Science China Materials最新文献

Immunotherapy acts as an essential modality in modulating a broad variety of immune responses to cure diseases and has been regarded as a powerful therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment in the past decades. However, the application of immunotherapeutic agents is limited by their low tumor targeting capability, poor tumor penetration ability, and potential immune-related adverse events in physiological environments. Engineered liposomal nanoplatforms can help to reduce immune-related side effects, precisely deliver the drugs to the tumor site, and enhance the treatment power of immunotherapeutic agents by restricting them within the cavities of the liposomes and modifying the liposomes with targeting components and biocompatible materials to reduce their burst release, unwanted dispersion, and blood clearance. This review discusses the recent progress in the development of liposome-assisted immunotherapy for treating various cancers, including the design of liposomal nanoplatforms, the features of different immunotherapy modalities, and the strategies for activating immune responses. In addition, this review also introduces the strategies for strengthening liposome-based immunotherapy by optimizing liposomal design, exploring the pairing of different drugs, and combining with different therapeutic modalities. Finally, this review proposes some current limitations and future research directions for liposomal nanoplatform-assisted cancer immunotherapy.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have seen significant performance enhancements through various strategies, notably the incorporation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as hole transport layers (HTLs). SAMs improve hole-trapping efficiency, align electrode work functions with active layer energy levels, and reduce carrier transport barriers. Unlike traditional PEDOT:PSS, SAMs lack corrosive sulfonic acid groups, thereby enhancing device stability. Their ultrathin nature minimizes parasitic absorption and reduces material consumption, making them suitable for large-area device fabrication. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the development and application of various SAMs employed as HTLs in OSCs, focusing on molecular design and device engineering. We discuss how structural factors, such as anchoring group selection, linker length, and end-group nature, affect self-assembly quality and charge transport properties. Optimization strategies are proposed, addressing key molecular design and device processing considerations. Finally, we highlight surface coverage and stability challenges, suggesting future research directions to overcome these issues and advance SAM applications in OSCs.

The development of multifunctional electronic information materials that combine electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared (IR) thermal camouflage is crucial for the smooth and safe operation of electronic devices. However, it is challenging for traditional shielding materials to simultaneously meet these high demands. Here, based on the strategy of interfacial bonding and compositional synergy, we successfully prepared a multilayer composite film via layer-by-layer vacuum filtration combined with a hot-pressing process using modified aramid nanofibers and MXene nanosheets as substrates. The film features aramid nanofibers-polypyrrole (ANF-PPy) as the matrix and Ag-MXene as the functional filler, and its unique multilayer structure enables it to generate multiple losses during electromagnetic wave transmission. In addition, the in-situ grown Ag nanoparticles effectively extend the MXene layer spacing and significantly enhance electromagnetic wave scattering efficiency. The film with a thickness of only 33 µm exhibits excellent EMI shielding performance (average EMI SE of 66.75 dB and SSE/t of 38432.54 dB cm² g⁻¹). The tight integration of the multilayer structures also endows their high IR reflectivity. Accordingly, this research lays the foundation for the creation of multifunctional protective materials that have great potential for both military and civilian purposes.

Gesture interaction has emerged as a highly effective interface for intelligent human-computer interaction, attributed to its intuitive interaction modality and multidimensional control capabilities. However, traditional gesture interaction devices often depend on predefined encoding rules, which substantially limit interaction efficiency and degrade user experience. This study introduces an innovative intelligent finger ring interaction system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator utilizing PDMS/SrTiO₃ composite thin film (PS-TENG). The system maps freehand writing gestures directly to textual information input, thereby eliminating the need for complex gesture encoding schemes and offering a user-friendly, low-learning-curve input method. By integrating a deep learning model, the system achieves recognition accuracies of 98.21% for English letters, 96.87% for Arabic numerals, and 96.44% for Chinese characters. Furthermore, it supports secure and encrypted data transmission and enables wireless interaction for gaming control. These findings indicate that the intelligent finger ring interaction system possesses significant potential for practical applications in information input and wireless control.

The unstable zinc (Zn) interface derived from undesired dendrite growth and parasitic reactions hinders the practical application of rechargeable zinc-ion batteries. Herein, we introduce 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as a parts-per-million (ppm) level electrolyte additive to enhance the interfacial stability of Zn anode. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that PAN can parallel adsorb on the Zn surface and form strong π-π interactions between PAN molecules, helping to repel water molecules highly efficiently. Moreover, PAN featuring OH, pyridine N and azo N groups can chelate with Zn²⁺ and optimize the diffusion behavior of Zn²⁺, inducing even Zn deposition and suppressing dendrite growth. Remarkably, 10 ppm (0.04 mM) PAN additive contributes to a long lifespan of 1500 h in a symmetrical cell at 2 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻². Also, the cycle stability of Zn∥NH₄V₄O₁₀ and Zn∥MnO₂ full cells showcases obvious enhancement. The Zn∥NH₄V₄O₁₀ pouch cell exhibits impressive capacity retention of 71.1% after 250 cycles at a rate of 0.8 A g⁻¹. This work provides a promising pathway for selecting high-efficient additives applied in aqueous metal-based batteries.

Emulating biological synaptic plasticity is essential for advancing artificial intelligence. However, in most existing synaptic phototransistors to date, both electrical and optical stimuli induce weight modulation within a comparable dynamic range, limiting plasticity tunability and richness. Here, we report a synaptic phototransistor that enables distinct weight modulation in response to electrical and optical inputs, achieving hierarchical, multi-scale plasticity with concurrent visible-light emission for direct display. The device integrates a long-afterglow material that converts transient ultraviolet (UV) excitation into persistent visible emission, serving as a temporally extended, memory-like optical stimulus. Compared to direct electrical gating, this delayed optical activation of the optoelectronic channel induces weight modulation on a significantly longer timescale, enabling hierarchical plasticity and cascade interactions between optical and electrical pathways. The dual-output architecture allows simultaneous optical visualization and electrical signal processing, effectively integrating optical perception with insensor computation. Leveraging this design, we demonstrate a UV-resolvable neural network capable of direct image display and achieving a recognition accuracy of 95.03% for handwritten digits. This work establishes a new paradigm for multimodal neuromorphic systems by seamlessly integrating sensing, display, and computation within a unified in-sensor architecture.

Semitransparent organic photodetectors (ST-OPDs) are promising for applications in smart windows and electronic displays due to their inherent transparency. However, their transmittance is often limited by the low transmittance of conventional electrodes. In this work, we developed a cost-effective and facile transfer printing process for fabricating PEDOT:PSS top electrodes, which were subsequently used to construct ST-OPDs. The resulting PEDOT: PSS electrodes exhibit excellent optical transmittance, exceeding 90% across the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrum. Consequently, the ST-OPDs based on these electrodes achieve an impressive average visible transmittance (AVT) of 74.8% and a specific detectivity of exceeding 5 × 10¹¹ Jones. Moreover, the high transparency of the PEDOT:PSS electrodes enables dual-sided responsiveness, allowing for heart rate monitoring from both sides in photoplethysmography tests, a feature that facilitates seamless integration with readout circuits. Additionally, the transfer-printing method exhibits broad applicability across various active layers. These findings highlight the potential of our transfer printing approach for fabricating high-performance ST-OPDs, paving the way for integratable, biocompatible, and invisible optical-sensing applications in transparent electronics and beyond.

With the rapid development of flexible wearable electronic devices, a multifunctional electronic skin with excellent strain sensing performance, satisfactory air permeability, and good self-powered capability for portability is urgently desired. Herein, inspired by the “brick-and-mortar” microstructure of natural nacre, an ultra-stretchable and highly sensitive multifunctional e-skin composed of Ti₃C₂T_x (MXene)/Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/thermoplastic polyurethane films is developed through electrospinning and spraying technology. Benefiting from the tunable multilayer structural design, the multifunctional e-skin synchronously demonstrates a high sensitivity (gauge factor, GF_max = 5.8 × 10⁴), wide sensing range (up to 535% strain), low detection limit (0.15% strain), fast response time (80 ms) and good durability. The sensing mechanism is developed based on the evolution of a two-dimensional (2D) MXene/1D CNTs synergistic conductive network and the expansion of the microcracked structure synchronously. The multifunctional e-skin is also assembled as a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator, which shows high triboelectric output and good stability, broadening the application of the multifunctional e-skin in tactile sensing. The nacre-mimetic self-powered e-skin is demonstrated for human physiological signal acquisition, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and posture correction training, presenting fascinating application strategies for ergonomics, emergency medical services, and athlete training assessment.

Polymer-based positive temperature coefficient (PTC) composites show exceptional potential for smart thermal management owing to temperature-responsive resistivity. However, conventional PTC composites with high Curie temperatures (T_c > 50 °C) are unsuitable for precision electronics requiring room-temperature operation. The development of low-Tc composites (T_c < 50 °C) faces challenges in balancing electrical resistivity, stability, and sensitivity. We present a ternary composite design where carbon black (CB) is selectively dispersed in myristyl alcohol (MA) phase, stabilized by an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix. The reversible solid-liquid transition of MA dynamically modulates CB conductive networks, while the elasticity of EVA suppresses phase migration under elevated thermal conditions. The MA/EVA/CB composite achieves unprecedented performance: low T_c (35 °C), ultralow initial resistivity (50 Ω cm), high PTC intensity (7.0), and exceptional cycling stability (>95% resistivity retention after 100 thermal cycles), surpassing previous benchmarks. Even after real space-environment exposure for 14 days, it retains ultralow resistivity and high PTC intensity. DSC/FTIR analyses confirm molecular integrity, validating stability under extreme conditions. Microstructural studies reveal that MA phase melting/crystallization governs conductive network disruption/reconfiguration. A self-regulating heater fabricated from this composite stabilizes an aluminum block at near T_c (30.6 ± 0.03 °C) at 20 V and −10 °C environments without external controls. The low-T_c PTC composites demonstrate transformative potential in adaptive thermal management for aerospace electronics.