Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).e2
V. Tigariev, O. Lopakov, O. Rybak, V. Kosmachevskiy, V. Cioata
In this study, the general algorithm and technology of design in advanced computer-aided design (CAD) software of the CAD-in-the-Cloud type using an information model (IM) was discussed in detail. Applying design systems of this type increases productivity and quality of the development and enables group work on the project. The proposed information model consists of three main components – working with Autodesk Fusion 360 on a computer, working with cloud capabilities, and designers’ collaboration through the cloud. Nevertheless, some IM elements may be missing in a particular design, or there can be options for applying the proposed steps in the design process. Developing customized respiratory protective equipment (face masks) in Autodesk Fusion 360 CAD family was considered as an example of the suggested IM application. Modern design and producing technologies enable the creation of masks according to individual anatomical characteristics of the human face. In this paper, the protective mask was created by applying modern cloud computing technologies using information models. Information models were adapted to the process of protective mask design. The model of a human headform was developed using the 3D scanning method. After applying retopology tools, a basis of the mask frame was created on the surface of a 3D model of a head. Building a solid model and testing the mask fame configuration under mechanical stresses due to facial expression changing was carried out in Autodesk Fusion 360 CAD software. Finally, the cloud module of the generative design was applied to determine the filtering element configuration.
{"title":"Design in Modern Information Systems by Applying Cloud Technologies","authors":"V. Tigariev, O. Lopakov, O. Rybak, V. Kosmachevskiy, V. Cioata","doi":"10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).e2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).e2","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the general algorithm and technology of design in advanced computer-aided design (CAD) software of the CAD-in-the-Cloud type using an information model (IM) was discussed in detail. Applying design systems of this type increases productivity and quality of the development and enables group work on the project. The proposed information model consists of three main components – working with Autodesk Fusion 360 on a computer, working with cloud capabilities, and designers’ collaboration through the cloud. Nevertheless, some IM elements may be missing in a particular design, or there can be options for applying the proposed steps in the design process. Developing customized respiratory protective equipment (face masks) in Autodesk Fusion 360 CAD family was considered as an example of the suggested IM application. Modern design and producing technologies enable the creation of masks according to individual anatomical characteristics of the human face. In this paper, the protective mask was created by applying modern cloud computing technologies using information models. Information models were adapted to the process of protective mask design. The model of a human headform was developed using the 3D scanning method. After applying retopology tools, a basis of the mask frame was created on the surface of a 3D model of a head. Building a solid model and testing the mask fame configuration under mechanical stresses due to facial expression changing was carried out in Autodesk Fusion 360 CAD software. Finally, the cloud module of the generative design was applied to determine the filtering element configuration.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80615747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).g1
U. O. Anyanwu, O. C. Okafor, C. Nkwor
The execution of any project type, especially engineering-based projects, is usually time-based, efficiency-driven, and cost-effective. These factors are the deterministic parameters that engineer successful project completion. The application of scheduling models remains the best technique for achieving these three factors to their best degrees. Therefore, this study was centered on the impact study of applying the scheduling model in harvesting methane gas from methane clathrates deposits. Various data on gas hydrate reserves in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were collected from relevant literature, studied, and analyzed. Such data includes the pictorial representation and description of the gas hydrate site in the Niger Delta region of Africa and various shapes and sizes of gas hydrate perimeters in the studied region positions of the gas reserves. The normal faults are projected on a bathymetric map of the study area and the bathymetric map of the Pockmark (with the stippled black line indicating the sea floor projection of a prominent N-S trending fracture in 3-D seismic data). As a type of scheduling model, the critical path method (CPM) was applied to develop the project’s work sequence using the activity on node (AON) architectural technique and Primavera P6 software after carefully identifying the primary operations involved in the project and their respective sub-operations or work breakdown structure (WBS). The risks associated with each operation were meticulously identified, with their consequent impact and exposure matrix determined using probabilistic measures of 1-5 according to the degree of the risk. Mitigation strategies were recommended for all the identified risks. The cost benefits of the project were X-rayed using parameters such as net present value (NPV), project payback time, internal rate of return (IRR), and net cumulative cash flow. From the results obtained, the CPM schedule showed that the project execution would last approximately ten months. All the operations involved in the project execution plan were all critical, proving that each activity should be completed within the scheduled run period. Else, the entire project would be affected. Also, risks with a high exposure matrix of 25, 12, and 4 were mitigated to 5, 3, and 0 using the recommended strategies. In addition, the project yielded an NPV of $20,736,951.04for the run period of 22 years after the execution of the project, IRR of 14%, and a payback time of 8 years (adding 2023 – the year of project execution) provided the daily production rate is maintained within 60,000-65,000MSCF/day. If the daily production rate increases, the cash flow and payback time will decrease. Therefore, the application of CPM in extracting methane gas from gas hydrates positively affected the operation through the vivid insights provided in workflow pattern/methodology risks effects and cost benefits.
{"title":"A Scheduling Model in Capturing Methane Gas from\u0000Methane Clathrates Deposits","authors":"U. O. Anyanwu, O. C. Okafor, C. Nkwor","doi":"10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).g1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).g1","url":null,"abstract":"The execution of any project type, especially engineering-based projects, is usually time-based, efficiency-driven, and cost-effective. These factors are the deterministic parameters that engineer successful project completion. The application of scheduling models remains the best technique for achieving these three factors to their best degrees. Therefore, this study was centered on the impact study of applying the scheduling model in harvesting methane gas from methane clathrates deposits. Various data on gas hydrate reserves in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were collected from relevant literature, studied, and analyzed. Such data includes the pictorial representation and description of the gas hydrate site in the Niger Delta region of Africa and various shapes and sizes of gas hydrate perimeters in the studied region positions of the gas reserves. The normal faults are projected on a bathymetric map of the study area and the bathymetric map of the Pockmark (with the stippled black line indicating the sea floor projection of a prominent N-S trending fracture in 3-D seismic data). As a type of scheduling model, the critical path method (CPM) was applied to develop the project’s work sequence using the activity on node (AON) architectural technique and Primavera P6 software after carefully identifying the primary operations involved in the project and their respective sub-operations or work breakdown structure (WBS). The risks associated with each operation were meticulously identified, with their consequent impact and exposure matrix determined using probabilistic measures of 1-5 according to the degree of the risk. Mitigation strategies were recommended for all the identified risks. The cost benefits of the project were X-rayed using parameters such as net present value (NPV), project payback time, internal rate of return (IRR), and net cumulative cash flow. From the results obtained, the CPM schedule showed that the project execution would last approximately ten months. All the operations involved in the project execution plan were all critical, proving that each activity should be completed within the scheduled run period. Else, the entire project would be affected. Also, risks with a high exposure matrix of 25, 12, and 4 were mitigated to 5, 3, and 0 using the recommended strategies. In addition, the project yielded an NPV of $20,736,951.04for the run period of 22 years after the execution of the project, IRR of 14%, and a payback time of 8 years (adding 2023 – the year of project execution) provided the daily production rate is maintained within 60,000-65,000MSCF/day. If the daily production rate increases, the cash flow and payback time will decrease. Therefore, the application of CPM in extracting methane gas from gas hydrates positively affected the operation through the vivid insights provided in workflow pattern/methodology risks effects and cost benefits.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87516993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).c1
V. Lebedev, D. Miroshnichenko, Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma, V. Moiseev, O. Shestopalov, S. V. Vyrovets
This paper investigated the synthesis of inorganic polymer composites for electromagnetic radiation absorption using potassium titanates. The selected polyamide 6 and potassium polytitanate materials contain TiО2, K2СО3, and KCl obtained by charge sintering. Results showed that modification of polyamide 6 with sintering products in the form of a fine powder of potassium polytitanate that contains different phases K2O × 2TiO2, K2O × 4TiO2, and K2O × 6TiO2 which increased their strength properties. With increased potassium titanates (PTT) synthesis, a gradual transition from di to potassium hexatitanates occurs K2O × 2TiO2 – K2O × 4TiO2 – K2O × 6TiO2. The optimal content of potassium polytitanate was over 20 % by mass. To fully ensure the reinforcing effect due to the filling of potassium polytitanate polyamide 6, it is necessary to use whiskers K2O × 6TiO2, which can be collected by the additional crystallization of the amorphous charge sintering product. By designing experimental-statistical mathematical models in equal regressions, mathematical optimization of inorganic polymer composites for electromagnetic radiation absorption using PTT was carried out.
{"title":"Design of Inorganic Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Radiation Absorption Using Potassium Titanates","authors":"V. Lebedev, D. Miroshnichenko, Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma, V. Moiseev, O. Shestopalov, S. V. Vyrovets","doi":"10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).c1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).c1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigated the synthesis of inorganic polymer composites for electromagnetic radiation absorption using potassium titanates. The selected polyamide 6 and potassium polytitanate materials contain TiО2, K2СО3, and KCl obtained by charge sintering. Results showed that modification of polyamide 6 with sintering products in the form of a fine powder of potassium polytitanate that contains different phases K2O × 2TiO2, K2O × 4TiO2, and K2O × 6TiO2 which increased their strength properties. With increased potassium titanates (PTT) synthesis, a gradual transition from di to potassium hexatitanates occurs K2O × 2TiO2 – K2O × 4TiO2 – K2O × 6TiO2. The optimal content of potassium polytitanate was over 20 % by mass. To fully ensure the reinforcing effect due to the filling of potassium polytitanate polyamide 6, it is necessary to use whiskers K2O × 6TiO2, which can be collected by the additional crystallization of the amorphous charge sintering product. By designing experimental-statistical mathematical models in equal regressions, mathematical optimization of inorganic polymer composites for electromagnetic radiation absorption using PTT was carried out.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77834420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).e1
T. Javanbakht
The present study focuses on a new application of TOPSIS to predict and optimize graphene oxide’s characteristics. Although this carbon-based material has been investigated previously, its optimization with this method using an automated decision-making process has not been performed yet. The major problem in the design and analysis of this nanomaterial is the lack of information on comparing its characteristics, which has led to the use of diverse methods that have not been appropriately compared. Moreover, their advantages and inconveniences could be investigated better once this investigation provides information on optimizing its candidates. In the current research work, a novel automated decision-making process was used with the TOPSIS algorithm using the Łukasiewicz disjunction, which helped detect the confusion of properties and determine its impact on the rank of candidates. Several characteristics of graphene oxide, such as its antibiofilm activity, hemocompatibility, activity with ferrous ions in hydrogen peroxide, rheological properties, and the cost of its preparation, have been considered in its analysis with TOPSIS. The results of this study revealed that the consideration of the criteria of this nanomaterial as profit or cost criteria would impact the distances of candidates from the alternatives. Moreover, the ranks of the candidates changed when the rheological properties were considered differently in the data analysis. This investigation can help improve the use of this nanomaterial in academic and industrial investigations.
{"title":"Optimization of Graphene Oxide’s Characteristics with TOPSIS Using an Automated Decision-Making Process","authors":"T. Javanbakht","doi":"10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).e1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).e1","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focuses on a new application of TOPSIS to predict and optimize graphene oxide’s characteristics. Although this carbon-based material has been investigated previously, its optimization with this method using an automated decision-making process has not been performed yet. The major problem in the design and analysis of this nanomaterial is the lack of information on comparing its characteristics, which has led to the use of diverse methods that have not been appropriately compared. Moreover, their advantages and inconveniences could be investigated better once this investigation provides information on optimizing its candidates. In the current research work, a novel automated decision-making process was used with the TOPSIS algorithm using the Łukasiewicz disjunction, which helped detect the confusion of properties and determine its impact on the rank of candidates. Several characteristics of graphene oxide, such as its antibiofilm activity, hemocompatibility, activity with ferrous ions in hydrogen peroxide, rheological properties, and the cost of its preparation, have been considered in its analysis with TOPSIS. The results of this study revealed that the consideration of the criteria of this nanomaterial as profit or cost criteria would impact the distances of candidates from the alternatives. Moreover, the ranks of the candidates changed when the rheological properties were considered differently in the data analysis. This investigation can help improve the use of this nanomaterial in academic and industrial investigations.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80961005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).g3
J. Plotkin, N. Levchenko, G. Shyshkanova, S. Levchenko
The article argues that the search for effective tools to ensure the economically secure future of energy companies and their development in the context of green transformation is necessary due to the speed of global transformations, the priority of reducing dependence on fuel and energy imports, the development of renewable energy sources, the instability of the environment for the functioning of energy companies (as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine) and their position both on the Ukrainian and European energy markets. The reality of the energy sector in the country and the steps for the recovery of the energy companies determined by the Economic Recovery Plan of Ukraine were analyzed. The evidence shows that the legislative amendments aimed at stabilizing the energy sector and solving key issues lack efficiency and cannot ensure the vital activity of energy enterprises and their development in the conditions of climate-neutral transformation. A methodology was proposed to assess the progress of the carbon-neutral development of energy companies, which should become the basis for attracting ESG investing. The vectors for creating a favorable environment for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing were identified as a unique opportunity to ensure the economically secure future of energy companies and their development in the context of green transformation.
{"title":"Development of Energy Enterprises in the Context of Green\u0000Transformation","authors":"J. Plotkin, N. Levchenko, G. Shyshkanova, S. Levchenko","doi":"10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).g3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).g3","url":null,"abstract":"The article argues that the search for effective tools to ensure the economically secure future of energy companies and their development in the context of green transformation is necessary due to the speed of global transformations, the priority of reducing dependence on fuel and energy imports, the development of renewable energy sources, the instability of the environment for the functioning of energy companies (as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine) and their position both on the Ukrainian and European energy markets. The reality of the energy sector in the country and the steps for the recovery of the energy companies determined by the Economic Recovery Plan of Ukraine were analyzed. The evidence shows that the legislative amendments aimed at stabilizing the energy sector and solving key issues lack efficiency and cannot ensure the vital activity of energy enterprises and their development in the conditions of climate-neutral transformation. A methodology was proposed to assess the progress of the carbon-neutral development of energy companies, which should become the basis for attracting ESG investing. The vectors for creating a favorable environment for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing were identified as a unique opportunity to ensure the economically secure future of energy companies and their development in the context of green transformation.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83534605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fire is one of the most severe conditions to which buildings may be exposed. However, reinforced concrete has good resistance, which makes it one of the building materials most widely used worldwide. When reinforced concrete is exposed to high temperatures, its skeletal members undergo changes that may lead to, in many cases, inclusive cracking. Beams, columns, and slabs are the most important structural elements in any concrete construction. Structural members are generally designed to satisfy the requirements of serviceability and safety limit states for various environmental conditions. Typically, structural members are created to meet a specific fire resistance grade. The characteristics of the structure and the type of occupation are just two variables that affect fire resistance. Structural fire rating's primary goals are to enable building inhabitants enough time to leave, enough time for firefighters to put out the fire, and enough time to prevent any potential structural damage. This article overviews how various reinforced concrete building structural elements behave when exposed to high temperatures. It has been found that both concrete and reinforcing bars are adversely affected by fire. Furthermore, it has been discovered that flexibility and stiffness decrease with increasing stress or the period of fire exposure. Also, the flexibility and stiffness rise with increasing structural element cross-section; however, the maximum slab deflection non-linearly decreases during the fire test. The bottom of the concrete slab begins to cool as temperatures decrease, which increases the yield strength of the bottom reinforcing and causes it to contract along with the lower half of the slab. This article also presents a review of a set of experimental and theoretical results on the thermal behavior of reinforced concrete slabs, beams, and other structural parts under different conditions and scenarios as a historical review.
{"title":"Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members Exposed to Fire: Review Article","authors":"F. S. Klak, Muyasser M. Jomaa’h, Shamsad Ahmad","doi":"10.25130/tjes.29.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Fire is one of the most severe conditions to which buildings may be exposed. However, reinforced concrete has good resistance, which makes it one of the building materials most widely used worldwide. When reinforced concrete is exposed to high temperatures, its skeletal members undergo changes that may lead to, in many cases, inclusive cracking. Beams, columns, and slabs are the most important structural elements in any concrete construction. Structural members are generally designed to satisfy the requirements of serviceability and safety limit states for various environmental conditions. Typically, structural members are created to meet a specific fire resistance grade. The characteristics of the structure and the type of occupation are just two variables that affect fire resistance. Structural fire rating's primary goals are to enable building inhabitants enough time to leave, enough time for firefighters to put out the fire, and enough time to prevent any potential structural damage. This article overviews how various reinforced concrete building structural elements behave when exposed to high temperatures. It has been found that both concrete and reinforcing bars are adversely affected by fire. Furthermore, it has been discovered that flexibility and stiffness decrease with increasing stress or the period of fire exposure. Also, the flexibility and stiffness rise with increasing structural element cross-section; however, the maximum slab deflection non-linearly decreases during the fire test. The bottom of the concrete slab begins to cool as temperatures decrease, which increases the yield strength of the bottom reinforcing and causes it to contract along with the lower half of the slab. This article also presents a review of a set of experimental and theoretical results on the thermal behavior of reinforced concrete slabs, beams, and other structural parts under different conditions and scenarios as a historical review.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46414317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Israa Kh. Jasim, Mazin B. Abdulrahman, Muyasser M. Jomaa’h, Belal Alsubari, H. S. Abdulaali, S. Alqawzai
The presence of the openings negatively effects on the strength of the beams where they act as a weak point because of the sudden change in the cross-section of the beam, so it becomes necessary to make strengthening for the beams to resist the effect of the openings and improve the strength of the beams, especially if the beams are subjected to repeated loads because of its effect on the strength at the failure. This paper studies the effect of the openings on the beams subjected to repeated loading and determine the extent of the increase in the strength of the beams when strengthened by the NSM technique. The experimental program included casting and testing fifteen RC beams, six of them considered as a control beams (three with strengthening and three without strengthening), and nine of them having circular transverse openings in different locations and strengthened by the NSM technique. Every type of beams is tested under three different types of loads (monotonic, constant repeated load, and incremental repeated load). All of the beams have the same dimensions and same reinforcement. The results show that all the beams with transverse openings are affected by repeated loads where the ultimate torque decreases and the twist angle increases. The existence of openings has a noted effect on reducing the ultimate torque, whereas the percentage of decrease in the ultimate torsional capacity reached 43.83% at the beam where the opening location is closest to the support (at the quarter of the clear span) and subjected to constant repeated loads, and the ultimate torque is significantly improved when the opening position is moved away from the supports. Also, the existence of strengthening reduced or eliminated the influence of openings on the ultimate torque compared with related non- strengthened beams.
{"title":"Torsional Behavior of RC Beams with Transverse Openings Strengthened by Near Surface Mounted-Steel Wire Rope Subjected to Repeated Loading","authors":"Israa Kh. Jasim, Mazin B. Abdulrahman, Muyasser M. Jomaa’h, Belal Alsubari, H. S. Abdulaali, S. Alqawzai","doi":"10.25130/tjes.29.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.4.9","url":null,"abstract":" The presence of the openings negatively effects on the strength of the beams where they act as a weak point because of the sudden change in the cross-section of the beam, so it becomes necessary to make strengthening for the beams to resist the effect of the openings and improve the strength of the beams, especially if the beams are subjected to repeated loads because of its effect on the strength at the failure. This paper studies the effect of the openings on the beams subjected to repeated loading and determine the extent of the increase in the strength of the beams when strengthened by the NSM technique. The experimental program included casting and testing fifteen RC beams, six of them considered as a control beams (three with strengthening and three without strengthening), and nine of them having circular transverse openings in different locations and strengthened by the NSM technique. Every type of beams is tested under three different types of loads (monotonic, constant repeated load, and incremental repeated load). All of the beams have the same dimensions and same reinforcement. The results show that all the beams with transverse openings are affected by repeated loads where the ultimate torque decreases and the twist angle increases. The existence of openings has a noted effect on reducing the ultimate torque, whereas the percentage of decrease in the ultimate torsional capacity reached 43.83% at the beam where the opening location is closest to the support (at the quarter of the clear span) and subjected to constant repeated loads, and the ultimate torque is significantly improved when the opening position is moved away from the supports. Also, the existence of strengthening reduced or eliminated the influence of openings on the ultimate torque compared with related non- strengthened beams.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46432096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the significant problems facing the water resource engineer is calculating the coefficient of roughness for subsequent design calculations of the discharge amount of a channel or river. In this study, experiments were conducted in a semi-circular, straight channel to investigate the factors affecting bed roughness and flow discharge using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). For this purpose, three semi-circular channel models with free overfall were constructed and installed in a 6-meter-long laboratory flume. The length of these models was 2.50 m with three different diameters (D= 150, 187, and 237mm) and three bed slopes (S=0.004, 0.008, and 0.012). Three sand particle sizes (ds) were used for each semi-circular channel to roughen the bed. The results showed that the Manning roughness coefficient obtained using a rough bed surface was higher than the channel with a smooth bed surface. Also, the results revealed that the Manning roughness coefficient and the Froude number were inversely related. (ANN) analysis showed a good agreement between the experimental and predicted results of flow and roughness. The bring depth (yb) had an 85.8% impact percentage on the free overfall discharge for semi-circular channels, while the bottom slope (S) had only 1.1%.
{"title":"Study the Affecting Factors on Free overfall Flow and Bed Roughness in Semi-Circular Channels by Artificial Neural Network","authors":"Raad Hoobi, Ayad Saoud Najem","doi":"10.25130/tjes.29.4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.4.8","url":null,"abstract":"One of the significant problems facing the water resource engineer is calculating the coefficient of roughness for subsequent design calculations of the discharge amount of a channel or river. In this study, experiments were conducted in a semi-circular, straight channel to investigate the factors affecting bed roughness and flow discharge using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). For this purpose, three semi-circular channel models with free overfall were constructed and installed in a 6-meter-long laboratory flume. The length of these models was 2.50 m with three different diameters (D= 150, 187, and 237mm) and three bed slopes (S=0.004, 0.008, and 0.012). Three sand particle sizes (ds) were used for each semi-circular channel to roughen the bed. The results showed that the Manning roughness coefficient obtained using a rough bed surface was higher than the channel with a smooth bed surface. Also, the results revealed that the Manning roughness coefficient and the Froude number were inversely related. (ANN) analysis showed a good agreement between the experimental and predicted results of flow and roughness. The bring depth (yb) had an 85.8% impact percentage on the free overfall discharge for semi-circular channels, while the bottom slope (S) had only 1.1%.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43523244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. M. Hadi, Akram Mohammed, H. J. Jumaah, M. H. Ameen, B. Kalantar, Hossein Mojaddadi Rizeei, Z. Al-Sharify
This research aims to calculate the rate of rainfall for two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019, to study and analyze the drought periods during these years. The research was conducted in Kirkuk province north of Iraq, by dividing the study area into five regions based on five stations of rainfall records. Two types of data used in investigations; remotely sensed daily precipitations from integrated multi-satellite retrievals and monthly precipitations average rate from NASA power application. The methodology involved the calculation of rainfall rats by three methods; Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and the Isohyetal technique. Data were analyzed, and final maps were produced using Geographic Information Systems. For the year 2018 the average annual rainfall rate produced by Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and Isohyetal technique were; 1.376, 1.341, and 1.343 respectively. But, for the year 2019 the average annual rainfall rate produced by Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and Isohyetal technique were; 0.966, 0.932, and 0.882 respectively. The results showed the scarcity of water and the lack of rainfall during the study years, which has a great impact on the region's exposure to drought, represented by the drying up of rivers.
{"title":"GIS-Based Rainfall Analysis Using Remotely Sensed Data in Kirkuk Province, Iraq","authors":"A. M. Hadi, Akram Mohammed, H. J. Jumaah, M. H. Ameen, B. Kalantar, Hossein Mojaddadi Rizeei, Z. Al-Sharify","doi":"10.25130/tjes.29.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to calculate the rate of rainfall for two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019, to study and analyze the drought periods during these years. The research was conducted in Kirkuk province north of Iraq, by dividing the study area into five regions based on five stations of rainfall records. Two types of data used in investigations; remotely sensed daily precipitations from integrated multi-satellite retrievals and monthly precipitations average rate from NASA power application. The methodology involved the calculation of rainfall rats by three methods; Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and the Isohyetal technique. Data were analyzed, and final maps were produced using Geographic Information Systems. For the year 2018 the average annual rainfall rate produced by Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and Isohyetal technique were; 1.376, 1.341, and 1.343 respectively. But, for the year 2019 the average annual rainfall rate produced by Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and Isohyetal technique were; 0.966, 0.932, and 0.882 respectively. The results showed the scarcity of water and the lack of rainfall during the study years, which has a great impact on the region's exposure to drought, represented by the drying up of rivers.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45661680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to study the effect of land surface slope on the shape and size of the wetting pattern in the soil resulting from a dripping source, especially when there is a local surface runoff resulting from a water application rate higher than the soil infiltration capacity. As a result, it leads to a noticeable displacement of the center of the wetting pattern from the emitter position. The present research included finding this displacement mathematically and verifying its validity with the results of laboratory data. The studied data included 85 overlapping cases of the change in the water application rate and the slope of the soil surface for two levels of initial moisture and two soils of different textures. The results showed that the first devising equation could be used to estimate the wetting pattern center displacement from the emitter, resulting from the slope of the soil surface. The usage of the first devising equation was based on the of half the maximum horizontal surface advance (a), the maximum vertical advance under the emitter (b), and the soil surface slope, especially when the ratio (a/b) was within (0.9-1.1). The second devising equation can estimate the wetting pattern center displacement from the emitter resulting from the soil surface slope, regardless of the (a/b) ratio. That is, there was a considerable convergence between the displacement values of the center of the wetting pattern from the emitter position estimated by the first devising equation and the second devising equation when the value of (a/b) was close to one, which represents 87% of the 85 cases covered in this research.
{"title":"Devising a mathematical model for displacement estimation of the wetting pattern center from the emitter location resulting from the soil surface slope","authors":"M. T. Mahmood, Haqqi I. Yasin","doi":"10.25130/tjes.29.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to study the effect of land surface slope on the shape and size of the wetting pattern in the soil resulting from a dripping source, especially when there is a local surface runoff resulting from a water application rate higher than the soil infiltration capacity. As a result, it leads to a noticeable displacement of the center of the wetting pattern from the emitter position. The present research included finding this displacement mathematically and verifying its validity with the results of laboratory data. The studied data included 85 overlapping cases of the change in the water application rate and the slope of the soil surface for two levels of initial moisture and two soils of different textures. The results showed that the first devising equation could be used to estimate the wetting pattern center displacement from the emitter, resulting from the slope of the soil surface. The usage of the first devising equation was based on the of half the maximum horizontal surface advance (a), the maximum vertical advance under the emitter (b), and the soil surface slope, especially when the ratio (a/b) was within (0.9-1.1). The second devising equation can estimate the wetting pattern center displacement from the emitter resulting from the soil surface slope, regardless of the (a/b) ratio. That is, there was a considerable convergence between the displacement values of the center of the wetting pattern from the emitter position estimated by the first devising equation and the second devising equation when the value of (a/b) was close to one, which represents 87% of the 85 cases covered in this research.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43289999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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