method for recovering monomers and upcycling waste plastics. This article summarizes two novel biocatalytic strategies with the potential to transform plastic recycling. Artificial intelligence-guided enzyme engineering has resulted in de novo-designed hydrolases that have the potential to outperform naturally evolved counterparts in the future. Multi-enzyme systems that combine oxidative and hydrolytic biocatalysts may be highly adaptable to mixed plastics containing both hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable fractions. Building upon these two advanced strategies and various other innovations in current research, we anticipate the emergence of a bio-based circular plastic economy in the near future to tackle the urgent issue of global plastic pollution.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"172 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.016
Duarte Magalhaes, Mao Cheng, Zachariah Wargel, Richard L. Axelbaum
{"title":"The Staged, Pressurized Oxy-Combustion Technology: Status and Application to Boiler Retrofits to Yield Carbon-Negative Power via Biomass","authors":"Duarte Magalhaes, Mao Cheng, Zachariah Wargel, Richard L. Axelbaum","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.015
Jiawei Wang, Stuart McElhany, Zhangli Hu, Jiaping Liu, Carlo Carraro, Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Roya Maboudian
{"title":"Critical Review of Nanomechanical Properties of Calcium (Alumino) Silicate Hydrates: Test Methods, Influencing Factors, and Enhancing Strategies","authors":"Jiawei Wang, Stuart McElhany, Zhangli Hu, Jiaping Liu, Carlo Carraro, Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Roya Maboudian","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.014
Engineering science and technology is an important force that can change the world, and engineering fronts represent important directions for future innovation in engineering science and technology. While the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation continues to deepen, society is facing unprecedented challenges. All countries now choose to keep abreast of the trends in world science and technology, accurately identify changes, respond to them scientifically, and proactively seek growth and development.
{"title":"2025 Global Engineering Fronts","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering science and technology is an important force that can change the world, and engineering fronts represent important directions for future innovation in engineering science and technology. While the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation continues to deepen, society is facing unprecedented challenges. All countries now choose to keep abreast of the trends in world science and technology, accurately identify changes, respond to them scientifically, and proactively seek growth and development.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"204 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.031
EQ Han, Jung-Ho Yun, Lianzhou Wang
Making space exploration more accessible requires affordable power-generation solutions for commercial applications, in which photovoltaics (PVs) play a pivotal role. Metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells have emerged as one of the most promising technologies for low-cost space PVs owing to their high power conversion efficiency, outstanding power-to-weight ratio, and cost-effectiveness compared to the commonly used triple-junction III-V solar cells. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer multiple advantages: They are lightweight, solution-processable, and can be fabricated on flexible substrates for expandable solar panels. They also demonstrated significant resilience to various types of cosmic radiation, including electrons, protons, ultraviolet light, and gamma rays. However, despite their strengths, PSCs still lag in long-term stability compared to silicon and III-V cells, especially under extreme space conditions, such as significant temperature variation in a high-vacuum environment, making stability enhancements essential for extended space applications. This review discusses the challenges and potential of PSCs for space use and highlights their high radiation tolerance, thermal stress, and outgassing. We present an overview of the current qualification tests for space-grade solar cells and propose a qualification evaluation of thin-film solar cells for space applications, which is critical for evaluating their reliability in terms of long-term performance in extreme space environments.
{"title":"Advancing Perovskite Solar Cell Reliability for Extreme Space Environments","authors":"EQ Han, Jung-Ho Yun, Lianzhou Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.031","url":null,"abstract":"Making space exploration more accessible requires affordable power-generation solutions for commercial applications, in which photovoltaics (PVs) play a pivotal role. Metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells have emerged as one of the most promising technologies for low-cost space PVs owing to their high power conversion efficiency, outstanding power-to-weight ratio, and cost-effectiveness compared to the commonly used triple-junction III-V solar cells. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer multiple advantages: They are lightweight, solution-processable, and can be fabricated on flexible substrates for expandable solar panels. They also demonstrated significant resilience to various types of cosmic radiation, including electrons, protons, ultraviolet light, and gamma rays. However, despite their strengths, PSCs still lag in long-term stability compared to silicon and III-V cells, especially under extreme space conditions, such as significant temperature variation in a high-vacuum environment, making stability enhancements essential for extended space applications. This review discusses the challenges and potential of PSCs for space use and highlights their high radiation tolerance, thermal stress, and outgassing. We present an overview of the current qualification tests for space-grade solar cells and propose a qualification evaluation of thin-film solar cells for space applications, which is critical for evaluating their reliability in terms of long-term performance in extreme space environments.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"14 20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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