Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110339
Yongliang Chen , Liangdong Li , Zecui Gao , Hennrik Schmidt , Thomas Huber , Enrico Franzke , Chengyuan Dong
To enhance the bias stress and light illumination stability of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs), the tantalum-doped molybdenum oxide (MOT) films were proposed as their passivation layers. Two oxidation methods for MOT films, i.e., sputtering oxidation (SO) and annealing oxidation (AO) were comparatively investigated. Optimal processing conditions for both methods were determined by comprehensively evaluating their oxidation states, as well as the electrical performance and bias-stress stability of the corresponding devices. Compared with the unpassivated a-IGZO TFTs, both the SO-devices and AO-devices showed better positive bias stability (PBS) and negative light bias stability (NBIS). Especially, the AO-devices exhibited the best PBS (Vstress = 40 V, ΔVTH = 0.19 V) and NBIS (Vstress = −20 V, |ΔVTH| = 0.19 V) properties. Two reasons were assumed to be responsible for the more stable properties of AO-devices than those of SO-devices: (1) suppression of the oxygen plasma damage on the back channels during the deposition of MOT films, and (2) stronger ultraviolet (UV) light reflectivity at the back surfaces during NBIS tests.
{"title":"Amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin film transistors passivated by annealing oxidized MoOx:Ta layers","authors":"Yongliang Chen , Liangdong Li , Zecui Gao , Hennrik Schmidt , Thomas Huber , Enrico Franzke , Chengyuan Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the bias stress and light illumination stability of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs), the tantalum-doped molybdenum oxide (MOT) films were proposed as their passivation layers. Two oxidation methods for MOT films, i.e., sputtering oxidation (SO) and annealing oxidation (AO) were comparatively investigated. Optimal processing conditions for both methods were determined by comprehensively evaluating their oxidation states, as well as the electrical performance and bias-stress stability of the corresponding devices. Compared with the unpassivated a-IGZO TFTs, both the SO-devices and AO-devices showed better positive bias stability (PBS) and negative light bias stability (NBIS). Especially, the AO-devices exhibited the best PBS (V<sub>stress</sub> = 40 V, ΔV<sub>TH</sub> = 0.19 V) and NBIS (V<sub>stress</sub> = −20 V, |ΔV<sub>TH</sub>| = 0.19 V) properties. Two reasons were assumed to be responsible for the more stable properties of AO-devices than those of SO-devices: (1) suppression of the oxygen plasma damage on the back channels during the deposition of MOT films, and (2) stronger ultraviolet (UV) light reflectivity at the back surfaces during NBIS tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110339"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110332
D.S. Yadav
This work aims to comment and discuss on the work previously published by Ghebouli et al.: Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 42 (2016) 405–412; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.09.026. Unfortunately, after reviewed their work deeply and examined also, we explored a certain numerical perturbations in the estimations of crystal densities (ρ) of cubic structured (Sr2AlTaO6 and Sr2AlNbO6 except Sr2AlVO6) double perovskite oxides, which affects directly all these parameters depend upon it as like longitudinal (Vl), transverse (Vt), and average acoustic wave velocities (Vm) and consequently the Debye temperature (ϴD) studied by Ghebouli et al. [1], which crystallized in the space group Fm-3m # 225. In order to enhance their work by rectifying the numerical perturbations in the aforementioned parameters, we reexamine all of the data using appropriate relations, which depends upon the structural parameters (lattice constant and crystal density) and the elastic stiffness constants (Cij) discussed by Ghebouli et al. [1]. Our estimations for θD and ultrasonic velocities for each direction of propagation in cubic single-crystal as one longitudinal (Vl) and two shear velocities (Vt1 and Vt2) of Sr2AlTaO6 and Sr2AlNbO6 except Sr2AlVO6 diverse on a very large scale, while the values of Vt1 [110] for all targeted candidates highly deviated through our improvements. Outcomes for Debye temperature (ϴD) of such materials Sr2AlTaO6, Sr2AlNbO6 and Sr2AlVO6 reported by Ghebouli et al. [1] deviated through on a very large scale as 32.37 %, 42.53 % and 26.58 %, respectively, with our existing improvements.
这项工作旨在评论和讨论之前由Ghebouli等人发表的工作:半导体加工材料科学42 (2016)405-412;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.09.026。不幸的是,在深入回顾和检查了他们的工作之后,我们在立方结构(Sr2AlTaO6和Sr2AlNbO6除外Sr2AlVO6)双钙钛矿氧化物的晶体密度(ρ)估计中探索了一定的数值扰动,它直接影响所有依赖于它的参数,如纵向(Vl),横向(Vt)和平均声波速度(Vm),从而影响由Ghebouli等人研究的Debye温度(ϴD)。在空间群Fm-3m # 225中结晶。为了通过纠正上述参数中的数值扰动来加强他们的工作,我们使用适当的关系重新检查所有数据,这取决于结构参数(晶格常数和晶体密度)和弹性刚度常数(Cij),由Ghebouli等人讨论。[1]。除了Sr2AlVO6外,我们对Sr2AlTaO6和Sr2AlNbO6的纵向速度(Vl)和剪切速度(Vt1和Vt2)在立方单晶中传播的每个方向的θD和超声速度的估计在很大程度上存在差异,而Vt1的值[110]通过我们的改进,所有目标候选材料的Vt1值都存在高度偏差。这类材料Sr2AlTaO6、Sr2AlNbO6和Sr2AlVO6的Debye温度(ϴD)结果(由Ghebouli et al.[1]报道)与我们现有的改进相比,偏差非常大,分别为32.37%、42.53%和26.58%。
{"title":"Comment on Ghebouli et al.: “An ab initio study of the structural, elastic, electronic, optical properties and phonons of the double perovskite oxides Sr2AlXO6 (X = Ta, Nb, V)” [Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 42 (2016) 405–412]","authors":"D.S. Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims to comment and discuss on the work previously published by Ghebouli et al.: Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 42 (2016) 405–412; <span><span>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.09.026</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>. Unfortunately, after reviewed their work deeply and examined also, we explored a certain numerical perturbations in the estimations of crystal densities (ρ) of cubic structured (Sr<sub>2</sub>AlTaO<sub>6</sub> and Sr<sub>2</sub>AlNbO<sub>6</sub> except Sr<sub>2</sub>AlVO<sub>6</sub>) double perovskite oxides, which affects directly all these parameters depend upon it as like longitudinal (V<sub>l</sub>), transverse (V<sub>t</sub>), and average acoustic wave velocities (V<sub>m</sub>) and consequently the Debye temperature (ϴ<sub>D</sub>) studied by Ghebouli et al. [1], which crystallized in the space group Fm-3m # 225. In order to enhance their work by rectifying the numerical perturbations in the aforementioned parameters, we reexamine all of the data using appropriate relations, which depends upon the structural parameters (lattice constant and crystal density) and the elastic stiffness constants (C<sub>ij</sub>) discussed by Ghebouli et al. [1]. Our estimations for θ<sub>D</sub> and ultrasonic velocities for each direction of propagation in cubic single-crystal as one longitudinal (<em>V</em><sub>l</sub>) and two shear velocities (<em>V</em><sub>t1</sub> and <em>V</em><sub><em>t2</em></sub>) of Sr<sub>2</sub>AlTaO<sub>6</sub> and Sr<sub>2</sub>AlNbO<sub>6</sub> except Sr<sub>2</sub>AlVO<sub>6</sub> diverse on a very large scale, while the values of V<sub>t1</sub> [110] for all targeted candidates highly deviated through our improvements. Outcomes for Debye temperature (ϴ<sub>D</sub>) of such materials Sr<sub>2</sub>AlTaO<sub>6,</sub> Sr<sub>2</sub>AlNbO<sub>6</sub> and Sr<sub>2</sub>AlVO<sub>6</sub> reported by Ghebouli et al. [1] deviated through on a very large scale as 32.37 %, 42.53 % and 26.58 %, respectively, with our existing improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110332"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110338
Tingyao Tian, Zhang Zhang, Juan Guo, Ping Yang
We investigate the impact of aluminum-gallium (Al-Ga) co-doping on both the electronic structure and optical properties of zinc oxide-based/silver (ZnO/Ag) heterojunction using density functional theory (DFT). The results indicate that Al doping contributes more electrons than Ga doping; However, these electrons are less effectively converted into free carriers within a heterojunction system. Ga doping significantly increases carrier density, accounting for its superior conductivity compared to Al doping. Al-Ga co-doped ZnO (AGZO) further enhances the number of free carriers that Al ions contribute. Work function and charge density difference calculations confirm the transfer of electrons via the AGZO layer, resulting in improved conductivity. Optical property analysis reveals that Al-Ga co-doping significantly reduces light absorption and reflection while improving transmittance in the visible light range. The findings demonstrate that AGZO/Ag heterojunction effectively optimizes the balance between electronic structure and optical properties, providing potential for advancing multi-layer transparent thin films.
{"title":"Investigation on optical and electronic characteristics of AGZO/Ag heterojunctions","authors":"Tingyao Tian, Zhang Zhang, Juan Guo, Ping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the impact of aluminum-gallium (Al-Ga) co-doping on both the electronic structure and optical properties of zinc oxide-based/silver (ZnO/Ag) heterojunction using density functional theory (DFT). The results indicate that Al doping contributes more electrons than Ga doping; However, these electrons are less effectively converted into free carriers within a heterojunction system. Ga doping significantly increases carrier density, accounting for its superior conductivity compared to Al doping. Al-Ga co-doped ZnO (AGZO) further enhances the number of free carriers that Al ions contribute. Work function and charge density difference calculations confirm the transfer of electrons via the AGZO layer, resulting in improved conductivity. Optical property analysis reveals that Al-Ga co-doping significantly reduces light absorption and reflection while improving transmittance in the visible light range. The findings demonstrate that AGZO/Ag heterojunction effectively optimizes the balance between electronic structure and optical properties, providing potential for advancing multi-layer transparent thin films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110331
Boitumelo C. Tladi-Baloyi, Zamaswazi P. Tshabalala, Robin E. Kroon, Hendrik C. Swart, David E. Motaung
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) production is imperative as part of the global energy mix, while its timely detection is also vital for the safety of mankind. Thus, herein, Ru-loaded Co3O4/rGO nanocomposites were evaluated for LPG sensing. Structural analyses confirmed the successful loading of Ru nanoparticles (NPs) onto Co3O4/rGO sheets, resulting in the formation of hierarchical nanostructures as observed in the morphology analysis. Among the fabricated sensors, the 1.5 wt% Ru sensor exhibited the highest sensitivity of 12.3 toward 1000 ppm LPG at 75 °C, with a rapid response time of 44 s and a recovery time of 218 s. When the sensors were tested toward LPG in the presence of other interfering gases (NO2, CH4, CO, C3H8, C3H6O, CH3OH, C2H5OH, and 90 % RH, the sensor demonstrated superior sensitivity, stability, and selectivity toward LPG at a low temperature of 75 °C. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated good humidity tolerance and operational stability, retaining 95 % of the initial response over 30 days. These enhancements are attributed to the catalytic role of Ru and its promotion of charge transfer at the Co3O4/rGO interface. The findings highlight the potential of Ru-decorated Co3O4/rGO as a promising material for low-temperature LPG detection. Keywords: Co3O4; rGO; Ru; Nanoparticles; LPG; Gas sensing.
{"title":"Effect of Ru-loading on the sensing capabilities of Co3O4/rGO for LPG detection at low temperature","authors":"Boitumelo C. Tladi-Baloyi, Zamaswazi P. Tshabalala, Robin E. Kroon, Hendrik C. Swart, David E. Motaung","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) production is imperative as part of the global energy mix, while its timely detection is also vital for the safety of mankind. Thus, herein, Ru-loaded Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/rGO nanocomposites were evaluated for LPG sensing. Structural analyses confirmed the successful loading of Ru nanoparticles (NPs) onto Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/rGO sheets, resulting in the formation of hierarchical nanostructures as observed in the morphology analysis. Among the fabricated sensors, the 1.5 wt% Ru sensor exhibited the highest sensitivity of 12.3 toward 1000 ppm LPG at 75 °C, with a rapid response time of 44 s and a recovery time of 218 s. When the sensors were tested toward LPG in the presence of other interfering gases (NO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O, CH<sub>3</sub>OH, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH, and 90 % RH, the sensor demonstrated superior sensitivity, stability, and selectivity toward LPG at a low temperature of 75 °C. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated good humidity tolerance and operational stability, retaining 95 % of the initial response over 30 days. These enhancements are attributed to the catalytic role of Ru and its promotion of charge transfer at the Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/rGO interface. The findings highlight the potential of Ru-decorated Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/rGO as a promising material for low-temperature LPG detection. <strong>Keywords</strong>: Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>; rGO; Ru; Nanoparticles; LPG; Gas sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110314
Yiou Qiu , Zhen Liu , Linzheng Fu , Ping Wu , Liu Li , Danni Cao , Wenjuan Guo , Oufei Liu , Shangde Xu , Xia Feng , Minxuan Liu , Xiaodong Teng , Wenhui Zhu , Liancheng Wang
Indium thermal interface materials (TIMs) exhibit significant potential for flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packaging due to their high thermal conductivity (82 W/(m·K)) and remarkable ductility. However, the ultra-thin gold layer often fails to adequately protect against nickel oxidation, which compromises the wettability of the indium TIM and results in the formation of a non-uniform interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC), thereby hindering broader adoption. This study introduces an Ar + H2 plasma surface treatment aimed at enhancing the wettability of indium TIM on backside metallization (BSM) chips and promoting uniform IMC formation. Experimental results indicate that, following treatment, the indium TIM achieves a spreading ratio of 112.7 % on BSM chips after nine high-temperature reflows, reflecting a 25.7 % improvement compared to untreated samples. Furthermore, a uniform (Ni, Au)28In72 layer develops at the interface, significantly improving wetting performance after multiple reflows. In the Lid/In/BSM chip sandwich structure, the void size percentage for Ar + H2 plasma-treated samples is only 1.1 % after nine reflows, which is 39 % lower than that of untreated samples. Thermal simulation results reveal that the Ar + H2 plasma-treated sample, exhibiting the lowest void ratio, attains optimal thermal performance. The developed process is compatible with existing packaging production lines, providing a feasible technical pathway for the industrial application of indium TIMs in FCBGA packaging.
{"title":"Influence of argon hydrogen plasma treatment on the wettability, void and high temperature reflow reliability of indium thermal interface material for FCBGA package","authors":"Yiou Qiu , Zhen Liu , Linzheng Fu , Ping Wu , Liu Li , Danni Cao , Wenjuan Guo , Oufei Liu , Shangde Xu , Xia Feng , Minxuan Liu , Xiaodong Teng , Wenhui Zhu , Liancheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium thermal interface materials (TIMs) exhibit significant potential for flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packaging due to their high thermal conductivity (82 W/(m·K)) and remarkable ductility. However, the ultra-thin gold layer often fails to adequately protect against nickel oxidation, which compromises the wettability of the indium TIM and results in the formation of a non-uniform interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC), thereby hindering broader adoption. This study introduces an Ar + H<sub>2</sub> plasma surface treatment aimed at enhancing the wettability of indium TIM on backside metallization (BSM) chips and promoting uniform IMC formation. Experimental results indicate that, following treatment, the indium TIM achieves a spreading ratio of 112.7 % on BSM chips after nine high-temperature reflows, reflecting a 25.7 % improvement compared to untreated samples. Furthermore, a uniform (Ni, Au)<sub>28</sub>In<sub>72</sub> layer develops at the interface, significantly improving wetting performance after multiple reflows. In the Lid/In/BSM chip sandwich structure, the void size percentage for Ar + H<sub>2</sub> plasma-treated samples is only 1.1 % after nine reflows, which is 39 % lower than that of untreated samples. Thermal simulation results reveal that the Ar + H<sub>2</sub> plasma-treated sample, exhibiting the lowest void ratio, attains optimal thermal performance. The developed process is compatible with existing packaging production lines, providing a feasible technical pathway for the industrial application of indium TIMs in FCBGA packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110314"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110321
Jeong-Hyeon Park , Eunhye Lee , Im-Deok Kim , Hyunwoo Jung , Jihyun Kim , Jungwan Cho , Jong-hyoung Kim , Tae-Ik Lee , Seung-Kyun Kang , Eun-Ho Lee
Recent advances in microelectronics packaging, including chiplet architectures and heterogeneous integration, have introduced complex interconnections and the integration of dissimilar materials. These developments complicate the thermal and mechanical behavior of packaging, impacting semiconductor performance and reliability. To address these challenges, a systematic approach to analyzing the thermal-mechanical behavior of microelectronics packages is required. This paper reviews frameworks and methodologies for analyzing such behavior, focusing on the integration of three key tools: mechanics theory, material property determination, and structural pattern consideration. This paper specifically goes beyond individual reviews of the three tools—mechanics theory, material property determination, and structural patterns. Instead, it focuses on systematically analyzing the interconnections among these three tools. To clearly define localized mechanics theory, appropriate material property determination is essential. Furthermore, integrating the constitutive equations for structural analysis becomes increasingly challenging as structural patterns grow more complex. Therefore, a thorough understanding and analysis of the relationships and complementarities among these three tools is crucial. The paper begins by discussing the thermal-mechanical balance laws and dissipation applied within mechanics theory. It examines the coupling between mechanical and thermal aspects in thermodynamic laws and the challenges in determining properties for constitutive equations. The paper then reviews measurement methods for determining mechanical and thermal properties, such as thermal expansion coefficients, highlighting the pros and cons of each technique. Given that mechanics and material properties are applied at local points, the paper also addresses the importance of considering the structure in analysis. Lastly, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of traditional analytical methods, simulations, and artificial intelligence in evaluating structural characteristics. As the thermo-mechanical behavior of packages becomes more complex, the integration of mechanics, material property determination, and structural considerations will be crucial in understanding and optimizing microelectronics packaging.
{"title":"A review of the thermo-mechanical analysis framework for microelectronics packaging: Mechanics, material property determination, and structural considerations","authors":"Jeong-Hyeon Park , Eunhye Lee , Im-Deok Kim , Hyunwoo Jung , Jihyun Kim , Jungwan Cho , Jong-hyoung Kim , Tae-Ik Lee , Seung-Kyun Kang , Eun-Ho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in microelectronics packaging, including chiplet architectures and heterogeneous integration, have introduced complex interconnections and the integration of dissimilar materials. These developments complicate the thermal and mechanical behavior of packaging, impacting semiconductor performance and reliability. To address these challenges, a systematic approach to analyzing the thermal-mechanical behavior of microelectronics packages is required. This paper reviews frameworks and methodologies for analyzing such behavior, focusing on the integration of three key tools: mechanics theory, material property determination, and structural pattern consideration. This paper specifically goes beyond individual reviews of the three tools—mechanics theory, material property determination, and structural patterns. Instead, it focuses on systematically analyzing the interconnections among these three tools. To clearly define localized mechanics theory, appropriate material property determination is essential. Furthermore, integrating the constitutive equations for structural analysis becomes increasingly challenging as structural patterns grow more complex. Therefore, a thorough understanding and analysis of the relationships and complementarities among these three tools is crucial. The paper begins by discussing the thermal-mechanical balance laws and dissipation applied within mechanics theory. It examines the coupling between mechanical and thermal aspects in thermodynamic laws and the challenges in determining properties for constitutive equations. The paper then reviews measurement methods for determining mechanical and thermal properties, such as thermal expansion coefficients, highlighting the pros and cons of each technique. Given that mechanics and material properties are applied at local points, the paper also addresses the importance of considering the structure in analysis. Lastly, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of traditional analytical methods, simulations, and artificial intelligence in evaluating structural characteristics. As the thermo-mechanical behavior of packages becomes more complex, the integration of mechanics, material property determination, and structural considerations will be crucial in understanding and optimizing microelectronics packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110321"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110303
Jingyuan Zheng , Qiusheng Yan , Junqiang Lin , Lijie Wu , Shupei Wang
The study systematically investigated the efficient and low-damage removal of the gradient damage layer generated during the laser slicing of silicon carbide (SiC) wafers. The behavior of material removal in the laser-induced modified layer was explored in depth. Although laser slicing enables nearly zero material loss compared with conventional multi-wire sawing, the laser-induced damage layer significantly deteriorates the surface quality during subsequent ultra-smooth grinding processes. Ultra-precision grinding experiments combined with nano-scratch and nano-indentation tests revealed the brittle-to-ductile transition behavior of the SiC-modified layer during grinding. The material removal mechanism evolved in two stages with increasing depth: brittle fracture dominated within the 0–40 μm region, resulting in poor surface integrity; meanwhile, plastic deformation became predominant within the 40–80 μm region, leading to a significant improvement in surface roughness (Sa reduced to 28 nm). Further investigations revealed that the critical load for the brittle-to-ductile transition decreased significantly with increasing material removal (a reduction of 32.33 mN at a removal depth of 60 μm compared to 40 μm), suggesting that removing the damaged layer lowers the energy barrier for plastic deformation. Based on these findings, a physical model of the surface of SiC laser slicing was established. This provides theoretical guidance for developing high-efficiency, low-damage grinding processes and promotes the practical application of laser slicing technology in wafer manufacturing.
{"title":"Material properties and grinding mechanism of SiC laser slicing wafers","authors":"Jingyuan Zheng , Qiusheng Yan , Junqiang Lin , Lijie Wu , Shupei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study systematically investigated the efficient and low-damage removal of the gradient damage layer generated during the laser slicing of silicon carbide (SiC) wafers. The behavior of material removal in the laser-induced modified layer was explored in depth. Although laser slicing enables nearly zero material loss compared with conventional multi-wire sawing, the laser-induced damage layer significantly deteriorates the surface quality during subsequent ultra-smooth grinding processes. Ultra-precision grinding experiments combined with nano-scratch and nano-indentation tests revealed the brittle-to-ductile transition behavior of the SiC-modified layer during grinding. The material removal mechanism evolved in two stages with increasing depth: brittle fracture dominated within the 0–40 μm region, resulting in poor surface integrity; meanwhile, plastic deformation became predominant within the 40–80 μm region, leading to a significant improvement in surface roughness (Sa reduced to 28 nm). Further investigations revealed that the critical load for the brittle-to-ductile transition decreased significantly with increasing material removal (a reduction of 32.33 mN at a removal depth of 60 μm compared to 40 μm), suggesting that removing the damaged layer lowers the energy barrier for plastic deformation. Based on these findings, a physical model of the surface of SiC laser slicing was established. This provides theoretical guidance for developing high-efficiency, low-damage grinding processes and promotes the practical application of laser slicing technology in wafer manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110333
Sergey I. Kudryashov , Ivan M. Podlesnykh , Valery A. Dravin , Michael S. Kovalev , Sergei G. Buga , George K. Krasin , Evgenia V. Ulturgasheva , Alena A. Nastulyavichus , Evgeny V. Kuzmin , Vadim A. Shakhnov , Nikita I. Dolzhenko , Anastasiya G. Bondarenko
Local hydrostatic stresses and nanograin dimensions were for the first time simultaneously measured inside sub-micron-thick sulfur-implanted (1018-1021 cm−3)/nanosecond-laser annealed surface silicon layers, using a combination of complementary Raman and near-IR transmission spectroscopy methods. Alternating negative spectral shifts of near-IR indirect absorption edge at the lower concentrations (1018-1019 cm−3) and positive shifts at the higher concentrations (1020-1021 cm−3) were related to local tensile and compressive hydrostatic stresses in the layers, respectively. Quantitatively accounting for the stress effect on the “red” optical-phonon Raman band shifts, grain dimensions were measured in the laser-annealed hyperdoped layers as a function of sulfur concentration in good agreement with the Hall-effect derived mean free path values for free carriers. Raman spectroscopy when facilitated by near-IR transmission spectroscopy, enables the innovative non-contact structural insight into the stress, nanostructure and carrier transport properties of the hyperdoped layers.
{"title":"Advanced non-contact Raman/spectrophotometric deciphering of structural processes in sulfur-implanted/laser-annealed silicon","authors":"Sergey I. Kudryashov , Ivan M. Podlesnykh , Valery A. Dravin , Michael S. Kovalev , Sergei G. Buga , George K. Krasin , Evgenia V. Ulturgasheva , Alena A. Nastulyavichus , Evgeny V. Kuzmin , Vadim A. Shakhnov , Nikita I. Dolzhenko , Anastasiya G. Bondarenko","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Local hydrostatic stresses and nanograin dimensions were for the first time simultaneously measured inside sub-micron-thick sulfur-implanted (10<sup>18</sup>-10<sup>21</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>)/nanosecond-laser annealed surface silicon layers, using a combination of complementary Raman and near-IR transmission spectroscopy methods. Alternating negative spectral shifts of near-IR indirect absorption edge at the lower concentrations (10<sup>18</sup>-10<sup>19</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>) and positive shifts at the higher concentrations (10<sup>20</sup>-10<sup>21</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>) were related to local tensile and compressive hydrostatic stresses in the layers, respectively. Quantitatively accounting for the stress effect on the “red” optical-phonon Raman band shifts, grain dimensions were measured in the laser-annealed hyperdoped layers as a function of sulfur concentration in good agreement with the Hall-effect derived mean free path values for free carriers. Raman spectroscopy when facilitated by near-IR transmission spectroscopy, enables the innovative non-contact structural insight into the stress, nanostructure and carrier transport properties of the hyperdoped layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110333"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110323
Xuan Sun , Weijing Liu , Weike Wang , Yifan Wu , Khadeeja Bashir , Yuee Xie , Yuanping Chen
Although Sb2Se3 is a potential optoelectronic material to construct a high-performance near-infrared photodetectors, its rough surface, induced by unique atomic structure, leads to very low responsivities of the single material and its heterostructures. Here, an intercalation of graphene is used to improve photoresponse ability of Sb2Se3-based heterostructure, and the mechanism of carrier transport is analyzed systematically. The results indicate that the photoresponse of a heterostructure Sb2Se3/MoS2 can be improved significantly, for example, its responsivity (R) is enhanced 26-fold, reaching an exceptional value of 75 A/W; and the specific detectivity (D∗) is enhanced 5-fold, with a value of 6.7 × 1011 Jones. Our analysis indicates that the intercalation effectively suppressing the effect of Sb2Se3 surface defects, detailly, the transient absorption (TA) micro-spectroscopies reveal that graphene promotes the transport of carriers from Sb2Se3 to MoS2. Our work not only provides a good broadband especially near-infrared photodevices Sb2Se3/graphene/MoS2, but also offers an effective strategy for designing high-performance PDs by intercalations in heterostructures.
虽然Sb2Se3是一种潜在的构建高性能近红外光电探测器的光电材料,但由于其独特的原子结构导致其表面粗糙,导致其单一材料及其异质结构的响应率非常低。本研究采用石墨烯嵌入提高sb2se3基异质结构的光响应能力,并系统分析了载流子输运的机理。结果表明,Sb2Se3/MoS2异质结构的光响应特性得到了显著改善,其响应度R提高了26倍,达到75 a /W;比探测率(D *)提高了5倍,达到6.7 × 1011 Jones。我们的分析表明,嵌入层有效地抑制了Sb2Se3表面缺陷的影响,详细地说,瞬态吸收(TA)显微光谱显示石墨烯促进了载流子从Sb2Se3向MoS2的转移。我们的工作不仅提供了良好的宽带特别是近红外光器件Sb2Se3/石墨烯/MoS2,而且还提供了通过异质结构插入设计高性能光电器件的有效策略。
{"title":"Graphene intercalation enhancing responsivity of Sb2Se3-based near-infrared photodetectors","authors":"Xuan Sun , Weijing Liu , Weike Wang , Yifan Wu , Khadeeja Bashir , Yuee Xie , Yuanping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> is a potential optoelectronic material to construct a high-performance near-infrared photodetectors, its rough surface, induced by unique atomic structure, leads to very low responsivities of the single material and its heterostructures. Here, an intercalation of graphene is used to improve photoresponse ability of Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>-based heterostructure, and the mechanism of carrier transport is analyzed systematically. The results indicate that the photoresponse of a heterostructure Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>/MoS<sub>2</sub> can be improved significantly, for example, its responsivity (<em>R</em>) is enhanced 26-fold, reaching an exceptional value of 75 A/W; and the specific detectivity (<em>D∗</em>) is enhanced 5-fold, with a value of 6.7 × 10<sup>11</sup> Jones. Our analysis indicates that the intercalation effectively suppressing the effect of Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> surface defects, detailly, the transient absorption (TA) micro-spectroscopies reveal that graphene promotes the transport of carriers from Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> to MoS<sub>2</sub>. Our work not only provides a good broadband especially near-infrared photodevices Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>/graphene/MoS<sub>2</sub>, but also offers an effective strategy for designing high-performance PDs by intercalations in heterostructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110329
Chohyeon Park , Jung Wook Lim
Multivalued logic (MVL) is a promising alternative to binary logic in next-generation computing systems, enabling higher data density and lower circuit complexity. This study presents a fully transparent synaptic transistor-based MVL device that integrates logic and memory functionalities within a single device, as incorporating memory functionality can transform MVL devices into powerful platforms for in-memory computing. The proposed device, employing multilayered transparent electrodes and a CMOS-compatible single TiO2 channel layer, not only expands applicability to transparent electronics but also simplifies the fabrication process significantly. The device implements stable, well-defined ternary logic states via Fowler–Nordheim tunneling between the gate and source electrodes. In addition, the synaptic memory functionality of the device, governed by charge trapping at the channel/dielectric interface, enables 2048 distinct conductance states (11-bit precision) for short-term memory with a high linearity factor of 0.92 and ultra-low energy consumption (∼2.13 fJ), while supporting programmable logic-state modulation through long-term memory. The proposed fully transparent synaptic transistor-based ternary logic device, integrating both logic and memory functions, lays the foundation for simplified, energy-efficient, and versatile in-memory computing architectures.
{"title":"Fully transparent synaptic transistors with a single channel layer enabling ternary logic via Fowler–Nordheim tunneling for in-memory computing","authors":"Chohyeon Park , Jung Wook Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mssp.2025.110329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multivalued logic (MVL) is a promising alternative to binary logic in next-generation computing systems, enabling higher data density and lower circuit complexity. This study presents a fully transparent synaptic transistor-based MVL device that integrates logic and memory functionalities within a single device, as incorporating memory functionality can transform MVL devices into powerful platforms for in-memory computing. The proposed device, employing multilayered transparent electrodes and a CMOS-compatible single TiO<sub>2</sub> channel layer, not only expands applicability to transparent electronics but also simplifies the fabrication process significantly. The device implements stable, well-defined ternary logic states via Fowler–Nordheim tunneling between the gate and source electrodes. In addition, the synaptic memory functionality of the device, governed by charge trapping at the channel/dielectric interface, enables 2048 distinct conductance states (11-bit precision) for short-term memory with a high linearity factor of 0.92 and ultra-low energy consumption (∼2.13 fJ), while supporting programmable logic-state modulation through long-term memory. The proposed fully transparent synaptic transistor-based ternary logic device, integrating both logic and memory functions, lays the foundation for simplified, energy-efficient, and versatile in-memory computing architectures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18240,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110329"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}