Transportation Geotechnics最新文献_第7页

A DEM creep contact model with damage evolution for frozen soil 冻土损伤演化的DEM蠕变接触模型

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101847

Yihui Yan , Dan Chang , Jiankun Liu , Zhifeng Ren , Zhaohui Sun , Jianfeng Zheng

Frozen soil creep is a key factor in the settlement of cold region subgrades. Clarifying its macro and micromechanical deformation and damage mechanisms is essential for mitigating subgrade distress. To overcome the limitations of the existing creep contact model in PFC for accurately simulating the non-attenuating creep behavior of frozen soil, this study proposes a new discrete element creep contact model that incorporates damage evolution. By introducing a variable-stiffness damage element, the model effectively captures the third-stage creep behavior of frozen soil. Using the central difference method, the study derives the mechanical response equations for each stage of the contact model and compiles a dynamic link library (DLL) in C++ for direct use within the PFC3D software. A comprehensive description of the model development process is provided, and the contact model is validated using a double-sphere model, reproducing the non-attenuating creep curve and revealing the influence of new parameters on creep behavior. As a representative case, a series of triaxial creep tests on frozen subgrade soil under varying temperatures, confining pressures, and deviatoric stresses are conducted, leading to the establishment and calibration of a corresponding discrete element method (DEM) model. The results demonstrate that the model can accurately reproduce the creep mechanical properties of frozen soil across all stages under complex conditions. Furthermore, microscopic analysis of frozen soil reveals the evolution of particle displacement, damage development, internal structure, and pore distribution during different creep stages. The findings extend the application of DEM in studying the mechanical properties of frozen soil and provide a more precise contact model for DEM simulations of creep in frozen soil. It can be further applied to engineering-scale DEM studies of creep in cold region subgrades.

冻土蠕变是寒区路基沉降的关键因素。明确其宏观和微观力学变形和损伤机制是减轻路基破坏的必要条件。为了克服PFC中现有蠕变接触模型在准确模拟冻土非衰减蠕变行为方面的局限性，本文提出了一种考虑损伤演化的离散元蠕变接触模型。该模型通过引入变刚度损伤单元，有效地捕捉了冻土的第三阶段蠕变行为。采用中心差分法，推导了接触模型各阶段的力学响应方程，并在PFC3D软件中编译了一个c++动态链接库（DLL）。全面描述了模型的开发过程，并利用双球模型对接触模型进行了验证，再现了非衰减蠕变曲线，揭示了新参数对蠕变行为的影响。以冻融路基为例，在不同温度、围压和偏应力条件下进行了一系列三轴蠕变试验，建立并标定了相应的离散元法（DEM）模型。结果表明，该模型能较准确地再现复杂条件下冻土各阶段蠕变力学特性。通过细观分析，揭示了不同蠕变阶段冻土颗粒位移、损伤发育、内部结构和孔隙分布的演变过程。研究结果拓展了DEM在冻土力学特性研究中的应用，为冻土蠕变的DEM模拟提供了更为精确的接触模型。该方法可进一步应用于寒区路基蠕变的工程尺度DEM研究。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic solutions of unsaturated soil under moving load using the soil–water characteristic curve considering compression effect 考虑压缩效应的非饱和土在移动荷载作用下的动力解

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101813

Jing Hu , Shumeng Wu , Linlian Jin , Liqun Zeng , Shun Yang , Yun Zhao , Zhanglong Chen , Kui Liu

This paper proposes a novel dynamic analysis method that explicitly incorporates the compression effect on the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) induced by applied loads to investigate the dynamic responses of unsaturated soils. In this study, an empirical SWCC model is first developed to describe the compression effects and then integrated into the theory of wave propagation in porous media to provide a more comprehensive description of hydro-mechanical coupling under dynamic loading. The dynamic governing equations are updated accordingly and solved using the 2.5-dimensional finite element method (2.5D FEM). Validation against analytical solutions for single-phase elastic and two-phase saturated media confirms the accuracy of the proposed framework, while computational efficiency analyses highlight the advantages of the 2.5D FEM for porous media dynamics. Numerical investigations further reveal that ignoring compression in SWCC modeling leads to systematic underestimation of dynamic response intensity, and that the impact of compression is strongly correlated with the reduction rate of soil shear modulus. Importantly, the results demonstrate that compression effects significantly amplify vibration intensity in sandy and silty soils at low saturation, while in clay soils the amplification is most pronounced at higher saturation levels (∼70 %). These findings establish the proposed method as a new and effective framework for capturing compression-induced hydro-mechanical effects in the dynamic analysis of unsaturated soils.

本文提出了一种新的动力分析方法，该方法明确地考虑了外加荷载对土水特征曲线（SWCC）的压缩效应，以研究非饱和土的动力响应。本研究首先建立了SWCC经验模型来描述压缩效应，然后将其整合到多孔介质中的波传播理论中，以更全面地描述动加载下的水-力耦合。相应更新了动力学控制方程，并采用2.5维有限元法进行求解。针对单相弹性介质和两相饱和介质的解析解验证了所提出框架的准确性，而计算效率分析则突出了多孔介质动力学的2.5D FEM的优势。数值研究进一步表明，在SWCC模型中忽略压缩会导致动态响应强度的系统性低估，压缩的影响与土体剪切模量的降低率密切相关。重要的是，结果表明，压缩效应在低饱和度的沙质和粉质土壤中显着放大振动强度，而在粘土中，在高饱和度水平（~ 70%）时放大最为明显。这些发现为非饱和土动力分析中捕获压缩引起的水力学效应提供了一个新的有效框架。

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引用次数: 0

DEM investigation on granular soil arching with emphasis on particle size distribution effect 颗粒土成拱的DEM研究，重点研究粒径分布效应

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101872

Zhuofeng Li , Bo Yang , Peng Xia , Shuyu He , Shaokun Ma

Soil arching is a common load transfer mechanism in geotechnical engineering, which is significantly influenced by soil particle size distribution (PSD). Existing studies have not fully understood the PSD effect, specifically the mean particle size (d₅₀) and coefficient of uniformity (C_u), on the arching evolution and critical height. To this end, this study tries to investigate the PSD effect on the evolution of soil arching using the discrete element method. A series of two-dimensional trapdoor tests were simulated on eight specimens with varying d₅₀ and C_u. The macroscopic responses and microscopic mechanisms were systematically analyzed. Simulations reveal that an increase in d₅₀ or C_u leads to a reduction in the critical arching height. This indicates that coarser and better-graded granular soils promote a more rapid development of soil arching effect, thereby enhancing the initial load-transfer efficiency. At the microscopic level, specimens with larger d₅₀ develop stronger yet sparser force chains and exhibit greater normal contact force anisotropy, while specimens with higher C_u form denser contact networks with larger coordination numbers, resulting in more stable force transmission. The findings of this study strongly suggest that PSD significantly controls the soil arching development process through its governing role in fabric formation and force chain structure. Besides, the implications of this study offer direct relevance for optimizing backfill material design in geotechnical practices, notably in pile-supported embankments and underground excavation projects.

土成拱是岩土工程中常见的荷载传递机制，受土粒径分布的显著影响。现有研究尚未完全了解PSD对拱形演化和临界高度的影响，特别是平均粒径（d50）和均匀度系数（Cu）。为此，本研究尝试采用离散元法研究PSD对土拱演化的影响。在8个不同d50和Cu的试件上进行了一系列二维活板门试验。系统地分析了宏观响应和微观机理。模拟结果表明，增加d50或Cu会导致临界拱高降低。说明颗粒土越粗、级配越好，土拱效应发展越快，初始荷载传递效率越高。微观层面上，d50越大的试样力链越强但越稀疏，法向接触力各向异性越大；Cu越高的试样接触网络越密集，配位数越大，力传递越稳定。本研究结果强烈表明，PSD通过其对织物形成和力链结构的调控作用，显著控制了土拱的发展过程。此外，本研究的意义为岩土工程实践中回填材料的优化设计提供了直接的相关性，特别是在桩基路堤和地下开挖工程中。

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引用次数: 0

Erosion mechanism of interlayer soils under different seepage directions: a CFD-DEM perspective 不同渗流方向下层间土侵蚀机理的CFD-DEM研究

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101863

Guoqing Cai , Xianfeng Diao , Yinghui Lv , Ning Li , Chao Hu

Currently, research on the erosion-induced deformation of interlayer soils under seepage action remains at the macroscopic level, with insufficient understanding of the underlying microscopic mechanisms behind the observed macroscopic deformations. Therefore, this study, based on a Computational Fluid Dynamic − Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) coupled method, investigates the macroscopic deformation process and the evolution of the microscopic contact mechanics of interlayer soils during seepage, considering the effects of different seepage directions and hydraulic gradients. The results show that, parallel seepage along the contact surface, due to the absence of a coarse particle layer as a barrier, results in greater particle loss and deeper impact. The migration of fine particles forms cavities, triggering slippage and settlement of the upper coarse particle layer. The contact forces around these cavities are weak and sparse, posing a risk for deformation and collapse of the structure. In the initial stage of seepage, the vertical contact forces weaken, promoting particle migration and causing settlement of the upper layers. Packing and clogging increase the contact forces, restricting the movement of fine particles, while the stress concentration that forms allow the coarse particles to provide stable support, leading to stabilization of the settlement. Seepage disrupts particle connectivity, causing an uneven distribution of contact forces. After the seepage ends, a stress redistribution occurs, and the collapse triggered by the cavities is more likely to cause overall structural changes, ultimately resulting in a significant anisotropic distribution of the contact forces.

目前，对渗流作用下层间土侵蚀变形的研究还停留在宏观层面，对观测到的宏观变形背后的微观机制认识不足。因此，本研究基于CFD-DEM耦合方法，考虑不同渗流方向和水力梯度的影响，研究层间土在渗流过程中的宏观变形过程和微观接触力学演化。结果表明，由于没有粗颗粒层作为屏障，沿接触面平行渗流，颗粒损失更大，冲击更大；细颗粒的迁移形成空腔，引发上部粗颗粒层的滑移和沉降。这些空腔周围的接触力很弱且稀疏，有造成结构变形和倒塌的危险。在渗流初期，竖向接触力减弱，促进颗粒迁移，引起上层沉降。堆积和堵塞增加了接触力，限制了细颗粒的移动，而形成的应力集中使粗颗粒提供稳定的支撑，从而使沉降稳定。渗流破坏了颗粒的连通性，导致接触力分布不均匀。渗流结束后，发生应力重分布，由空腔引发的坍塌更容易引起整体结构变化，最终导致接触力呈现明显的各向异性分布。

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引用次数: 0

Vertical load on embankment-installed rigid culvert buried by cohesionless fill 无黏结填料埋置路堤刚性涵洞竖向荷载研究

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2026.101898

Hao Liu , Yiheng Pan , Xinqiang Gao , Song Hu

Researchers had presumed different failure mechanisms for calculating the load on culverts, but the research on summarizing, comparing, and evaluating these failure mechanisms was limited. This paper estimates the failure surface and shear stress along the failure surface by numerical analysis, following a brief summary of the methods for calculating the load on the culvert. From the simulation, three types of failure surfaces, i.e., internal, vertical, and external failure surfaces, were observed in the fill. Among them, the dominant surface depended on the friction angle and height. In addition, the lateral earth pressure coefficient at the vertical and dominant failure surface decreased with the fill height and friction angle, contrary to the assumption that the lateral earth pressure coefficient was only influenced by the fill friction angle. Furthermore, when the external and dominant failure surface was simplified as the vertical failure surface with an equivalent settlement surface (ESS), the vertical earth pressure in the interior fill could be accurately calculated if an appropriate value for the ESS height was chosen.

研究人员在计算涵洞荷载时假定了不同的破坏机制，但对这些破坏机制进行总结、比较和评价的研究有限。本文在简要总结了涵洞荷载计算方法的基础上，通过数值分析估算了涵洞的破坏面和沿破坏面的剪应力。模拟结果表明，充填体中存在三种破坏面，即内部破坏面、垂直破坏面和外部破坏面。其中，优势面取决于摩擦角和摩擦高度。竖向和主破坏面侧土压力系数随填土高度和摩擦角的增大而减小，与以往认为侧土压力系数只受填土摩擦角影响的假设相反。将外主破坏面简化为具有等效沉降面（ESS）的竖向破坏面，选取合适的ESS高度即可准确计算出内填土的竖向土压力。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal-information-driven surrogate modeling for predictive analysis of shield tunneling-induced settlement 基于时空信息驱动的盾构隧道沉降预测分析代理模型

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101850

Wenyuan Liu , Liyuan Tong , Yuhao Zhang , Hongjiang Li , Yu Xiao , Hao Wu

Ground settlement induced by shield tunneling is a critical concern in underground engineering, featuring complex spatiotemporal dependencies. To address the limitations of existing intelligent surrogate models in comprehensively considering influencing factors and achieving real-time prediction, this study proposes a deep learning-based settlement prediction framework that integrates multi-source information, including geometric features, multi-ring geological conditions, multi-time-step shield tunnelling parameters, and historical settlement records. Attention mechanisms are introduced to extract critical spatiotemporal dependencies, while a residual network is employed to map the fused representation to the predicted settlement. The proposed method is validated using two real tunnelling projects, demonstrating strong predictive performance with testing R² values of 0.92 and 0.97. Comparative experiments with traditional machine learning models and an LSTM-based variant further confirm the superiority of the attention-based architecture. Additionally, analysis of attention weights shows that the model can automatically focus on key operational moments and geologically sensitive strata, thereby enhancing interpretability and providing insights aligned with tunnelling process.

盾构隧道引起的地面沉降是地下工程中一个重要的问题，具有复杂的时空依赖性。针对现有智能代理模型在综合考虑影响因素和实现实时预测方面的局限性，提出了一种基于深度学习的沉降预测框架，该框架融合了几何特征、多环地质条件、多时间步长盾构隧道参数和历史沉降记录等多源信息。引入注意机制提取关键的时空依赖关系，并使用残差网络将融合的表示映射到预测的沉降。通过两个实际隧道工程对该方法进行了验证，检验R2分别为0.92和0.97，具有较强的预测能力。与传统机器学习模型和基于lstm的变体的对比实验进一步证实了基于注意力的架构的优越性。此外，对关注权重的分析表明，该模型可以自动关注关键操作时刻和地质敏感层，从而提高可解释性，并提供与隧道掘进过程一致的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Research on moisture field evolution and settlement deformation mechanisms induced by infiltration at slope toe of high-fill loess highway slope based on model experiment 基于模型试验的高填方黄土公路边坡坡脚入渗水场演化及沉降变形机制研究

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101817

Jinpeng Zhao , Jinqing Jia , Lulu Liu , Xiaoyan Liu , Guojun Cai

Loess subgrades are prone to severe distress due to water accumulation at the slope toe. To investigate this phenomenon, this research developed a scaled physical model based on a high-fill section of the G85 Highway in Guyuan City. We systematically examined the moisture migration patterns and differential settlement characteristics within the subgrade-foundation system induced by toe saturation under prolonged heavy rainfall conditions. The results indicate that: The infiltration process is influenced by both pore water pressure and atmospheric temperature. Water accumulation at the slope toe can trigger slope collapse and cracking, where continuous rainfall coupled with localized waterlogging constitutes the primary causative factor in subgrade hydraulic damage. The infiltration flow exhibits a “wavy” pattern, with the wetting front approximately forming an “arc”. The entire process can be divided into five stages: infiltration, slope weight gain, local subsidence, slope cracking, and subgrade collapse. After the model is damaged, both the moisture content and pore water pressure in the foundation exceed those in the subgrade, with maximum values occurring at the slope toe. The saturated area ratio between the foundation and subgrade approximates 11:1. The maximum pore water pressure records about 2 kPa in the foundation compared to 1.2 kPa in the subgrade, ultimately resulting in cracking and collapse within the saturation zone. The settlement value of the foundation exhibits an approximately quadratic relationship with moisture content, whereas the settlement value of the subgrade-foundation interface follows a linear relationship. The maximum settlement approaches 5.5 cm (near the slope toe). These findings provide a theoretical basis for the construction, operation, and maintenance of highways in high-altitude loess regions.

由于坡脚积水，黄土路基容易发生严重的破坏。为了研究这一现象，本研究以固原市G85高速公路高填方路段为研究对象，建立了一个按比例的物理模型。系统研究了长时间强降雨条件下趾部饱和引起的路基基础系统内的水分迁移模式和差异沉降特征。结果表明：入渗过程受孔隙水压力和大气温度的共同影响。坡脚积水可引发坡面崩塌开裂，其中连续降雨加上局部内涝是路基水力破坏的主要原因。入渗流呈“波浪形”，湿润锋近似形成“弧形”。整个过程可分为入渗、边坡增重、局部沉降、边坡开裂、路基坍塌五个阶段。模型破坏后，地基含水率和孔隙水压力均大于路基含水率和孔隙水压力，且在坡脚处出现最大值。地基与路基的饱和面积比约为11:1。地基最大孔隙水压力约为2kpa，路基最大孔隙水压力为1.2 kPa，最终导致饱和区开裂、坍塌。地基沉降值与含水率呈近似二次关系，地基-地基界面沉降值则呈线性关系。最大沉降接近5.5 cm（靠近坡脚）。研究结果为黄土高海拔地区公路的建设、运营和养护提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Stability of water-resistant rock mass of fault tunnels under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions 高温高压条件下断层隧道抗水岩体稳定性研究

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2026.101893

Chengping Zhang, Shiqin Tu, Tongxin Liu, Wei Li

The high-temperature water inrush geo-hazards are often encountered during the construction of deep tunnels recently. The stability of the water-resistant rock mass of tunnel face under the high-temperature and high-pressure conditions plays an important role for the prevention of water inrush disaster, which has been paid little attention to in existing researches. In order to investigate the stability of water-resistant rock mass of water-rich fault tunnels under high temperature and high pressure conditions, a thermal–hydraulic-mechanical coupled model is established to simulate the failure of water-resistant rock mass during the tunnel excavation. Then a series of experiments are conducted using the self-developed model test device of tunnel water inrush with high temperature and high pressure. The validity of the numerical model is proved by comparing the results obtained from model test and numerical simulation. The results show that the thermal–mechanical coupling effect not only intensifies the instability of surrounding rock but also redirects the failure kinematics of water-resistant rock mass, resulting a more significant downward deflection of the velocity of failure zone. In addition, the thermal–mechanical or thermal–hydraulic-mechanical coupling effects significantly alter the stress path at which the water-resistant rock mass reaches the failure state, while the hydraulic-mechanical coupling effect merely accelerates the failure of the water-resistant rock mass along the original stress path. The results of this study can provide useful guidance for preventing water inrush of deep tunnels in water-rich stratum with high temperature and pressure.

近年来，深埋隧道施工中经常遇到高温突水地质灾害。高温高压条件下隧洞工作面抗水岩体的稳定性对突水灾害的防治具有重要作用，但在现有研究中很少受到重视。为了研究高温高压条件下富水断层隧道抗水岩体的稳定性，建立了热-水-力耦合模型，模拟了隧道开挖过程中抗水岩体的破坏。然后利用自行研制的隧道高温高压突水模型试验装置进行了一系列试验。通过对比模型试验和数值模拟结果，验证了数值模型的有效性。结果表明：热-力耦合效应不仅加剧了围岩的不稳定性，而且改变了抗水岩体的破坏运动学方向，导致破坏区速度向下偏转更为明显；此外，热-力耦合效应或热-水-力耦合效应显著改变了阻水岩体到达破坏状态的应力路径，而水-力耦合效应仅加速了阻水岩体沿原应力路径的破坏。研究结果可为高温高压富水地层深部隧道防突水提供有益的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Metaheuristic-optimized XGBoost model for accurate prediction of rock fragmentation in mining projects 基于元启发式优化的XGBoost模型的矿山破碎度精确预测

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101854

Jitendra Khatti , Swapnil Mishra , Athanasia D. Skentou , Panagiotis G. Asteris

Rock fragmentation plays a critical role in determining the cost of a mining project, as the expenses related to loading, hauling, and crushing the fragmented rock directly impact the overall project cost. Conventional methods for evaluating fragmentation, such as Kuz–Ram models, size-distribution functions, and classical comminution laws, often fall short. These methods do not consider the complex interactions among geology, blast design, and timing. Even the Modified Kuz–Ram model, which includes the Blastability Index, performs inconsistently in jointed and heterogeneous rock conditions. Therefore, the present research introduces a new optimized extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model by comparing the Arithmetic Optimization (AOA), Brainstorm Optimization (BOA), Quantum-inspired Evolutionary (QEA), Tiki-Taka Optimization (TTA), and Whale Optimization (WOA) algorithms optimized XGBoost models to predict rock FGT. For that purpose, the database was collected from the opencast Mine of Ramagundam, Telangana, India. This investigation uses spacing-to-burden ratio, total explosive, firing pattern, joint angle, and maximum charge per delay (Q) as features to assess the rock FGT. This investigation has analyzed the accuracy and reliability of the optimized XGBoost models using ten performance metrics, QQ plot, regression error characteristics, generalizability analysis, reliability indexes, overfitting analysis, and Anderson-Darling test. Finally, the TTA_XGBoost model outperformed the AOA, BOA, QEA, and WOA-optimized XGBoost models with a Deviation of Runoff Volume (DRV) of 0.0872, Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) of 0.7784, Kullback Leibler Divergence (KLD) of 0.4348, and Jensen Shannon Divergence (JSD) of 0.0997. The Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) analysis reveals that the joint angle and maximum charge per delay (Q) features significantly impact the rock FGT assessment. Also, it was observed that the optimized XGBoost model achieves over 95% performance when the features are weakly multicollinear.

岩石破碎在决定采矿项目成本中起着至关重要的作用，因为与破碎岩石的装载、运输和破碎相关的费用直接影响到整个项目的成本。评估碎片化的传统方法，如库兹-拉姆模型、大小分布函数和经典的粉碎定律，往往是不够的。这些方法没有考虑地质、爆破设计和定时之间复杂的相互作用。即使是包含可爆性指数的修正库兹-拉姆模型，在节理和非均质岩石条件下的表现也不一致。因此，本研究通过比较算法优化（AOA）、头脑风暴优化（BOA）、量子启发进化（QEA）、Tiki-Taka优化（TTA）和鲸鱼优化（WOA）算法优化的XGBoost模型，提出了一种新的优化的极限梯度提升（XGBoost）模型来预测岩石FGT。为此目的，数据库是从印度特伦甘纳的Ramagundam露天矿收集的。该研究使用空药比、总炸药、射击模式、节理角度和最大每延迟装药量(Q)作为评估岩石FGT的特征。本研究利用十大性能指标、QQ图、回归误差特征、概率性分析、可靠性指标、过拟合分析和Anderson-Darling检验对优化后的XGBoost模型的准确性和可靠性进行了分析。TTA_XGBoost模型的径流量偏差（DRV）为0.0872，KGE为0.7784，Kullback Leibler散度（KLD）为0.4348，Jensen Shannon散度（JSD）为0.0997，优于AOA、BOA、QEA和woa优化的XGBoost模型。局部可解释模型不可知解释（LIME）分析表明，节理角和最大每延迟装药量(Q)特征对岩石FGT评价有显著影响。此外，当特征是弱多重共线时，优化后的XGBoost模型的性能达到95%以上。

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引用次数: 0

Compressibility of Clays under Repetitive Loading: A New Perspective on Consolidation State, Loading Frequency, and Partially Drained Conditions 重复加载下粘土的压缩性：固结状态、加载频率和部分排水条件的新视角

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Transportation Geotechnics

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101864

Jang-Un Kim, Hyunwook Choo

Many structures built on saturated clays are subjected to repetitive loads from sources such as waves, wind, and traffic. This loading can induce excess pore water pressure within saturated clays, leading to additional volumetric deformation and the long-term degradation of geostructures. This study investigated the compressibility of saturated clays under repetitive loading, focusing on the coupled effects of the initial degree of consolidation (U_i) and loading frequency (f). A newly developed loading system was used to perform tests on sand, kaolin, and Ca-bentonite specimens across a wide range of frequencies (f = 0.011, 0.046, 0.139, 0.278, 1.67, 8.33, 25, 125, and 250 mHz) and consolidation states (U_i = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0). The results indicated that the cyclic-induced void ratio change (Δe) was highly sensitive to both U_i and f. For underconsolidated soils (U_i < 1), high-frequency loading significantly increased Δe, whereas the response was minimal and largely independent of these factors under low-frequency conditions or for normally consolidated soils (U_i = 1). This study identified three distinct drainage regimes: drained, partially drained, and undrained based on the cyclic loading ratio (T/t₁₀₀), establishing a quantitative threshold of T/t₁₀₀ ≤ 0.001 − 0.01 for the transition to pseudo-undrained behavior. Furthermore, repetitive loading was found to increase the horizontal effective stress, leading to a higher overconsolidation ratio and a corresponding reduction in post-cyclic compressibility. The findings provide new experimental evidence on the complex, coupled behaviors of saturated soils and offer critical insights for the reliable design and performance assessment of structures on soft clay deposits.

许多建在饱和粘土上的建筑物都要承受来自海浪、风和交通等来源的反复载荷。这种荷载会在饱和粘土中诱发超孔隙水压力，导致额外的体积变形和土工结构的长期退化。本文研究了饱和粘土在重复加载下的压缩性，重点研究了初始固结度（Ui）和加载频率(f)的耦合效应。采用新开发的加载系统对砂土、高岭土和钙膨润土试样进行了宽频率范围（f = 0.011、0.046、0.139、0.278、1.67、8.33、25、125和250 mHz）和固结状态（Ui = 0、0.2、0.4、0.6和1.0）的测试。结果表明，循环诱导的孔隙比变化（Δe）对Ui和f都高度敏感。对于欠固结土（Ui < 1），高频加载显著增加Δe，而低频条件下或正常固结土（Ui = 1）的响应很小，与这些因素无关。本研究根据循环加载比（T/t100）确定了三种不同的排水模式：排水、部分排水和不排水，并建立了T/t100≤0.001−0.01的定量阈值，以过渡到伪不排水行为。此外，发现重复加载增加了水平有效应力，导致更高的超固结比和相应的循环后压缩率降低。这一发现为研究饱和土的复杂耦合特性提供了新的实验证据，并为软粘土沉积物结构的可靠设计和性能评估提供了重要见解。

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