法学最新文献

{"title":"Regulation of the Caribbean red snapper fishery on the Amazon continental shelf: 60 years of conflict between conservation and exploitation","authors":"Alex Garcia Cavalleiro de Macedo Klautau ,&nbsp;Rafael Anaisce das Chagas ,&nbsp;Paulo Emílio Costa Santos ,&nbsp;Bruno Barbosa Iespa ,&nbsp;Israel Hidenburgo Aniceto Cintra ,&nbsp;Ana Patricia Barros Cordeiro ,&nbsp;Wagner Cesar Rosa dos Santos ,&nbsp;Jose Augusto Negreiros Aragão ,&nbsp;Carlos Eduardo Matos Carvalho Bastos ,&nbsp;Flávio de Almeida Alves-Junior ,&nbsp;Beatrice Padovani Ferreira ,&nbsp;Bianca Bentes da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Caribbean red snapper (<em>Lutjanus purpureus</em>) is a fish of the family Lutjanidae that occurs in the Caribbean and western Atlantic between southern Cuba and the northeastern Brazilian state of Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil. This snapper is one of the target species most exploited by commercial fisheries in this region. It was first fished in 1960s on the oceanic banks off Recife, in Pernambuco, and Fortaleza, in Ceará state. In the subsequent decades, the Brazilian red snapper stocks have undergone constant fishing pressure and a number of distinct depletion events. The fishery currently operates on the Amazon continental shelf, in addition to northeastern Brazil, and supplies primarily the North American market. Despite the continuous and ongoing management of red snapper fisheries in Brazil, there is considerable evidence that the legal regulations that govern the development of this sector are not adhered to, which, in addition to a twelve-fold increase in landings between 1960 and 2013, led the species to be classified as a Vulnerable by ordinance number 445 of 2014 of the Brazilian Ministry for the Environment (MMA). A number of studies have shown that the species is overexploited, with size at first maturity (L₅₀) being reduced from 43.2 cm in 2002 to 32.1 cm in 2022, and self-reported records 50 % below export volumes. We used snapper productivity data from 1990 onward, which refer to phase 4 of the fishery, that now operates on the Amazon and Northeastern continental shelves. We used four public databases of fishery productivity that included red snapper as a category or record descriptor for the present study: ComexStat, CEPNOR, NOAA, and the ‘Painel do Pargo’ (red snapper panel), and government websites were also consulted to locate management ordinances for the species. We found the maintenance of logbooks, the satellite tracking of vessels, and the control of fishing effort are mandatory but not carried out by the Brazilian red snapper fishery, and there is evidence of discrepancy between NOAA and ComexStat data and exportaxion and importation data. Besides, the lack of compliance with the official regulations on the part of the fishing industry, and the reduced levels of government monitoring have resulted in <em>Lutjanus purpureus</em> being included on the Brazilian list of threatened species. Those results demonstrates that to recover the Brazilian <em>Lutjanus purpureus</em> stocks, government institutions will need to develop effective continuous monitoring strategies for the fishery, which will permit the compilation of good quality data and, above all, they must strengthen their capacity for the control and inspection of this sector’s activities, to guarantee compliance with the regulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fiscal reckoning of war: Contemporary armed conflict and progressive income taxation","authors":"Jakob Frizell","doi":"10.1177/00223433241300805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433241300805","url":null,"abstract":"Armed conflicts expose states to extraordinary fiscal stress and leave poverty and inequality in their wake. Yet, the fiscal policy responses in contemporary conflict-affected states appear feeble, in striking contrast to historical antecedents, having led to radical and distinctly progressive tax reforms. Whereas extant literature cautions against generalising Western wartime experiences, emphasising qualitative differences in warfare and institutional context, this article argues for the ex ante generality of the link between war and progressive taxation. Accordingly, it elaborates a revised theory of wartime tax bargaining, centred on fiscal need and demand for fiscal fairness, whereby contemporary conflicts, including civil wars, should induce governments to increase taxes, and particularly on the rich. The apparent absence of war-induced progressive taxation in the last decades, in contrast, is overdetermined by international shifts at the end of the Cold War and its influence on local wartime elites. Statistically analysing newly collected data on top personal income tax rates for all conflict-affected countries 1960–2020, it is shown that the link was strong, general and, contrary to common assumption, applied as much to civil as to interstate wars. The results support the theory, whereby acute revenue needs and war-induced demand for fiscal fairness translate into increased taxes on the rich. The sudden uniform disappearance of the association in the last decades, irrespective of country-level factors, is consistent with an interpretation emphasising global shifts precipitated by the end of the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of self-monitoring in shifting the cultural acceptability of agri-environmental actions","authors":"Hannah Chiswell","doi":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Defined as any activity where farmers are responsible for documenting and/or reporting on a particular indicator, self-monitoring confers a number of advantages, including the potential to increase the cultural acceptance and value of agri-environment work. Despite this enthusiasm towards the concept, there has been scant empirical research into its application and a failure to appropriately measure its contribution to the cultural acceptability of agri-environment behaviours. Given the widely documented failure of agri-environment schemes to engender a sustainable shift in farmer behaviour, an empirical assessment of self-monitoring is therefore both timely and significant. Drawing on 34 semi-structured interviews with farmers, land managers and allied professionals in England, this paper explores whether, by fulfilling the Basic Psychological Needs (BPN) of <em>autonomy</em>, <em>competence</em> and <em>relatedness</em>, self-monitoring could be an effective way to make agri-environment work and outcomes more appealing and sustainable within the farming community. The data affirms that self-monitoring has potential to fulfil the BPNs by (i) offering farmers a sense of ownership over their monitoring, (ii) equipping farmers with monitoring skills to enable them to recognise and value their effectiveness in producing environmental outcomes, and (iii) offering farmers a new way to feel and express connection to others in the farming community. I demonstrate how self-monitoring is capable of transitioning the way agri-environment work is perceived – from one of external regulation to one of an increasingly autonomous form of motivation (which is associated with greater performance and persistence). I also showcase the use of BPN in the agri-environment field. Having demonstrated the potential of self-monitoring to improve the cultural acceptability of agri-environment work, I appeal for further interdisciplinary research to follow-up with these initial findings; only then can the benefits of self-monitoring be fully realised in agri-environment policy design in the UK, Europe and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural Studies","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103590"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Can I Speak to the Bossman?” Sources of Stress, Behavioral Adaptations, and Role Incongruency in Female Farmers☆","authors":"Christina Proctor, Noah Hopkins, Chase Reece, Lauren Ledbetter Griffeth","doi":"10.1111/ruso.12591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12591","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional gender expectations and societal norms, along with unique occupational and organizational policies, may make it difficult for women to work in the agricultural industry. The purpose of this study is to apply <jats:italic>Role Congruity Theory</jats:italic> to female farmers' experience of occupational stress, and to explore behavioral adaptations used to cope with working in a male‐dominated occupation in areas where conventional gender norms are more prominent. Structured interviews were conducted with 16 female farm owners and managers and a thematic analysis approach was used to analyze data. Female farmers reported stress associated with gender stereotyping, misogyny, role expectations, and lack of respect. This study found that women are perceived as incongruent with the male‐dominated agricultural sector, and experience prejudice and harassment substantiating <jats:italic>Role Congruity Theory</jats:italic>. In addition, participants reported behavioral adaptations such as adopting masculine traits, dressing differently, and overworking or overcompensating, which may be contributing to higher stress levels. Women participating in this study took pride in defying expectations and succeeding in a male‐dominated occupation, but more effort should be made to promote diversity and inclusion in the agricultural industry.","PeriodicalId":47924,"journal":{"name":"RURAL SOCIOLOGY","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flooding, Sociospatial Risk, and Population Health.","authors":"Ethan J Raker","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11792975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11792975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change and population settlement patterns are altering the severity and spatial dimensions of flooding. Despite associational evidence linking flood exposure to population health in the United States, few studies have used counterfactual strategies to address confounding or examined how sociospatial determinations of risk, such as floodplain delineation, affect well-being. Using the case of Hurricane Harvey, I leverage novel, repeated cross-sectional health survey data from Houston immediately predisaster (N = 2,540) and six to nine months postdisaster (N = 2,798), linked to local flood inundation and floodplain data. Difference-in-differences models show that the probability of psychological distress and fair/poor health increased significantly in the flooded treatment group, with mixed evidence on unhealthy mental health days and no change in unhealthy physical health days. Triple-difference estimators further reveal buffered mental health adversity for those in flooded areas with high floodplain areal coverage relative to little or no floodplains. Descriptive analyses of mechanisms suggest that floodplain coverage did not differentiate individual-level disaster exposure but increased the likelihood of disaster preparedness and evacuation. This article offers insights into the climate-health nexus empirically by using a causal framework to improve credibility and conceptually by demonstrating how an underexamined dimension of vulnerability-sociospatial risk determinations-can stratify population health.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earth construction from past to present: Initial results of the ethnoarchaeological program in the Gobaad Basin (Republic of Djibouti, Dikhil region)","authors":"Emmanuel Baudouin ,&nbsp;Quentin Aubourg ,&nbsp;Xavier Gutherz ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Osman Ali ,&nbsp;Asma Youssouf Aden ,&nbsp;Mariam Abdoulkader ,&nbsp;Jessie Cauliez","doi":"10.1016/j.jaa.2025.101663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaa.2025.101663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Architectural studies are of great interest in considering variations in social phenomena. This ethnoarchaeological program therefore focuses on the evolution of building techniques, both in relation to the recent prehistory of Western Asia, and the current context through field surveys carried out in Djibouti. The aim of this article is to present the results of our study conducted in the Gobaad basin (2022–2023) among the Afar and Issa entities by documenting the techniques (materials, layout techniques, morphology of the buildings), referencing practices and socio-cultural context, identifying the networks involved in the dissemination of practices and defining the learning processes in earth construction.</div><div>The results of this research show three scenarios. The architectural diversity among the Afar reflect a certain fluidity of social practices, which translates in the architecture into a diverse range of techniques. On the contrary, the standardized architectural traits observed among the the spread of moulded mud brick indicate social compartmentalization and a closed identity. Finally, the adoption by the two communities of an architectural type exogenous to the Gobaad basin allows to formulate a demic diffusion with the adoption of an “Ethiopian style”. These results contribute to our research on the Neolithic of Western Asia by providing socio-cultural, economic and historical interpretations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47957,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Archaeology","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 101663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143273552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical transitions of seed breeding in China: From socialist cooperation to joint research","authors":"Siyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Cong Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seed marketization has unfolded in China for over two decades. Despite achievements in market value, institutional establishments and the variety right approval, China's breeding capacities have been undermined by increasing challenges in innovation and sustainability. To answer the question of whether state-sanctioned innovation programs could eventually strengthen the nation's breeding capacities, this paper reviews the historical transformations of seed breeding in China, drawing on extensive interviews and analysis of policy documents. It shows that the issues with seed breeding caused largely by marketization cannot be resolved by joint research between public and private breeders in the market environment. Various forms of collaboration based on the free exchanges of breeding knowledge and materials might be helpful pathways for China and developing countries in general in the improvement of breeding capacities and the protection of seed sovereignty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural Studies","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103592"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143305430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Citation Issues in the American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement on Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents (Rafferty, 2018).","authors":"Kathleen McDeavitt","doi":"10.1007/s10508-025-03106-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03106-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8327,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Sexual Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Spatio-temporal Heterogeneity of the Impacts of Urban Form on the Ground-level Anthropogenic PM2.5 Pollution in Chinese Cities","authors":"Yuanzheng Cui,&nbsp;Dong Hua,&nbsp;Mi Zhang,&nbsp;Hui Zha,&nbsp;Xiangbo Fan,&nbsp;Lulu Chen,&nbsp;Lei Jiang,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Xuejun Duan","doi":"10.1007/s12061-025-09641-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12061-025-09641-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, the impact of urban form evolution on atmospheric pollution has become increasingly prominent. However, previous studies have rarely examined the combined influence of urban spatial forms and human perception on air pollution, while excluding emissions from natural sources. To address this gap, our study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of the relationship between anthropogenic PM_2.5 pollution and urban form in China from 2000 to 2019. Using the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model, we analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of urban form on PM_2.5 pollution. Our findings reveal that anthropogenic PM_2.5 concentrations in China exhibited an initial increase, followed by a decline after 2013. In heavily polluted regions, such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, annual average concentrations in most areas exceeded 60 μg/m³, with southern Hebei exceeding 100 μg/m³. The northern, southwestern, and Yangtze River Economic Belt regions had relatively lower concentrations, but still ranged between 20 and 60 μg/m³. Increasing urban compactness, reducing urban sprawl, and enhancing the complexity of urban form were found to contribute to lower anthropogenic PM_2.5 levels in most cities. Additionally, climate conditions characterized by high precipitation and temperature, along with urban form patterns featuring high density, cohesion, and controlled expansion, were associated with reduced anthropogenic PM_2.5 concentrations. In contrast, high humidity, dense populations, a thriving secondary sector, heavy traffic flow, and large, complex urban forms were likely to exacerbate anthropogenic PM_2.5 pollution. These findings provide scientific insights for coordinated strategies to control atmospheric pollution in Chinese cities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46392,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The structure of ageing in Swiss agriculture","authors":"Alexander Zorn","doi":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farm managers on average are getting older. This demographic development represents a challenge for the sector that is additional to or even exacerbates other factors including low profitability and the impact of climate change. This study disentangles ageing by looking at the development of key components. These are the age of a person handing over the farm, the age of new and exiting farmers as well as entry and exit rates. The descriptive analysis of the demographic development in Swiss agriculture during the period 2004–2020 is based on data from public administration of direct payments. The increase in the average age of farm managers in Switzerland is explained by increasingly older farm managers who hand over or give up the farm. The age of farm successors and new entrants is increasing slightly. Increasing rates of farmer managers leaving farming together with decreasing shares of new entrants into farming further contribute to increasing the average age of farmers. The analysis also shows that handing over the farm to someone not much younger, usually the female partner, also contributes to ageing. The ratio of old to young farmers increases sharply from 1.8 to 2.7. Swiss agriculture such as the European agricultural sector faces a high number of pending farm transfers in the years to come. The higher participation of younger farm managers in environmental and animal welfare programs opens up the possibility for agricultural policy to align farms with the objectives of the transformation in the course of the handover. The results are relevant for the management of structural change in agriculture and in particular for the design of support for young farmers. The results highlight the effects of age-specific direct payment policies, in particular Switzerland's unique rule of stopping payments at age 65, on farm transitions. Insights from the Swiss case provide broader lessons for the design of agricultural policies in Europe and beyond, offering strategies to address ageing farm populations, promote generational renewal, and support the transformation of food systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural Studies","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103574"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}