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Is the High-Speed Railway Network Narrowing the Urban‒Rural Income Gap? 高速铁路网是否缩小了城乡收入差距?
IF 2 4区 社会学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12061-024-09622-6
Tie-Ying Liu, Ye Lin

This study discusses the influence of China's high-speed rail (HSR) network on the urban‒rural income gap from 2003–2019. We find that China's HSR network has reduced the urban‒rural income gap since 2003, mainly by promoting industrial upgrading, industry agglomeration, and financial industry development. The results also show that the HSR network decreases the urban‒rural income gap in medium-sized cities but has nonsignificant effects on large and small cities. Additionally, the HSR network can reduce the urban‒rural income gap in cities with high betweenness centrality, whereas it has no significant effect on the urban‒rural income gap in cities with low betweenness centrality. The HSR network expands the urban‒rural income gap in provincial capital cities, whereas it narrows the gap in nonprovincial capital cities. Additionally, the HSR network reduces the urban–rural income gap more for cities with HSR stations far from the provincial capital than for cities with HSR stations close to the provincial capital. This study holds reference value for the spatial optimization of the HSR network.

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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Black Girl Autopoetics: Agency in Everyday Digital Practice By Ashleigh Greene Wade 书评:Black Girl Autopoetics:日常数字实践中的机构 作者:Ashleigh Greene Wade
IF 5.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/08912432241305621
Chamara Jewel Kwakye
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引用次数: 0
Millets for sustainable development in India: a social cost benefit analysis from a policy perspective
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10308-024-00713-0
Sukhpal Singh, K. V. Ramani, Rasananda Panda

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) like zero hunger, no poverty, good health and well-being, reduced inequalities, climate action, and responsible consumption and production also figure in the agenda of G20 which is about poverty alleviation and food security through combatting global hunger and malnutrition, and cooperation in research on climate-resilient and nutritious crops such as millets. During the International Year of millets (2023), India, which had declared 2018 as the ‘National Year of Millets’, has taken many initiatives to promote millets, as a part of the G20 presidency. In the context of climate change, millets have gained substantial attention for their unique adaptability in harsh conditions like semi-arid lands and drought-prone environments. Millets, also called nutri-cereals in India, mainly comprise pearl millet (bajra), sorghum (jowar) and finger millet (ragi), and contribute about 5% to India’s cereals production. India is the largest producer of millets globally, accounting for 41% of global and 80% of Asian production. Millets have been a part of daily diets in many regions of India prior to the Green Revolution, but many farmers lost interest in millet crop following the Green Revolution, possibly due to higher yield and profitability of rice. However, the literature examining the value chains and social cost–benefit analysis of millets vis-à-vis conventional crops is scanty. This paper examines the value chain economics of the three major millets (pearl millet, sorghum and finger millet) which account for 85% of the total production of millets in India from a social cost–benefit analysis (SCBA) perspective and examines if millets can be recommended as a nutritional supplement to rice. It examines the major millets on macro- and micronutrient aspects of nutrition. The paper argues for policy support for expand millet production, strengthen its value chain, create public awareness about the health benefits of millets and to undertake activities to promote millets as nutritional supplement to rice in India.

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引用次数: 0
Orgasm and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents: Differences Across Genders and Dyad Configurations.
IF 2.9 2区 社会学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-03054-6
Alice Girouard, Jacinthe Dion, Aleksandar Štulhofer, Beáta Bőthe, Martin Blais, Marie-Michèle Paquette, Lucia F O'Sullivan, Sophie Bergeron

Despite recurring calls for diversity and inclusion in adolescent sexuality research, our understanding of adolescents' sexual experiences beyond heteronormative vaginal intercourse remains limited. The current study examined orgasm (during masturbation and with a partner) and sexual behaviors (providing and receiving manual and oral stimulation) in middle adolescents. We conducted logistic regression and path analyses separately for cisgender (n = 2738) and transgender/non-binary (TNB) youth (n = 62) to explore gender and dyad type (intersection between gender and partner gender) differences among 2800 Canadian adolescents (51.4% cisgender girls, Mage = 16.41, SDage = 0.55). With cisgender boys as reference, cisgender girls had lower odds of experiencing orgasm during masturbation, reported more difficulties with orgasm during partnered sex, received more manual sex, and less oral sex. TNB individuals assigned male at birth received more manual stimulation, and TNB assigned female at birth received less oral sex. For dyad type, compared to cisgender boys partnered with a girl, cisgender girls partnered with a boy and cisgender girls with a gender diverse partner (i.e., non-binary, trans, genderfluid or agender) had lower odds of having ever experienced orgasm during masturbation, reported more difficulties experiencing orgasm during partnered sex, and received oral stimulation less often. Cisgender girls who were partnered with a girl did not differ from cisgender boys who were partnered with a girl. Findings may inform programs that promote sexual wellbeing among youth.

尽管在青少年性研究中不断呼吁多样性和包容性,但我们对青少年在异性恋阴道性交之外的性经验的了解仍然有限。本研究考察了中学生的性高潮(手淫时和与伴侣的性高潮)和性行为(提供和接受手动和口腔刺激)。我们分别对顺性(n = 2738)和跨性别/非二元性(TNB)青少年(n = 62)进行了逻辑回归和路径分析,以探讨 2800 名加拿大青少年(51.4% 为顺性女孩,Mage = 16.41,SDage = 0.55)的性别和伴侣类型(性别与伴侣性别之间的交叉)差异。以顺性男孩为参照,顺性女孩在自慰时达到性高潮的几率较低,在伴侣性爱时达到性高潮的困难较多,手动性爱次数较多,口交次数较少。出生时被分配为男性的 TNB 群体接受更多的人工刺激,而出生时被分配为女性的 TNB 群体接受较少的口交。就伴侣类型而言,与伴侣为女孩的顺性别男孩相比,伴侣为男孩的顺性别女孩和伴侣为不同性别(即非二元、变性、性别流或无性别)的顺性别女孩在自慰时体验到性高潮的几率较低,在伴侣性爱时体验到性高潮的困难较多,接受口交刺激的次数较少。与女孩有伴侣的双性恋女孩与与女孩有伴侣的双性恋男孩没有差异。研究结果可为促进青少年性健康的计划提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
The importance of hidden stories.
IF 1.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.10205
Giovanni Destro Bisol, Erica Autelli, Marco Capocasa, Marco Caria
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引用次数: 0
Reconstructing micro-evolutionary dynamics shaping local variation in southern African populations using genomics, metagenomics and personal metadata.
IF 1.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.10204
Gonzalo Oteo-García, Giacomo Mutti, Matteo Caldon, Ockie Oosthuitzen, Matteo ManfrediniK, Cristian Capelli

Geography is a well-known factor shaping genetic variation in human populations. However, the potential role played by cultural variables remains much understudied. This study investigates the impact of socio-cultural variables on genomic similarity and the saliva microbiome, using data from populations in Lesotho and Namibia. Geographic distance within Lesotho increases genetic differentiation, while shared clan affiliation surprisingly increases it. In Namibia, ethnicity is the predominant factor influencing genetic affinity. Saliva metagenomic data shows a negative correlation between age and alpha diversity, with notable differences in host-interacting taxa and viral load. These findings highlight the role of geography in shaping genetic affinity even at small scales and the complex influences of cultural factors. The saliva microbiome appears primarily affected by unrecorded individual behaviors rather than geographic or cultural variables. At population-level these oral microbiomes reveal insights into some dietary habits, oral health, and also the communal viral load, which appears to have greater incidence in Lesotho possibly related to the long-term effects of the HIV epidemic in the country.

众所周知,地理因素影响着人类群体的遗传变异。然而,文化变量的潜在作用仍未得到充分研究。本研究利用莱索托和纳米比亚人群的数据,调查了社会文化变量对基因组相似性和唾液微生物组的影响。莱索托境内的地理距离增加了遗传分化,而共同的氏族归属却出人意料地增加了遗传分化。在纳米比亚,种族是影响遗传亲和性的主要因素。唾液元基因组数据显示,年龄与阿尔法多样性呈负相关,宿主相互作用类群和病毒载量存在显著差异。这些发现凸显了地理因素在形成遗传亲和力方面的作用,即使是在小范围内,以及文化因素的复杂影响。唾液微生物组似乎主要受到未记录的个体行为而非地理或文化变量的影响。在人群层面上,这些口腔微生物组揭示了一些饮食习惯、口腔健康以及社区病毒负荷的情况,莱索托的病毒负荷发生率似乎更高,这可能与该国艾滋病毒流行的长期影响有关。
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引用次数: 0
Postcolonial technoscience revisited.
IF 2.9 2区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241303778
Cameron Hu

What does a postcolonial inquiry into technoscience do? And what is it for? I develop these questions by reconsidering one powerful idea: that science and technology studies (STS) is postcolonial when it elucidates the hybridity, heterogeneity, and indeterminacy of global technoscientific formations, and does so to falsify colonial fantasies of hegemony expressed in imperious conceptual generalities and sovereign universalisms. Revisiting Warwick Anderson's expositions of postcolonial STS-initiated in this journal two decades ago-I reflect on the form and force of this critical operation. Despite an animating aversion to universalisms, the pursuit of hybridity and heterogeneity may ultimately universalize a liberal metaphysics of agency. This paradox suggests limits to the critical operation that pits hybridity and indeterminacy against hegemony in a postcolonial spirit.

对技术科学的后殖民主义探究是做什么的?又是为了什么?我通过重新考虑一个强有力的观点来阐释这些问题:科学技术研究(STS)在阐明全球技术科学形态的混合性、异质性和不确定性时,就是后殖民主义的,这样做的目的是为了篡改以强制性的概念概括和主权普遍主义表达的殖民霸权幻想。重温沃里克-安德森(Warwick Anderson)二十年前在本刊发表的关于后殖民科技创新的论述,我反思了这一批判行动的形式和力量。尽管人们对普遍主义深恶痛绝,但对混杂性和异质性的追求最终可能会使自由主义的代理形而上学普遍化。这一悖论表明,以后殖民精神将混杂性和不确定性与霸权对立起来的批判行动是有局限性的。
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引用次数: 0
A precision immuno-oncology turn? Hybridizing cancer genomics and immunotherapy through neoantigens-based adoptive cell therapies
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241303720
Luca Chiapperino, Nils Graber, Francesco Panese
This article explores the development of T cell-based therapies in Switzerland. These therapies, which elicit the immunological potential of each patient to respond to tumor development, constitute a major promise for so-called ‘precision oncology’. We document how immunological concepts, technologies, and practices are articulated given the centrality of genomics in ‘precision oncology’. We consider ‘precision immunotherapies’ to probe whether and how change ensues in these established sociotechnical regimes of biomedicine. The case of genomics and immunology in oncology offers a unique insight into the conditions of possibility for change in such regimes. How does the present new wave of cancer immunotherapies challenge, integrate, and complement the centrality of genomics in ‘precision oncology’? What are the specific processes that make possible the convergence, competition, or co-existence of distinct conceptions, infrastructures, and programs of innovative cancer medicine? Drawing from observations and interviews with researchers and clinicians, we qualify these sociotechnical processes as hybridizations. Bringing together different sociotechnical regimes of biomedical research is conditional to the articulation of core concepts, technologies, and translational practices of genomics and immunology. Pivotal to this objective are neoantigens, cell surface proteins originating from the somatic genetic mutations of tumors and which activate a patient’s immune response. While neoantigens are an unstable entity in experimentation, they offer a conceptual and material substrate to renegotiate the dominance of cancer genomics, and initiate the production of a new, hybrid regime of ‘immunogenomic precision’ in oncology.
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引用次数: 0
Racial Segregation in a Multiracial Society: Black Exclusion and Spatial Integration in US Municipalities, 1990–2020 多种族社会中的种族隔离:1990-2020 年美国城市中的黑人排斥与空间融合
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1002/psp.2870
Domenico Parisi, Daniel T. Lichter, Shrinidhi Ambinakudige, Christian Kelly Scott
America's municipalities, as political actors, have become the cultural arena for changes in Black social integration and inclusion. Growing racial diversity presumably offers new opportunities for residential inclusion, resulting in less segregation, in an increasingly pluralistic and multiethnic society. This study examines patterns of Black segregation from Whites and non‐Blacks across America's increasingly multiracial municipalities over the last four decades. Our results reveal high, yet steep decline in Black segregation from Whites since 1990, as measured by the index of dissimilarity (D), decreasing from 77 to 64. However, Black–White segregation remains exceptionally high compared to other racial groups. Black segregation from Hispanics has also declined since 1990, but segregation from Asians has changed very little. In metro municipalities, fringe suburbs pose serious challenges for Black integration, suggesting new bastions of segregation. Nonmetro municipalities, particularly county seats, still show higher levels of segregation, reflecting enduring social structures that impede racial mixing. Fixed‐effects models that control for unobserved municipal‐period effects indicate that observed changes in the predictors cannot fully ‘explain’ the differentials in Black segregation or the large downward trend since 1990. Racial inequalities—in income, housing and labour market opportunities—nevertheless continue to reinforce persistent Black municipal segregation from Whites and other non‐Black populations. It remains to be seen whether Black segregation will continue to decline indefinitely in a multiethnic society or evolve in new and unexpected ways as racial diversity penetrates the American landscape.
美国的市政当局作为政治行为体,已成为黑人社会融合和包容变革的文化舞台。在一个日益多元化和多民族的社会中,种族多样性的增长大概会为居住融合提供新的机会,从而减少隔离。本研究考察了过去四十年来美国日益多种族城市中黑人与白人和非黑人隔离的模式。我们的研究结果表明,自 1990 年以来,黑人与白人的隔离度虽然很高,但却急剧下降,以差异指数(D)来衡量,从 77 降至 64。然而,与其他种族群体相比,黑人与白人的隔离程度仍然非常高。自 1990 年以来,黑人与西班牙裔的种族隔离也有所下降,但与亚裔的种族隔离变化不大。在大都市中,边缘郊区对黑人融合构成了严峻挑战,表明出现了新的种族隔离堡垒。非大都市,尤其是县城,仍然显示出较高的种族隔离水平,反映出阻碍种族融合的持久社会结构。控制未观察到的市政时期效应的固定效应模型表明,观察到的预测因素的变化并不能完全 "解释 "黑人种族隔离的差异或 1990 年以来的大幅下降趋势。然而,收入、住房和劳动力市场机会方面的种族不平等继续加剧了黑人与白人和其他非黑人人口之间持续存在的城市隔离。在一个多民族的社会中,黑人隔离现象是否会继续无限期地减少,还是会随着种族多样性在美国的渗透而以新的和意想不到的方式演变,我们拭目以待。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: The Architecture of Desire: How the Law Shapes Interracial Intimacy and Perpetuates Inequality By Solangel Maldonado 书评:欲望的结构:法律如何塑造异族间的亲密关系并使不平等永久化 Solangel Maldonado 著
IF 5.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/08912432241305616
Philip Q. Yang
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引用次数: 0
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