Russian Microelectronics最新文献_第9页

Research on Testing Methods of SINAD Analog-to-Information Converters SINAD 模数转换器测试方法研究

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070132

M. N. Polunin, V. V. Losev, Yu. A. Chaplygin

Abstract—

The operation of an analog-to-information converter (AIC) is based on the theory of compressed sampling, which allows us to process a signal with a small number of reports, provided that the input signal is compressible. As a result, the collected data may not have all the information about the spectrum of the input signal, and the standard method for estimating the signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) ratio used for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is not applicable. In this paper a new technique for calculating the SINAD of an AIC is presented. The idea of this technique is to select the parameters of white noise, the power of which is equal to the power of the distortion and noise of the AIC. To study the results of the new technique, mathematical modeling of the AIC and the reference ADC with the same characteristics is carried out. The SINAD of the AIC is evaluated using the techniques presented in the literature and the proposed method. The SINAD of the AIC is calculated using the techniques presented in the literature and the proposed technique. The SINAD of the ADC is calculated for comparison. The new (proposed) technique demonstrates a stable result: the SINAD of the AIC coincides with the SINAD of the ADC.

摘要--模数转换器（AIC）的运行基于压缩采样理论，只要输入信号是可压缩的，我们就可以用少量的报告来处理信号。因此，采集到的数据可能并不包含输入信号频谱的所有信息，而用于模数转换器（ADC）的估算信噪比和失真比（SINAD）的标准方法并不适用。本文提出了一种计算模数转换器 SINAD 的新技术。该技术的理念是选择白噪声参数，其功率等于模数转换器失真和噪声的功率。为了研究新技术的结果，对具有相同特性的 AIC 和参考 ADC 进行了数学建模。使用文献中介绍的技术和建议的方法对 AIC 的 SINAD 进行了评估。使用文献中介绍的技术和建议的技术计算 AIC 的 SINAD。计算 ADC 的 SINAD 以进行比较。新（建议）技术显示出稳定的结果：AIC 的 SINAD 与 ADC 的 SINAD 相吻合。

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引用次数: 0

Features of the Formation of Suspended Graphene Structures over an Array of Microsized Pores 微孔阵列上悬浮石墨烯结构的形成特点

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070193

K. A. Tsarik, N. P. Nekrasov, V. K. Nevolin, I. I. Bobrinetskiy

Abstract

Structures based on suspended graphene are promising elements for problems in photonics and sensory electronics due to the possibility of the elimination of trap states in the substrate and the increase in the speed and sensitivity of the graphene layer. The development of techniques for introducing carbon nanostructures in silicon technology to create micro- and nanoelectronic devices is also relevant. In this paper, the features of the technique for the formation of a silicon membrane and pores in it, as well as the deposition of graphene on silicon membranes, are presented. The Raman spectra of suspended graphene showing a shift of the G-peak by 4.5 cm^–1 and the 2D peak by 7.5 cm^–1 relative to the peaks of the graphene lying on silicon are obtained. Using the curves of the approach and retraction of the probe of an atomic force microscope, the possible deflection of the suspended graphene is studied, showing the distances at which the attractive and repulsive forces are located in the probe–suspended graphene system. It is established that the significant deflection of graphene, by 1 µm at a pore diameter of 5 µm, makes laser focusing is difficult. This primarily affects the use of such structures as a base for a gas or fluid sensor of various organic compounds, as well as for suspended graphene-based transistors.

摘要基于悬浮石墨烯的结构是解决光子学和传感电子学问题的大有可为的元件，因为它可以消除基底中的陷阱态，提高石墨烯层的速度和灵敏度。在硅技术中引入碳纳米结构以制造微电子和纳米电子器件的技术开发也与此相关。本文介绍了硅膜及其孔隙形成技术以及在硅膜上沉积石墨烯的特点。悬浮石墨烯的拉曼光谱显示，相对于硅上石墨烯的峰值，G 峰移动了 4.5 cm-1，2D 峰移动了 7.5 cm-1。利用原子力显微镜探针接近和缩回的曲线，研究了悬浮石墨烯可能发生的偏转，显示了探针-悬浮石墨烯系统中吸引力和排斥力所在的距离。结果表明，石墨烯在孔径为 5 微米时会出现 1 微米的明显偏转，这使得激光很难聚焦。这主要影响了将这种结构用作各种有机化合物的气体或流体传感器基底，以及悬浮石墨烯晶体管的使用。

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引用次数: 0

Predictive Control System of a DC-DC Boost Converter with Optimization of the Operating Frequency 优化工作频率的直流-直流升压转换器预测控制系统

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070065

A. A. Cherdintsev

Abstract

Predictive control systems can significantly reduce the cost of setting up and developing converters. Currently, existing methods for implementing control systems have shown their effectiveness. However, some problems, such as ease of design and configuration of the device, and resistance to changes in load parameters, still require searching for new approaches to implement predictive control systems. This paper presents a new method for modifying the predictive control system model for DC-DC boost converters. The developed control system, in addition to the function of maintaining the required level of output voltage, optimizes the operation of the device to achieve maximum efficiency. It is shown that the output voltage level is regulated by changing the duty cycle of the control signal; and the efficiency of the device, by changing the operating period. It is established that a modified system for calculating the objective function allows using a sufficiently large planning horizon due to the reduction in the required computing power. The presented simulation results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed control method, including a fast transient response and a high degree of robustness.

摘要预测控制系统可大大降低变流器的安装和开发成本。目前，现有的控制系统实施方法已显示出其有效性。然而，一些问题，如设备设计和配置的简易性、对负载参数变化的抵抗力等，仍然需要寻找新的方法来实现预测控制系统。本文介绍了一种修改直流-直流升压转换器预测控制系统模型的新方法。所开发的控制系统除了具有维持所需输出电压水平的功能外，还能优化设备的运行，以实现最高效率。研究表明，通过改变控制信号的占空比，可以调节输出电压水平；通过改变工作周期，可以调节设备效率。由于所需的计算能力降低，经修改的目标函数计算系统允许使用足够大的规划范围。仿真结果表明了所提控制方法的优势，包括快速瞬态响应和高度鲁棒性。

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引用次数: 0

Circuit Implementation of Modular Adders in Custom CMOS VLSI and FPGA 定制 CMOS VLSI 和 FPGA 模块化加法器的电路实现

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070053

P. N. Bibilo, N. A. Kirienko

Abstract—

Modular arithmetic is often used to create high-speed computing systems based on both custom digital VLSI circuits and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The problems of hardware implementation of neural networks based on modular arithmetic calculations are relevant today. In this study, the problem of implementing modular adders in the library for designing custom CMOS VLSI systems and FPGAs is considered. Systems of both fully and incompletely defined (partial) Boolean functions, as well as algorithmic descriptions in the VHDL language, are used as the initial descriptions of modular adders. Logical optimization preceding logical synthesis is carried out in the class of disjunctive normal forms, Reed–Muller polynomial representations, and representations of Boolean function systems by binary decision diagrams. Nine experiments are carried out on the efficiency of applying logic optimization in the circuit implementation of modular adders in the library for designing custom CMOS VLSI circuits and FPGAs. The obtained circuits of modular adders for CMOS VLSI systems are estimated by area (total number of transistors), delay, and power consumption; and for FPGAs, by the number of programmable logic elements and power consumption. The experimental results show that the use of partial function models and preliminary logical optimization based on binary decision diagrams makes it possible to obtain modular adders characterized by lower delay values. Algorithmic VHDL models make it possible to obtain CMOS modular adder circuits with a smaller area and lower power consumption.

摘要-模块化算术通常用于创建基于定制数字 VLSI 电路和现场可编程门阵列 (FPGA) 的高速计算系统。基于模块化算术计算的神经网络的硬件实现问题在今天仍然具有现实意义。本研究考虑了在设计定制 CMOS VLSI 系统和 FPGA 的库中实现模块加法器的问题。完全和不完全定义的（部分）布尔函数系统以及 VHDL 语言中的算法描述被用作模块加法器的初始描述。在逻辑综合之前的逻辑优化是在析取正则表达式、里德-穆勒多项式表示法和二进制决策图的布尔函数系统表示法中进行的。在定制 CMOS VLSI 电路和 FPGA 设计库中的模块加法器电路实现中应用逻辑优化的效率进行了九次实验。对于 CMOS VLSI 系统，所获得的模块加法器电路按面积（晶体管总数）、延迟和功耗进行了估算；对于 FPGA，则按可编程逻辑元件的数量和功耗进行了估算。实验结果表明，使用部分函数模型和基于二进制决策图的初步逻辑优化，可以获得延迟值较低的模块加法器。算法 VHDL 模型使得 CMOS 模块加法器电路具有更小的面积和更低的功耗。

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引用次数: 0

Fatigue Analysis and Estimation of the Number of Exposure Cycles until the Failure of the Sensitive Element of a Micromechanical Capacitive Accelerometer 疲劳分析和估算微机械电容式加速度计敏感元件失效前的暴露循环次数

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070090

Ye Ko Ko Aung, B. M. Simonov, S. P. Timoshenkov

Abstract

Ensuring the reliability of the functioning of MEMS devices is the most important task facing developers. Due to the variety of designs and materials used in MEMS devices, various failure mechanisms can occur. Most of these devices contain moving parts of the structure. The fatigue properties of the structural materials used and their aging under prolonged repetitive cyclic loading can lead to failure, which directly affects the reliability of the device. In this paper the fatigue properties and reliability of the sensitive element (SE) of a micromechanical accelerometer (MMA) sandwich structure of a capacitive type made of silicon under the conditions of the mechanism of fatigue failure of the material are analyzed. The number of cycles of periodic exposure for the occurrence of a failure and the failure rate of SEs are calculated. The crystallographic orientation of the surface plane of silicon—the SE material—is considered. The simulation results show that the fatigue life of SE of an MMA made of silicon can be sufficiently strong for general purpose applications.

摘要确保 MEMS 设备运行的可靠性是开发人员面临的最重要任务。由于 MEMS 设备的设计和材料多种多样，可能会出现各种故障机制。这些设备大多包含结构中的运动部件。所使用的结构材料的疲劳特性及其在长时间重复循环加载下的老化会导致失效，从而直接影响设备的可靠性。本文分析了硅制电容式微机械加速度计（MMA）夹层结构敏感元件（SE）在材料疲劳失效机理条件下的疲劳特性和可靠性。计算了发生失效的周期性暴露次数和 SE 的失效率。考虑了硅--SE 材料表面平面的晶体学取向。模拟结果表明，由硅制成的 MMA 的 SE 疲劳寿命足以满足一般应用的要求。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of the Electrochemical Properties of the Anode of Na-Ion Battery Based on Nanotubular Anodic TiO2 基于纳米管状阳极 TiO2 的 Na 离子电池阳极的电化学特性研究

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070223

D. A. Dronova, A. A. Dronov

Abstract

It is common practice to use mesoporous layers, nanofibers, and nanospheres of titanium oxide of various chemical and phase compositions as electrodes for microbatteries. Studies of the properties of TiO₂ nanotubes (TiO₂ NT’s) have shown the relevance of using it as an anode electrode for sodium-ion batteries. In this paper a method for modifying TiO₂ NT’s with the removal of the inner layer of nanotubes by etching in a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide is proposed. It is demonstrated that the inner mesoporous layer of nanotubes hinders the embedding and extraction, respectively, of sodium ions into and from the structure of TiO₂ NT’s. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that after the removal of the inner part of the nanotubes, anodic and cathodic peaks appear, which are responsible for the extraction and intercalation of sodium ions, respectively. It is established that sodium ions are not intercalated into the crystal lattice of the TiO₂ NT’s sample after the etching of the inner layer, which indicates the reversibility of the ion introduction process. The studies have shown that TiO₂ NT’s can be used as an anode electrode in ionic accumulators and microbatteries due to the electrochemical characteristics and the possibility of various modifications of the TiO₂ NT’s array.

摘要使用各种化学成分和相组成的氧化钛介孔层、纳米纤维和纳米球作为微型电池的电极是一种常见的做法。对二氧化钛纳米管（TiO2 NT）特性的研究表明，将其用作钠离子电池的阳极电极具有现实意义。本文提出了一种通过在硫酸和过氧化氢的混合物中蚀刻去除纳米管内层来改性二氧化钛纳米管的方法。结果表明，纳米管内层介孔分别阻碍了钠离子嵌入和从二氧化钛晶体结构中提取钠离子。循环伏安研究表明，去除纳米管的内层后，会出现阳极峰和阴极峰，它们分别负责钠离子的萃取和插层。可以确定的是，在蚀刻内层后，钠离子并没有插层到 TiO2 NT 样品的晶格中，这表明离子引入过程是可逆的。研究表明，由于 TiO2 NT 的电化学特性以及对其阵列进行各种改性的可能性，TiO2 NT 可用作离子蓄电池和微型电池的阳极电极。

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引用次数: 0

Conductivity Switching in Lateral Channels Based on MXene Ti3C2Tx 基于 MXene Ti3C2Tx 的侧向通道中的电导切换

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070260

N. V. Yakunina, N. P. Nekrasov, V. K. Nevolin, I. I. Bobrinetskiy

Abstract

At present, sandwich structures based on transition metal carbides or nitrides, MXenes, have demonstrated their unique properties in optics, electronics, and photonics. The formation of elements with neuromorphic properties is a promising trend. In this paper, the memristive effect in lateral structures based on Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes is considered. The control of the formation of several current states in the conductivity of a MXene channel depending on the applied potential difference is experimentally studied. The structure is a film of the MXene Ti₃C₂T_x composition deposited by solution deposition between the gold electrodes formed on the channel surface on a silicon substrate with silicon oxide 200 nm thick. The samples obtained are analyzed using atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is established that in these structures it is possible to form the given conductivity level, depending on the applied electric field. The observed change in the conductivity ratio is two orders of magnitude. Conductivity in structures based on MXene is determined by the trap states in the channel and persists for more than 5 min.

摘要目前，基于过渡金属碳化物或氮化物（MXenes）的夹层结构已在光学、电子学和光子学领域显示出其独特的性能。形成具有神经形态特性的元素是一个大有可为的趋势。本文研究了基于 Ti3C2Tx MXenes 的横向结构中的记忆效应。实验研究了如何根据外加电位差控制 MXene 沟道电导率中几种电流状态的形成。该结构是通过溶液沉积法在通道表面形成的金电极之间沉积出的 MXene Ti3C2Tx 薄膜，该薄膜位于氧化硅厚度为 200 nm 的硅衬底上。获得的样品使用原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱进行分析。结果表明，在这些结构中，根据外加电场的不同，有可能形成特定的电导率水平。观察到的导电率变化是两个数量级。基于 MXene 的结构中的导电性由通道中的陷阱态决定，并可持续 5 分钟以上。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating the Capabilities of Recurrent Neural Networks for Solving the Problem of Classifying Poorly Structured Information on the Example of Bibliographic Data 以书目数据为例，研究递归神经网络解决结构不良信息分类问题的能力

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723070120

E. N. Petrov, E. M. Portnov

Abstract—

With the development of information technology, new fields of automatic data processing are becoming available, including bibliographic data. When information is collected from different sources and contains nonuniformly structured bibliographic records with formatting mistakes, transmitting the data to a summary table takes considerable time and effort and the result is subject to the influence of the human factor. Consequently, automatic bibliographic data processing is relevant and in demand. This paper investigates the capabilities of recurrent neural networks (RNSs) in relation to solving the problem of classifying poorly structured bibliographic information. It is shown that in order to use a RNS, it is necessary to change from the natural presentation of the bibliographic data collected to an indicative one, i.e., to present the data as a set of features. Selecting such a set of features is a separate complex problem. The developed RNS structure is implemented using the Python programming language. To evaluate the developed software module’s performance, a test set was formed from the publications list of the National Research University of Electronic Technology’s (MIET) Institute of Systems and Software Engineers and Information Technology, covering the past five years. An accuracy of 86%, which is 11% higher than the result obtained using a feed-forward neural network, is attained. The developed feature set and RNS structure allow automated bibliographic data processing, followed by the mandatory correction of the results by an operator.

摘要--随着信息技术的发展，自动数据处理正在进入新的领域，其中包括书目数据。当信息从不同来源收集，并且包含结构不统一、格式错误的书目记录时，将数据传输到汇总表需要花费大量的时间和精力，其结果也会受到人为因素的影响。因此，自动书目数据处理具有现实意义和需求。本文研究了递归神经网络（RNS）在解决结构不良书目信息分类问题方面的能力。研究表明，为了使用 RNS，有必要将所收集书目数据的自然呈现方式改为指示性呈现方式，即以一组特征的形式呈现数据。选择这样一组特征是一个单独的复杂问题。所开发的 RNS 结构使用 Python 编程语言实现。为了评估所开发软件模块的性能，我们从国立电子科技大学（MIET）系统与软件工程师和信息技术研究所过去五年的出版物列表中创建了一个测试集。准确率达到了 86%，比使用前馈神经网络获得的结果高出 11%。所开发的特征集和 RNS 结构允许自动处理书目数据，然后由操作员对结果进行强制性修正。

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引用次数: 0

MEMS Switch Based on a Cantilever with Increased Contact Force 基于悬臂的 MEMS 开关可提高接触力

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1134/s1063739723700774

I. A. Belozerov, I. V. Uvarov

Abstract

MEMS switches are of significant interest for promising radio-electronic systems, but have not yet found widespread use due to the low reliability of microcontacts. The switch develops a low contact force, which results in high and unstable contact resistance. The force is usually increased by using electrodes with complex shapes and large areas, but a simple and compact configuration is preferable. This study presents a switch based on a 50-µm-long cantilever. For the first time, a method for selecting the vertical dimensions of the product is described, increasing the contact force to values in excess of 100 μN, necessary for reliable operation of the contacts. Test samples are manufactured and tested, and the performance characteristics are compared with the calculation results.

摘要对于前景广阔的无线电电子系统来说，MEMS 开关具有重大意义，但由于微接触的可靠性较低，因此尚未得到广泛应用。开关产生的接触力小，导致接触电阻大且不稳定。通常通过使用形状复杂、面积较大的电极来增加接触力，但简单紧凑的结构更为可取。本研究提出了一种基于 50 微米长悬臂的开关。首次介绍了选择产品垂直尺寸的方法，从而将接触力提高到超过 100 μN 的值，这是触点可靠工作所必需的。试验样品已经制作完成并进行了测试，其性能特征与计算结果进行了比较。

引用次数: 0

Implementation of an LNA Using a Microstrip Coupler as a DC-Block for Sub-6 5G Communication Systems 使用微带耦合器作为直流阻断器为 6G 以下级别通信系统实现低噪声放大器

Q4 Engineering

Russian Microelectronics

Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1134/s106373972370066x

Mohamed Boumalkha, Mohammed Lahsaini, Hafid Griguer, Otman El Mrabet, Taj Eddin Elhamadi, Moulay El Hassane Archidi, Jamal EL Aoufi, Mohamed Taouzari

Abstract

This paper presents the design strategy of a microwave low noise amplifier (LNA) in microstrip technology for sub-6 GHz 5G communication systems. A microstrip coupler is exploited to design a DC block in order to avoid unwanted parasitic effects generated by lumped elements and to facilitate fabrication. Bias and matching networks are implemented using microstrip transmission lines. Based on the designed circuit, a prototype is fabricated and measured using an Agilent Technologies (hp)® ATF13786 field effect transistor. The proposed LNA is simulated and measured at 3.5 GHz. The results demonstrate that the proposed LNA achieves high gain of 12.7 dB, noise figure less than 2 dB, input and output reflection coefficients less than –10 dB, and unconditional stability over the desired bandwidth. Regarding the large signal results, the proposed LNA yields excellent performance with an output power of 16.4 dBm, and a power added efficiency (PAE) of 18%. Furthermore, the proposed LNA exhibits good linearity with an output compression point at 1 dB (OP1dB) of 0 dBm, and a third-order intercept point (OIP3) greater than +37.7 dBm.

摘要本文介绍了用于 6 GHz 以下 5G 通信系统的微带技术微波低噪声放大器（LNA）的设计策略。利用微带耦合器设计直流块，以避免块状元件产生不必要的寄生效应，并方便制造。偏置和匹配网络使用微带传输线实现。根据设计的电路，使用安捷伦科技（hp）® ATF13786 场效应晶体管制作并测量了原型。在 3.5 GHz 频率下对所提出的低噪声放大器进行了模拟和测量。结果表明，拟议的 LNA 实现了 12.7 dB 的高增益、小于 2 dB 的噪声系数、小于 -10 dB 的输入和输出反射系数以及在所需带宽上的无条件稳定性。在大信号结果方面，拟议的 LNA 性能卓越，输出功率达 16.4 dBm，功率附加效率 (PAE) 为 18%。此外，拟议的 LNA 还具有良好的线性度，1 dB 时的输出压缩点（OP1dB）为 0 dBm，三阶截取点（OIP3）大于 +37.7 dBm。

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引用次数: 0