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Improving the efficiency of relay protection at a mining and processing plant 提高矿山和加工厂继电保护的效率
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2021.2.14
R. Klyuev, I. Bosikov, O. Gavrina
The paper presents the results of constructing effective relay protection in the power supply system of a mining and processing plant (MPP). A brief description of the MPP is given, the power supply and substitution circuits used to calculate the short-circuit currents are given. A statistical analysis of failures in the electric network of the MPP has been carried out, which makes it possible to draw conclusions about the nature of failures ranges. Analysis of the registered faults shows that a significant part of them are line-to-earth faults, which in most cases turn into multiphase short circuits, which are interrupted by overcurrent protection. In order to improve the efficiency and reliability of the relay protection, the power supply scheme of the MPP was refined and analyzed. The calculation of the short-circuit currents was made, which made it possible to calculate the settings of the relay protection and give recommendations on the place of its installation and adjustment in order to ensure the normal operation of electricity consumers. To reduce the number of failures to the cable insert on the line leaving the administrative and household complex (AHC), and to increase the reliability of power supply to consumers, it is advisable to divide the capacities of the existing 10 kV line into two parallel ones by laying a second line. It is recommended to install a current cut-off on the line outgoing to the AHC, the feasibility of the installation of which was shown by calculations. This will reduce the chance of failures to the cable gland. Data on the setting currents of overcurrent protection and current cut-off are given on the selectivity card.    
本文介绍了在某矿山选矿厂供电系统中构建有效继电保护的效果。简要介绍了MPP,给出了计算短路电流的电源和替代电路。对MPP电网的故障进行了统计分析,从而得出故障范围的性质。对已登记故障的分析表明,其中相当一部分是线路对地故障,这些故障大多转化为多相短路,并通过过流保护进行过断。为了提高继电保护的效率和可靠性,对MPP的供电方案进行了改进和分析。对短路电流进行了计算,从而可以计算出继电保护的整定值,并对继电保护的安装位置和调整提出建议,以保证电力用户的正常运行。为了减少离开行政和家庭综合体(AHC)的线路上插入的电缆的故障次数,并提高对消费者供电的可靠性,建议通过铺设第二条线路将现有10kv线路的容量分成两条并联线路。建议在输往AHC的线路上安装一个电流截止装置,计算表明了安装的可行性。这将减少电缆压盖故障的机会。过流保护和电流截止的设定电流数据在选择性卡上给出。
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引用次数: 2
Crystal morphology of spherical viruses 球形病毒的晶体形态
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2021.2.3
Y. Voytekhovsky
The article discusses modern views on the structure of spherical virus capsids, which have the shape of icosahedrons (icosahedral viruses). Each face of icosahedron is composed of a single-layer closest packing of protein globules, which can have different orientation relative to the edges of icosahedron. If the lines of globules are parallel to the edges of icosahedron, then the capsid has a point symmetry group Ih (with symmetry planes), if they are not parallel – the symmetry group I (without planes). From a mathematical point of view, in both symmetry groups there are series that unite equally (up to similarity) arranged capsids. They are connected pairwise by transitions to dual forms (homologous series). A hypothesis is formulated that the largest spherical viruses can have even more diverse and complex capsid structures. Along with icosahedron, their basic forms can be any simple shapes, allowed in Ih and I symmetry groups (8 in total). A suggestion is made that transitions within similarity series and between homologous series have a phylogenetic significance. There are known spherical viruses of both symmetry groups. For example, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a symmetry group Ih and belongs to a well-known series. The crystallographic approach allows to construct a strict morphological classification of spherical viruses. This is important for their early recognition and separate examination. The article demonstrates practical application of crystal morphology in the study of viral systems – an urgent problem of geoecology and life protection.
本文讨论了具有二十面体(二十面体病毒)形状的球形病毒衣壳结构的现代观点。二十面体的每个面都是由一层最紧密的蛋白质球组成的,这些蛋白质球相对于二十面体的边缘可以有不同的取向。如果球的线平行于二十面体的边缘,则衣壳有一个点对称群Ih(有对称面),如果它们不平行-对称群I(无平面)。从数学的角度来看,在这两个对称群中,都有一系列的衣壳排列相同(直至相似)。它们通过转换成对地连接到对偶形式(同源级数)。提出了一个假设,即最大的球形病毒可以有更多样化和复杂的衣壳结构。与二十面体一样,它们的基本形式可以是任何简单的形状,在I和I对称群中允许(总共8个)。提出了相似序列内部和同源序列之间的过渡具有系统发育意义。这两个对称群都有已知的球形病毒。例如,SARS-CoV-2冠状病毒具有对称群Ih,属于一个众所周知的系列。晶体学方法允许构建球形病毒的严格形态学分类。这对早期识别和单独检查很重要。本文阐述了晶体形态学在病毒系统研究中的实际应用,这是地质生态学和生命保护的迫切问题。
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引用次数: 0
Features of the mineral and chemical composition of the Northwest manganese ore occurrence in the Highveld region, South Africa 南非Highveld地区西北锰矿产状矿物及化学成分特征
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2021.2.4
A. Evdokimov, B. Pharoe
The Northwest manganese ore mineralisation is located at a relative distance from traditionally known manganese mining areas in a new manganese-bearing region (Highveld) in the Northwest Province, Republic of South Africa. The ore occurrence was studied on farms: Buchansvale 61 IQ, Weltevreden 517 JQ, Rhenosterhoek 343 JP and Kafferskraal 306 JP. The data obtained from studying the geology of the area pointed out to interests regarding the development criterias for search of similar ore mineralisations in the northwest region of South Africa. The ore occurs predominantly in the form of powdered manganese wad, manganese nodules and crusts, confined to the karstic structures of the upper section of the dolomites. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive link (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence were utilized to unveil the mineral and chemical composition of the ore samples. The present study therefore presents the results on both chemical and mineral composition of manganese ores, and their depth and longitudinal distribution. Karstic areas causing an increased local thickness of the ore body were identified. The geochemical and microspcopic study of the ores indicates their supergene nature. The main ore minerals includes cryptomelane, lithiophorite, purolusite, hollandite and romanechite associated with impurity components of Ba, Ce, Co, La, Cr, Zn and V.
西北锰矿化位于南非共和国西北省一个新的含锰区(Highveld),距离传统上已知的锰矿区相对较远。在Buchansvale 61 IQ、Weltevreden 517 JQ、Rhenosterhoek 343 JP和Kafferskraal 306 JP的农场进行了矿化研究。通过研究该地区的地质获得的数据指出了在南非西北地区寻找类似矿化的开发标准的兴趣。矿石主要以锰粉团、锰结核和锰结壳的形式赋存,局限于白云岩上部的岩溶构造中。利用x射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和x射线荧光仪对矿石样品的矿物和化学成分进行了分析。因此,本研究提出了锰矿石的化学和矿物组成,以及它们的深度和纵向分布的结果。确定了导致矿体局部厚度增加的岩溶区。矿石的地球化学和微观研究表明其表生性质。矿石矿物主要有隐黑石、石绿石、铅锌矿、荷兰石、菱铁矿等,伴生有Ba、Ce、Co、La、Cr、Zn、V等杂质成分。
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引用次数: 1
Oilfield service companies as part of economy digitalization: assessment of the prospects for innovative development 油田服务公司作为经济数字化的一部分:创新发展前景的评估
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-30 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2020.4.11
S. Razmanova, O. Andrukhova
The digital transformation of the economy as the most important stage of scientific and technological progress and transition to a new technological structure is becoming one of the determining factors in the development and competitiveness of the domestic upstream sector. Prospects for innovative development of oilfield service companies are the key technological areas within the first project of the Hi-Tech Strategy of the German Government until 2020 – “Industry 4.0”. The purpose of this study is to assess the prospects for innovative development of the domestic oilfield service industry in the context of the digitalization of the oil and gas industry. The subject of the research is the process of the formation of key technological lines of “Industry 4.0” and their impact on the domestic oil and gas sector. The research is based on logical-theoretical and empirical analyses. The main factors that determine processes of digital transformation in the oil and gas industry are considered; the results of digitalization processes in the largest foreign and Russian industry companies of the upstream and oilfield services segments are presented. The information base is made up of data from oilfield service and oil and gas producing companies, presented on the official websites of companies in the public domain on the Internet. It has been proven that, unlike the world's leading companies in oilfield services segment, independent domestic oilfield service companies provide mainly traditional service technologies in a fairly narrow range. The limited scope of functioning and technological capabilities of Russian companies is explained by the lack of necessary investment in development and expansion of business, as well as interest on the part of the state and corporate sectors in the development and replication of domestic technologies and the formation of a full-fledged oilfield services market in Russia.    
经济数字化转型作为科技进步和向新技术结构过渡的最重要阶段,正成为决定国内上游产业发展和竞争力的决定性因素之一。油田服务公司的创新发展前景是德国政府至2020年高科技战略的第一个项目——“工业4.0”的关键技术领域。本研究的目的是评估在油气行业数字化背景下,国内油田服务行业创新发展的前景。研究的主题是“工业4.0”关键技术线的形成过程及其对国内油气行业的影响。本研究基于逻辑理论和实证分析。考虑了决定油气行业数字化转型过程的主要因素;介绍了国外和俄罗斯最大的上游和油田服务行业公司数字化进程的结果。该信息库由油田服务和油气生产公司的数据组成,这些数据呈现在互联网上公共领域的公司官方网站上。事实证明,与世界领先的油田服务公司不同,国内独立的油田服务公司主要提供传统的服务技术,范围相当狭窄。俄罗斯公司的运作范围和技术能力有限的原因是,在发展和扩大业务方面缺乏必要的投资,以及国家和企业部门对开发和复制国内技术以及在俄罗斯形成一个成熟的油田服务市场的兴趣。
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引用次数: 19
Barriers to implementation of hydrogen initiatives in the context of global energy sustainable development 在全球能源可持续发展背景下实施氢倡议的障碍
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-30 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2020.4.421
V. Litvinenko, P. Tsvetkov, M. Dvoynikov, G. Buslaev
Modern trends in the global energy market linked to the Sustainable Development Goals often lead to the adoption of political decisions with little basis in fact. Stepping up the development of renewable energy sources is an economically questionable but necessary step in terms of its social and ecological effects. However, subsequent development of hydrogen infrastructure is, at the very least, a dangerous initiative. In connection with mentioned above, an attempt to examine hydrogen by conducting an integral assessment of its characteristics has been made in this article. As a result of the research conducted, the following conclusions concerning the potential of the widespread implementation of hydrogen in the power generation sector have been made: as a chemical element, it harms steel structures, which significantly impedes the selection of suitable materials; its physical and volume characteristics decrease the general efficiency of the energy system compared to similar hydrocarbon solutions; the hydrogen economy does not have the necessary foundation in terms of both physical infrastructure and market regulation mechanisms; the emergence of widely available hydrogen poses a danger for society due to its high combustibility. Following the results of the study, it was concluded that the existing pilot hydrogen projects are positive yet not scalable solutions for the power generation sector due to the lack of available technologies to construct large-scale and geographically distributed infrastructure and adequate international system of industry regulation. Thus, under current conditions, the risks of implementing such projects considerably exceed their potential ecological benefits.
与可持续发展目标相关的全球能源市场的现代趋势往往导致采取缺乏事实依据的政治决策。加快可再生能源的发展在经济上是有问题的,但就其社会和生态影响而言,这是必要的一步。然而,氢基础设施的后续发展至少是一项危险的举措。结合上述情况,本文试图通过对氢的特性进行综合评估来检验氢。根据所进行的研究,关于氢在发电部门广泛应用的潜力,得出了以下结论:作为一种化学元素,它对钢结构有害,这大大阻碍了合适材料的选择;与同类烃类溶液相比,其物理和体积特性降低了能源系统的总体效率;氢经济在物质基础设施和市场调节机制方面都没有必要的基础;由于氢的高可燃性,广泛使用的氢的出现给社会带来了危险。根据研究结果,得出的结论是,由于缺乏建设大规模和地理分布基础设施的可用技术以及适当的国际行业监管体系,现有的试点氢项目对发电部门来说是积极的,但不是可扩展的解决方案。因此,在目前情况下,实施这些项目的风险远远超过其潜在的生态效益。
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引用次数: 32
Sorption of rare earth coordination compounds 稀土配位化合物的吸附
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-30 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2020.4.10
O. Cheremisina, E. Cheremisina, M. Ponomareva, А. Fedorov
Rare earth elements (REEs) are valuable and strategically important in many high-technology areas, such as laser technology, pharmacy and metallurgy. The main methods of REE recovery are precipitation, extraction and sorption, in particular ion exchange using various sorbents, which allow to perform selective recovery and removal of associated components, as well as to separate rare earth metals with similar chemical properties. The paper examines recovery of ytterbium in the form of coordination compounds with Trilon B on weakly basic anion exchange resin D-403 from nitrate solutions. In order to estimate thermodynamic sorption parameters of ytterbium anionic complexes, ion exchange process was carried out from model solutions under constant ionic strength specified by NaNO3, optimal liquid to solid ratio, pH level, temperatures 298 and 343 K by variable concentrations method. Description of thermodynamic equilibrium was made using mass action law formulated for ion exchange equation and mathematically converted to linear form. Values of equilibrium constants, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of the sorption process have been calculated. Basing on calculated values of Gibbs energy, a sorption series of complex REE ions with Trilon B was obtained over anion exchange resin D-403 from nitrate solutions at temperature 298 K. Sorption characteristics of anion exchange resin have been estimated: total capacity, limiting sorption of complex ions, total dynamic capacity and breakthrough dynamic capacity.
稀土元素在激光技术、制药和冶金等高科技领域具有重要的价值和战略意义。稀土回收的主要方法是沉淀、萃取和吸附,特别是利用各种吸附剂进行离子交换,可以选择性地回收和去除伴生成分,并分离出具有相似化学性质的稀土金属。本文研究了在弱碱性阴离子交换树脂D-403上以万亿B配位化合物的形式从硝酸盐溶液中回收镱。为了估计镱阴离子配合物的热力学吸附参数,采用变浓度法在NaNO3指定的恒定离子强度、最佳液固比、pH、温度298和343 K条件下对模型溶液进行了离子交换过程。用质量作用定律描述离子交换方程的热力学平衡,并用数学方法将其转化为线性形式。计算了吸附过程的平衡常数、吉布斯自由能、焓和熵。根据计算出的吉布斯能,在温度为298 K的硝酸溶液中,用阴离子交换树脂D-403吸附了一系列与万亿B络合的REE离子。估计了阴离子交换树脂的吸附特性:总容量、络合物离子的极限吸附量、总动态容量和突破动态容量。
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引用次数: 10
Research of lithium sorption by KU-2-8 cation exchanger from model solutions simulating geothermal fluids in the dynamic mode 动态模式下KU-2-8阳离子交换剂对地热流体模型溶液中锂的吸附研究
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-05-25 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2020.2.197
T. Belova, T. Ratchina
The extraction of chemical compounds from hydromineral raw materials is currently a promising objective. The geothermal deposits in the Kamchatka Territory should be considered as possible sources of lithium, boron and other chemical compounds. Their economic efficiency is justified by the complexity of the use of resources of geothermal fluids. The article presents data obtained as a result of experimental studies of lithium sorption by KU-2-8 cation exchanger from model solutions that simulate geothermal fluids in the dynamic mode. It was shown that in the first phase of sorption, ion exchange results in the absorption of lithium and sodium ions by the hydrogen form of cation exchanger up to the degree of cation exchanger saturation by 78 %. After that, the displacement of lithium ions by sodium ions is observed. The intermediate solutions were obtained in which the molar ratio of Li/Na is 80 times higher than in the initial solution. To separate sodium and lithium, it is proposed to use the lithium form of cation exchanger obtained using a portion of lithium chloride concentrate. The separation occurs due to the displacement of lithium ions by sodium ions. The effluent has a molar ratio of Li/Na = 10.4. The regeneration is carried out with 1 n hydrochloric acid, while the concentration coefficient of sodium chloride equals three.
从水矿物原料中提取化合物是目前一个很有前途的目标。堪察加地区的地热矿床应被认为是锂、硼和其他化合物的可能来源。地热流体资源使用的复杂性证明了它们的经济效率是合理的。本文介绍了KU-2-8阳离子交换剂在动态模式下模拟地热流体的模型溶液中吸附锂的实验研究结果。结果表明,在吸附的第一阶段,离子交换导致锂离子和钠离子被氢形式的阳离子交换剂吸收,达到阳离子交换剂饱和程度的78%。之后,观察到锂离子被钠离子置换。得到的中间溶液中Li/Na的摩尔比是初始溶液的80倍。为了分离钠和锂,建议使用由一部分氯化锂精矿得到的锂离子形式的阳离子交换剂。分离的发生是由于锂离子被钠离子取代。出水的摩尔比Li/Na = 10.4。在氯化钠浓度系数为3的条件下,用1n盐酸进行再生。
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引用次数: 1
Cascade frequency converters control features 串级变频器控制特点
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-25 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2020.1.37
A. Vorontsov, V. Glushakov, M. Pronin, Y. Sychev
The structures of systems with high-voltage cascade frequency converters containing multi-winding transformers and low-voltage low-power converters connected in series at each output phase of the load are considered. Low-voltage blocks contain three-phase diode or active rectifiers, DC capacitor filters, single-phase stand-alone voltage inverters and block disconnecting devices in partial modes (in case of failure when part of the blocks are disconnected). The possibilities of operation of cascade converters are determined, equations for correcting tasks to units in partial modes are given, tables of correction of tasks with estimates of achievable load characteristics are proposed. The results of experiments on the model of a powerful installation with a cascade frequency converter are presented, confirming the possibility of ensuring the symmetry of the load currents when disconnecting part of the blocks and the asymmetry of the circuit.  
考虑了多绕组高压串级变频器和低压小功率变频器在负载各输出相串联的系统结构。低压模块包含三相二极管或有源整流器、直流电容滤波器、单相独立电压逆变器和部分模式下的模块断开装置(当部分模块断开时发生故障)。确定了串级变流器运行的可能性,给出了对部分模式单元的修正任务方程,给出了可实现负荷特性估计的修正任务表。本文给出了一种具有级联变频器的大功率装置模型的实验结果,证实了在断开部分模块时保证负载电流对称性和电路不对称性的可能性。
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引用次数: 6
Installation for experimental research of multiphase electromechanical systems 多相机电系统实验研究安装
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-25 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2019.6.678
V. Tereshkin, D. Grishin, I. A. Makulov
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引用次数: 4
Integrated mining projects in underdeveloped territories of Russia: substantiation of implementation parameters 俄罗斯欠发达地区的综合采矿项目:执行参数的确定
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-25 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2019.6.724
T. Ponomarenko, Ekaterina A. Khan-Tsai, Chantsalma Bavuu
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引用次数: 3
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