Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.008
Guo Yan , Lu Juan , Liang Jingrong , Zhao Ruili , Xu Jing , Zhang Wei , Park Kibeum , Zhu Shipeng , Chen Huan , Ma Liangxiao
OBJECTIVE
To investigate changes in gene expression profiles in the hypothalamus related to the effects of acupuncture at the Renying (ST 9) acupoint in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats.
METHODS
We randomly divided 18 SH rats into Renying (ST 9) group and model control group, 9 body weight-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as blank controls. Acupuncture was performed manually for 20-min daily over 28 d in the Renying (ST 9) group. Rat Gene 2.0 array technology was used for the determination of gene expression profiles and the screened key genes were verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses.
RESULTS
The different groups exhibited differential gene expression: compared with the blank control group, 48 genes were up-regulated and 91 genes were down-regulated in the model group; compared with the model group, 79 genes were up-regulated and 80 genes were down-regulated in Renying (ST 9) group. The RT-PCR results of the key genes including Chi3l1, Ephx2, Klk1, 5-HT1A and Cbs were consistent with that of gene chip analysis.
CONCLUTION
Acupuncture at Renying (ST 9) could significantly lower the blood pressure of SH rats and affect their hypothalamic gene expression profile. Genes associated with the contraction of vascular smooth muscle and the regulation of inflammation, neurotransmitters may be involved in acupuncture's antihypertensive mechanism.
{"title":"Effect of acupuncture at Renying (ST 9) on gene expression profile of hypothalamus in spontaneously hypertensive rats","authors":"Guo Yan , Lu Juan , Liang Jingrong , Zhao Ruili , Xu Jing , Zhang Wei , Park Kibeum , Zhu Shipeng , Chen Huan , Ma Liangxiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To investigate changes in gene expression profiles in the hypothalamus related to the effects of acupuncture at the Renying (ST 9) acupoint in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>We randomly divided 18 SH rats into Renying (ST 9) group and model control group, 9 body weight-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as blank controls. Acupuncture was performed manually for 20-min daily over 28 d in the Renying (ST 9) group. Rat Gene 2.0 array technology was used for the determination of gene expression profiles and the screened key genes were verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>The different groups exhibited differential gene expression: compared with the blank control group, 48 genes were up-regulated and 91 genes were down-regulated in the model group; compared with the model group, 79 genes were up-regulated and 80 genes were down-regulated in Renying (ST 9) group. The RT-PCR results of the key genes including Chi3l1, Ephx2, Klk1, 5-HT1A and Cbs were consistent with that of gene chip analysis.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUTION</h3><p>Acupuncture at Renying (ST 9) could significantly lower the blood pressure of SH rats and affect their hypothalamic gene expression profile. Genes associated with the contraction of vascular smooth muscle and the regulation of inflammation, neurotransmitters may be involved in acupuncture's antihypertensive mechanism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 227-241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43411486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.04.001
Wang Yiping , Wang Dong , Jin Hua , Yu Min , Zhang Lei
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of Qingshen granules (QSG) on janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).
METHODS
Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups, with 10 animals in each group: the untreated sham-operated normal control group; the untreated UUO model control group, the high dose QSG-treated (16 g•kg−1•d−1) UUO group; the medium dose QSG-treated (8 g•kg−1•d−1) UUO group; the low dose QSG-treated (4 g•kg−1•d−1) UUO group; and the valsartan-treated group (20 mg•kg−1•d−1). The two untreated control groups received physiological saline (1 mL/100 g per day). All the rats were sacrificed after a 4-week course of treatment. Serum creatinine and leptin; protein expressions of leptin receptor (OB-R), p-JAK2, p-STAT3, nuclear factors-κBp6 (NF-kBp65), and monocytechemotatic protein-1 (MCP-1); mRNA of JAK2, STAT3, calcium-dependent adhesion (E-cadherin), alphasmooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the kidney tissues; and the expressions of type IV collagen (Col-IV and fibronectin (FN) and the pathomorphology in kidney tissues were treated.
RESULTS
Compared with the normal group, the BUN, Scr, and serum leptin levels and the expressions of MCP-1, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, NF-kBp65 and OB-R in renal tissues, and the mRNA expressions of leptin, JAK2 protein, STAT3 protein, α-SMA protein in model group were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the UUO model group. These parameters were significantly reduced in all the QSG-treated groups and the valsartan-treated group than the UUO model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), with the lowest levels found in the medium dose QSG-treated group (P < 0.05). However, the expression levels of E-cadherin, FN, and Col-IV in the renal tissues were contrary to the expressions described above. Severe pathological injury was evident in the renal tissues of UUO model rats, which was alleviated in the QSG-treated and valsartan-treated groups, with the least damage found in the medium dose QSG-treated group.
CONCLUSION
Our data suggest that the leptin-mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in the process of renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO rats. QSG inhibited the activity of the signaling pathway, reduced the activity of NF-kB and inflammatory effect, and the transdifferentiation in the renal tubular epithelial cells. Treatment with QSG may delay the renal fibrosis and protect the renal function from damage following UUO in rats.
目的探讨清肾颗粒(QSG)对单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT)信号通路的影响。方法雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠60只，随机分为6组，每组10只:未经治疗假手术正常对照组;为未处理UUO模型对照组，高剂量qsg处理(16 g•kg−1•d−1)UUO组;中剂量qsg处理(8 g•kg−1•d−1)UUO组;低剂量qsg处理(4 g•kg−1•d−1)UUO组;缬沙坦治疗组(20mg•kg−1•d−1)。对照组给予生理盐水(1 mL/100 g / d)。4周疗程后处死所有大鼠。血清肌酐、瘦素;瘦素受体(OB-R)、p-JAK2、p-STAT3、核因子-κBp6 (NF-kBp65)、单核细胞代谢蛋白-1 (MCP-1)的表达;肾组织中JAK2、STAT3、钙依赖性粘连蛋白(E-cadherin)、α-SMA的mRNA表达;观察肾组织ⅳ型胶原(Col-IV)和纤连蛋白(FN)的表达及病理形态学变化。结果与正常组比较，模型组大鼠肾组织BUN、Scr、血清瘦素水平、MCP-1、P- JAK2、P- STAT3、NF-kBp65、OB-R表达及瘦素、JAK2蛋白、STAT3蛋白、α-SMA蛋白mRNA表达均显著升高(P <0.01)。与UUO模型组相比，所有qsg治疗组和缬沙坦治疗组的这些参数均显著降低(P <0.05或P <0.01)，其中中剂量组最低(P <0.05)。然而，E-cadherin、FN和Col-IV在肾组织中的表达水平与上述表达相反。UUO模型大鼠肾组织出现严重病理损伤，芪芪多糖处理组和缬沙坦处理组均有所减轻，其中芪芪多糖中剂量组损伤最小。结论瘦素介导的JAK/STAT信号通路参与了UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化过程。QSG抑制了信号通路的活性，降低了NF-kB活性和炎症效应，降低了肾小管上皮细胞的转分化。QSG治疗可延缓UUO大鼠肾纤维化，保护肾功能不受损害。
{"title":"Effects of Qingshen granules on Janus Kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction","authors":"Wang Yiping , Wang Dong , Jin Hua , Yu Min , Zhang Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To investigate the effects of Qingshen granules (QSG) on janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups, with 10 animals in each group: the untreated sham-operated normal control group; the untreated UUO model control group, the high dose QSG-treated (16 g•kg<sup>−1</sup>•d<sup>−1</sup>) UUO group; the medium dose QSG-treated (8 g•kg<sup>−1</sup>•d<sup>−1</sup>) UUO group; the low dose QSG-treated (4 g•kg<sup>−1</sup>•d<sup>−1</sup>) UUO group; and the valsartan-treated group (20 mg•kg<sup>−1</sup>•d<sup>−1</sup>). The two untreated control groups received physiological saline (1 mL/100 g per day). All the rats were sacrificed after a 4-week course of treatment. Serum creatinine and leptin; protein expressions of leptin receptor (OB-R), p-JAK2, p-STAT3, nuclear factors-κBp6 (NF-kBp65), and monocytechemotatic protein-1 (MCP-1); mRNA of JAK2, STAT3, calcium-dependent adhesion (E-cadherin), alphasmooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the kidney tissues; and the expressions of type IV collagen (Col-IV and fibronectin (FN) and the pathomorphology in kidney tissues were treated.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>Compared with the normal group, the BUN, Scr, and serum leptin levels and the expressions of MCP-1, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, NF-kBp65 and OB-R in renal tissues, and the mRNA expressions of leptin, JAK2 protein, STAT3 protein, α-SMA protein in model group were significantly higher (<em>P</em> < 0.01) in the UUO model group. These parameters were significantly reduced in all the QSG-treated groups and the valsartan-treated group than the UUO model group (<em>P</em> < 0.05 or <em>P</em> < 0.01), with the lowest levels found in the medium dose QSG-treated group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). However, the expression levels of E-cadherin, FN, and Col-IV in the renal tissues were contrary to the expressions described above. Severe pathological injury was evident in the renal tissues of UUO model rats, which was alleviated in the QSG-treated and valsartan-treated groups, with the least damage found in the medium dose QSG-treated group.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>Our data suggest that the leptin-mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in the process of renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO rats. QSG inhibited the activity of the signaling pathway, reduced the activity of NF-kB and inflammatory effect, and the transdifferentiation in the renal tubular epithelial cells. Treatment with QSG may delay the renal fibrosis and protect the renal function from damage following UUO in rats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 182-189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43907982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.005
Xu Jingjing , Yang Fan , Han Danhong , Wang Zhenhai , Hong Yuankai , Han Hongbin , Xu Shengyong
OBJECTIVE
To better understand the working mechanism of acupuncture, we investigated the skin electrical impedance distribution around acupoints, and the impedance changes at 12 original acupoints bilaterally after bending the limbs.
METHODS
We measured the skin electrical impedance in three study subjects in the frequency range of 40 to 10 kHz using the four-electrode method with a sharp probe and a large reference electrode. A measurement matrix of 7 mm × 7 mm with spacing of 2.0 (or 3.0) mm was measured to obtain 2D impedance mapping of acupoints. The impedance spectra of 12 original acupoints were measured at the 0° position and the 90° position.
RESULTS
The electrical impedance of some acupoints, such as Yangchi (TE 4), was 16 times lower than that of the surrounding area, showing a recognizable small central area of low impedance with a diameter of less than 4 mm. In contrast, other acupoints, such as Laogong (PC 8), had an electrical impedance that was not significantly different from that of the surrounding area. When the limb was bent from a straight position (0°) to a vertical position (90°), the electrical impedance of the 12 original acupoints showed varied trends, either increasing or decreasing by a factor of up to ten times, or remaining at the same level.
CONCLUSION
Not all acupoints tested show the property of low impedance, which might be related to the varied depth of the openings of superficial collaterals. The unexpected dependence of acupoint impedance on limb angle is a novel discovery, which implies that the channel paths are located in interstitial structures in the limbs. It might be possible to determine an optimized limb position for each particular acupuncture treatment in clinical practice.
目的为了更好地了解针刺的作用机制，我们研究了弯曲肢体后，穴位周围皮肤电阻抗分布及12个原穴位两侧电阻抗的变化。方法采用尖探针和大参比电极的四电极法，在40 ~ 10 kHz的频率范围内测量3名研究对象的皮肤电阻抗。测量7 mm × 7 mm的测量矩阵，测量间距为2.0(或3.0)mm，获得穴位二维阻抗映射。测量12个原始穴位在0°位置和90°位置的阻抗谱。结果部分穴位如阳池(te4)的电阻抗比周围区域低16倍，呈明显的小中心低阻抗区，直径小于4 mm。相比之下，其他穴位如老宫(pc8)的电阻抗与周围区域无显著差异。当肢体从直线位置(0°)弯曲到垂直位置(90°)时，12个原始穴位的电阻抗呈现不同的趋势，或增加或减少10倍，或保持在同一水平。结论并非所有被测穴位均呈现低阻抗特性，这可能与浅络开孔深度不同有关。穴位阻抗对肢体角度的依赖性是一个新的发现，这表明通道通路位于肢体的间隙结构中。在临床实践中，有可能为每个特定的针灸治疗确定最佳的肢体位置。
{"title":"Low impedance nature of 12 acupoints on the limbs, and the unexpected dependence on limb angle","authors":"Xu Jingjing , Yang Fan , Han Danhong , Wang Zhenhai , Hong Yuankai , Han Hongbin , Xu Shengyong","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To better understand the working mechanism of acupuncture, we investigated the skin electrical impedance distribution around acupoints, and the impedance changes at 12 original acupoints bilaterally after bending the limbs.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>We measured the skin electrical impedance in three study subjects in the frequency range of 40 to 10 kHz using the four-electrode method with a sharp probe and a large reference electrode. A measurement matrix of 7 mm × 7 mm with spacing of 2.0 (or 3.0) mm was measured to obtain 2D impedance mapping of acupoints. The impedance spectra of 12 original acupoints were measured at the 0° position and the 90° position.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>The electrical impedance of some acupoints, such as Yangchi (TE 4), was 16 times lower than that of the surrounding area, showing a recognizable small central area of low impedance with a diameter of less than 4 mm. In contrast, other acupoints, such as Laogong (PC 8), had an electrical impedance that was not significantly different from that of the surrounding area. When the limb was bent from a straight position (0°) to a vertical position (90°), the electrical impedance of the 12 original acupoints showed varied trends, either increasing or decreasing by a factor of up to ten times, or remaining at the same level.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>Not all acupoints tested show the property of low impedance, which might be related to the varied depth of the openings of superficial collaterals. The unexpected dependence of acupoint impedance on limb angle is a novel discovery, which implies that the channel paths are located in interstitial structures in the limbs. It might be possible to determine an optimized limb position for each particular acupuncture treatment in clinical practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 287-298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44779773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.003
Deng Hongyong , Clive E Adams , Farhad Shokraneh , Liang Shanghua
OBJECTIVE
To describe the key systems used for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) classification.
METHODS
The TCM classifications used in the International Classification of Diseases-9 Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) volume 3, the ICD-10 Procedure Coding System, the International Classification of Health Interventions, and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Chinese Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Subject Headings (TCMeSH) thesauruses were compared regarding descriptive terms, structure, and features of TCM interventions.
RESULTS
The National Library of Medicine's MeSH thesaurus is ubiquitous. The ICD-9-CM (volume 3), ICD-10 Procedure Coding System, and International Classification of Health Interventions cover insufficient concepts of TCM, and cannot be used directly as classification systems for TCM interventions. In contrast, the TCM contents of the TCMeSH thesaurus are complete, systematic, and detailed, and its hierarchical structure can be used for effective TCM classification.
CONCLUSION
TCM classification is very limited and flawed. The MeSH thesaurus helps decrease the detrimental effect of the language barrier. Similarly, the TCMeSH thesaurus can help those without full command of the Mandarin language to access Chinese literature, but the value of searches using TCMeSH could be improved by collaborative working with Information Specialists who are fluent in Mandarin and understand TCM.
{"title":"Classification of interventions in Traditional Chinese Medicine","authors":"Deng Hongyong , Clive E Adams , Farhad Shokraneh , Liang Shanghua","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To describe the key systems used for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) classification.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>The TCM classifications used in the International Classification of Diseases-9 Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) volume 3, the ICD-10 Procedure Coding System, the International Classification of Health Interventions, and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Chinese Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Subject Headings (TCMeSH) thesauruses were compared regarding descriptive terms, structure, and features of TCM interventions.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>The National Library of Medicine's MeSH thesaurus is ubiquitous. The ICD-9-CM (volume 3), ICD-10 Procedure Coding System, and International Classification of Health Interventions cover insufficient concepts of TCM, and cannot be used directly as classification systems for TCM interventions. In contrast, the TCM contents of the TCMeSH thesaurus are complete, systematic, and detailed, and its hierarchical structure can be used for effective TCM classification.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>TCM classification is very limited and flawed. The MeSH thesaurus helps decrease the detrimental effect of the language barrier. Similarly, the TCMeSH thesaurus can help those without full command of the Mandarin language to access Chinese literature, but the value of searches using TCMeSH could be improved by collaborative working with Information Specialists who are fluent in Mandarin and understand TCM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 315-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49165344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.006
Su Weiyang , Feng Chienwei , Tseng Chungchih , Hung Hanchun , Chen Zhicheng , Lee Hsinpai , Jean Yenhsuan , Wu Shingyi Sean , Wen Zhihong
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of Guijiajiao (Colla Carapacis et Plastri, CCP), the glue of tortoise shell, on bone regeneration in zebrafish and male Wistar rats.
METHODS
In this study, we applied in vitro and in vivo models, tissue section analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess the effects of CCP on bone repair. MG-63 cells were used in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization assays. Zebrafish and male Wistar rats were used to evaluate the effects of CCP on bone repair in vivo.
RESULTS
A simple preparation of CCP promoted osteogenesis in vivo and in vitro, and promoted MG-63 cell proliferation as well as ALP activity and mineralization. In addition, CCP activated Akt and extracellular signaling-regulated kinase pathways and significantly increased the expression of ossification-related genes and proteins such as runt-related transcription factor-2, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. The in vivo results revealed promotion of osteogenesis by immersing zebrafish in CCP for 72 h. An oral dose of 1.25 g/kg CCP significantly improved skull defects in rats, which was accompanied by an increase in serum ALP levels.
CONCLUSION
One of the ingredients of Guilu Erxianjiao (tortoise shell and deer horn formula) provides a practical alternative therapy for bone regeneration.
{"title":"Therapeutic effect of Guijiajiao (Colla Carapacis et Plastri) on bone regeneration in rats and zebrafish","authors":"Su Weiyang , Feng Chienwei , Tseng Chungchih , Hung Hanchun , Chen Zhicheng , Lee Hsinpai , Jean Yenhsuan , Wu Shingyi Sean , Wen Zhihong","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To investigate the effect of Guijiajiao (<em>Colla Carapacis et Plastri,</em> CCP), the glue of tortoise shell, on bone regeneration in zebrafish and male Wistar rats.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>In this study, we applied <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> models, tissue section analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess the effects of CCP on bone repair. MG-63 cells were used in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization assays. Zebrafish and male Wistar rats were used to evaluate the effects of CCP on bone repair <em>in vivo.</em></p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>A simple preparation of CCP promoted osteogenesis <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro,</em> and promoted MG-63 cell proliferation as well as ALP activity and mineralization. In addition, CCP activated Akt and extracellular signaling-regulated kinase pathways and significantly increased the expression of ossification-related genes and proteins such as runt-related transcription factor-2, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. The <em>in vivo</em> results revealed promotion of osteogenesis by immersing zebrafish in CCP for 72 h. An oral dose of 1.25 g/kg CCP significantly improved skull defects in rats, which was accompanied by an increase in serum ALP levels.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>One of the ingredients of Guilu Erxianjiao (tortoise shell and deer horn formula) provides a practical alternative therapy for bone regeneration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 197-210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44168923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.002
Yi Yan, Zhao Yong, Li Chunying, Zhang Yushi, Bin Yang, Yuan Yalan, Pan Chen, Wang Lianmei, Liang Aihua
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the potential chronic liver toxicity of oral administration of ethanol extract of Huangqin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis) (SBE) in Wistar rats.
METHODS
SBE was administered to rats by gavage for 26 weeks, at doses of 300, 1250, or 2500 mg•kg−1•d−1 respectively. The rats were euthanized at the end of 13 and 26 weeks daily oral dosing and following 4 weeks of recovery time. The changes of hematology, urinary, blood biochemistry and histomorphology were examined at each time point and focus on liver function and histological changes.
RESULTS
When SBE at a dose of up to 2500 mg•kg−1•d−1 was fed to male and female rats for 26 weeks, the liver tissue showed some inflammatory change that predominated by leukocyte infiltration but returned to normal after withdrawal. In addition, high-dose SBE treatment of 26 weeks in rats, glucose, electrolyte and lipid levels also have some changes. In addition, there are no other functional or organic lesions related to SBE treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
Long-term and high-dose SBE may cause liver damage, however, the structural damage of the liver can be restored after the ethanol extract stopping. SBE will be well-tolerated for long-term use as a drug or health food, but in order to ensure drug safety, liver function, and serum glucose, electrolyte and lipid levels should be monitored when using SBE long term.
{"title":"Potential chronic liver toxicity in rats orally administered an ethanol extract of Huangqin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis)","authors":"Yi Yan, Zhao Yong, Li Chunying, Zhang Yushi, Bin Yang, Yuan Yalan, Pan Chen, Wang Lianmei, Liang Aihua","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To investigate the potential chronic liver toxicity of oral administration of ethanol extract of Huangqin (<em>Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis</em>) (SBE) in Wistar rats.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>SBE was administered to rats by gavage for 26 weeks, at doses of 300, 1250, or 2500 mg•kg<sup>−1</sup>•d<sup>−1</sup> respectively. The rats were euthanized at the end of 13 and 26 weeks daily oral dosing and following 4 weeks of recovery time. The changes of hematology, urinary, blood biochemistry and histomorphology were examined at each time point and focus on liver function and histological changes.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>When SBE at a dose of up to 2500 mg•kg<sup>−1</sup>•d<sup>−1</sup> was fed to male and female rats for 26 weeks, the liver tissue showed some inflammatory change that predominated by leukocyte infiltration but returned to normal after withdrawal. In addition, high-dose SBE treatment of 26 weeks in rats, glucose, electrolyte and lipid levels also have some changes. In addition, there are no other functional or organic lesions related to SBE treatment.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3><p>Long-term and high-dose SBE may cause liver damage, however, the structural damage of the liver can be restored after the ethanol extract stopping. SBE will be well-tolerated for long-term use as a drug or health food, but in order to ensure drug safety, liver function, and serum glucose, electrolyte and lipid levels should be monitored when using SBE long term.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 242-256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49317159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005
Samkeliso Takaidza , Fanyana Mtunzi , Michael Pillay
OBJECTIVE
To assess the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from selected Tulbaghia species.
METHODS
Standard methods were used for preliminary phytochemical analysis. The total phenolic acid contents of the plant extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total flavonoid contents were determined using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities.
RESULTS
Phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids were present in the Tulbaghia species. The total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents varied in the different plant extracts, ranging from 4.50 to 11.10 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of fresh material and 3.04 to 9.65 mg of quercetin equivalents per gram, respectively. The IC50 values determined for Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (0.06 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively) and 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (0.06 and 0.03 mg/mL, respectively) were low and showed they had potential antioxidant activities.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that individual compounds from Tulbaghia species should be isolated for analysis of their antioxidant activity because some compounds may work best when pure.
{"title":"Analysis of the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from Tulbaghia species","authors":"Samkeliso Takaidza , Fanyana Mtunzi , Michael Pillay","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To assess the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from selected Tulbaghia species.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>Standard methods were used for preliminary phytochemical analysis. The total phenolic acid contents of the plant extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total flavonoid contents were determined using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>Phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids were present in the Tulbaghia species. The total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents varied in the different plant extracts, ranging from 4.50 to 11.10 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of fresh material and 3.04 to 9.65 mg of quercetin equivalents per gram, respectively. The IC50 values determined for Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (0.06 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively) and 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (0.06 and 0.03 mg/mL, respectively) were low and showed they had potential antioxidant activities.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>Our results suggest that individual compounds from Tulbaghia species should be isolated for analysis of their antioxidant activity because some compounds may work best when pure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 272-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48709382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.006
Yao Junhong , Jiang Qiudong , Cai Hao , Zhu Xuemin , Ma Min , Duan Jinao , Dong Jie , Chen Jun
OBJECTIVE
To investigate on the cytotoxicity and penetration enhancement effect of essential oils (EOs) from warming the interior medicinals (WIM) from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
METHODS
EOs were extracted from WIM of Bichengqie (Litseae Fructus), Dingxiang (Flos Syzygii Aromatici), Huajiao (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Bungeani), and Xiaohuixiang (Fructus Foeniculi) with warm nature, and Ganjiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis), Gaoliangjiang (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinari), Rougui (Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae), and Wuzhuyu (Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae) with hot nature, respectively. Their chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cytotoxicity of the extracted eight EOs on HaCaT cells was measured and compared. Moreover, analyses of cell cycle and cell apoptosis were performed to investigate the cytotoxic mechanism. The transdermal penetration enhancement effects of the extracted eight EOs on ibuprofen were further compared by the modified Franz diffusion cell method.
RESULTS
The most abundant constituents in the extracted eight EOs were determined to be monoterpenes, especially oxygen-containing monoterpenes. The HaCaT cell cytotoxicity of EOs from WIM with hot nature were significantly (P = 0.020) higher than that with warm nature. Both ginger oil and zanthoxylum oil significantly induced G0/G1 phase arrestment in HaCaT cell cycle. For ginger oil from WIM with hot nature and zanthoxylum oil from WIM with warm nature, the main mechanisms of the cytotoxicity were found to be the induction of cellular necrosis and the cellular apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, most of the tested EOs showed remarkable penetration enhancement activity on ibuprofen. However, no statistical significance (P = 0.18) was found between penetration enhancement activity of EOs from WIM with warm nature and EOs from WIM with hot nature.
CONCLUSION
With the enhanced penetration activity, the extracted EOs from the WIM demonstrated their significant effect of the cytotoxicity on the skin cells.
{"title":"Cytotoxicity and penetration enhancement activity of essential oils from warming the interior medicinals with hot or warm property in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine","authors":"Yao Junhong , Jiang Qiudong , Cai Hao , Zhu Xuemin , Ma Min , Duan Jinao , Dong Jie , Chen Jun","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To investigate on the cytotoxicity and penetration enhancement effect of essential oils (EOs) from warming the interior medicinals (WIM) from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>EOs were extracted from WIM of Bichengqie (<em>Litseae Fructus</em>), Dingxiang (<em>Flos Syzygii Aromatici</em>), Huajiao (<em>Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Bungeani</em>), and Xiaohuixiang (<em>Fructus Foeniculi</em>) with warm nature, and Ganjiang (<em>Rhizoma Zingiberis</em>), Gaoliangjiang (<em>Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinari</em>), Rougui (<em>Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae</em>), and Wuzhuyu (<em>Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae</em>) with hot nature, respectively. Their chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cytotoxicity of the extracted eight EOs on HaCaT cells was measured and compared. Moreover, analyses of cell cycle and cell apoptosis were performed to investigate the cytotoxic mechanism. The transdermal penetration enhancement effects of the extracted eight EOs on ibuprofen were further compared by the modified Franz diffusion cell method.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>The most abundant constituents in the extracted eight EOs were determined to be monoterpenes, especially oxygen-containing monoterpenes. The HaCaT cell cytotoxicity of EOs from WIM with hot nature were significantly (<em>P</em> = 0.020) higher than that with warm nature. Both ginger oil and zanthoxylum oil significantly induced G0/G1 phase arrestment in HaCaT cell cycle. For ginger oil from WIM with hot nature and zanthoxylum oil from WIM with warm nature, the main mechanisms of the cytotoxicity were found to be the induction of cellular necrosis and the cellular apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, most of the tested EOs showed remarkable penetration enhancement activity on ibuprofen. However, no statistical significance (<em>P</em> = 0.18) was found between penetration enhancement activity of EOs from WIM with warm nature and EOs from WIM with hot nature.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>With the enhanced penetration activity, the extracted EOs from the WIM demonstrated their significant effect of the cytotoxicity on the skin cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 257-265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46313372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.003
Zhang Cheng , Chen Yanqiu , Li Fang , Wang Zhongfeng , Zhang Yinjian
OBJECTIVE
To investigate a possible mechanism for protective effects of a decoction of the Qinggan Lishui formula (QF) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of microbead-induced chronic intraocular hypertension (COH).
METHODS
The COH model was generated by injecting microbeads (superparamagnetic iron oxide) into the anterior chamber of rat eyes. QF was given by intragastric administration (gavage) once daily at a dose of 6.2 g/kg until day 28, following microbead injection. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the number of RGCs in the retina. Terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to assess apoptotic changes in RGCs.
RESULTS
Microbead injection induced a steady increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) of rats. Elevated IOP resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of CTB-labeled RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection. QF administration may moderately reduce IOP in the rat COH model and attenuate reduction of the number of CTB-labeled RGCs in COH rats. Furthermore, elevated IOP resulted in a progressive increase in the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs, 2–4 weeks after microbead injection, suggestive of an increase in the extent of RGC apoptosis. There was a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive signals in QF-treated COH retinas, compared with untreated COH retinas.
CONCLUSION
QF decoction may provide a protective effect for RGCs in COH retinas by reducing RGC loss; these effects may be mediated by inhibition of RGC apoptosis.
{"title":"Neuroprotective effect of Qinggan Lishui formula on retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in a microbead-induced rat chronic glaucoma model","authors":"Zhang Cheng , Chen Yanqiu , Li Fang , Wang Zhongfeng , Zhang Yinjian","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To investigate a possible mechanism for protective effects of a decoction of the Qinggan Lishui formula (QF) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of microbead-induced chronic intraocular hypertension (COH).</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>The COH model was generated by injecting microbeads (superparamagnetic iron oxide) into the anterior chamber of rat eyes. QF was given by intragastric administration (gavage) once daily at a dose of 6.2 g/kg until day 28, following microbead injection. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the number of RGCs in the retina. Terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to assess apoptotic changes in RGCs.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>Microbead injection induced a steady increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) of rats. Elevated IOP resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of CTB-labeled RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection. QF administration may moderately reduce IOP in the rat COH model and attenuate reduction of the number of CTB-labeled RGCs in COH rats. Furthermore, elevated IOP resulted in a progressive increase in the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs, 2–4 weeks after microbead injection, suggestive of an increase in the extent of RGC apoptosis. There was a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive signals in QF-treated COH retinas, compared with untreated COH retinas.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>QF decoction may provide a protective effect for RGCs in COH retinas by reducing RGC loss; these effects may be mediated by inhibition of RGC apoptosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 175-181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43787941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.001
Li Xiaoli , Shen Yi , He Fan , Zhu Yinchao , Li Fudong
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Shenmai injection for shock.
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the therapeutic effect of Shenmai injection on shock (including septic shock, cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, neurogenic shock and anaphylactic shock) were included in this analysis. The major electronic databases were searched until May 2015. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software were applied for data analysis.
RESULTS
Thirty RCTs involving 2038 participants were included. The methodological quality of the trials was generally passable. The combined use of Shenmai injection and conventional medicine was significantly more effective at managing shock compared to conventional medicine alone in the outcomes of total effective rate [risk ratio (RR) 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18 to 1.31] and mortality rate [risk difference (RD) – 0.10, 95% CI – 0.17 to – 0.02]. Likewise, improvements were observed in other metrics. Three trials reported adverse events, but no trial reported serious adverse effects.
CONCLUSION
Our results indicated the potential effectiveness of Shenmai injection combined with conventional medicine treatment for shock. However, further rigorously designed trials are needed to collect and weigh up all the evidence for the use of Shenmai injection.
{"title":"Effectiveness and safety of Shenmai injection in treatment of shock: a Meta-analysis","authors":"Li Xiaoli , Shen Yi , He Fan , Zhu Yinchao , Li Fudong","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p>To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Shenmai injection for shock.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the therapeutic effect of Shenmai injection on shock (including septic shock, cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, neurogenic shock and anaphylactic shock) were included in this analysis. The major electronic databases were searched until May 2015. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software were applied for data analysis.</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS</h3><p>Thirty RCTs involving 2038 participants were included. The methodological quality of the trials was generally passable. The combined use of Shenmai injection and conventional medicine was significantly more effective at managing shock compared to conventional medicine alone in the outcomes of total effective rate [risk ratio (<em>RR</em>) 1.25, 95% confidence interval (<em>CI</em>) 1.18 to 1.31] and mortality rate [risk difference (<em>RD</em>) – 0.10, 95% <em>CI</em> – 0.17 to – 0.02]. Likewise, improvements were observed in other metrics. Three trials reported adverse events, but no trial reported serious adverse effects.</p></div><div><h3>CONCLUSION</h3><p>Our results indicated the potential effectiveness of Shenmai injection combined with conventional medicine treatment for shock. However, further rigorously designed trials are needed to collect and weigh up all the evidence for the use of Shenmai injection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17513,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 155-166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45333403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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