Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2023-993-3-14-24
E. Voronin
This is the fourth article in the series of publications on ways of improving the statistical quality of solving inverse photogrammetry tasks. It deals with researching the impact of indirect measurement weights on the equalization’s statistical quality. The author established that following its criteria is the key to the most plausible distribution of errors on the effects of indirect measurements. Since the accuracy of the equalization is estimated by the remainder residuals of the indirect measurements groups, the reliability of these evaluations depends on how strictly the criteria for the statistical quality of the equalization are met. The standard of indicators’ accuracy reliability is obtained. An algorithm for adjusting their weights during equalization was developed. An experimental approbation of the technique was performed. Based on the results of the calculations, the effectiveness of the joint application of all ways developed in this and previous articles is established to improve the statistical quality and obtain a reliable estimate of the equalization computations accuracy. In addition, it turned out that the application of the developed algorithms enables increasing the numerical stability of the mentioned calculations and ensure the stability of the results. The expediency of clarifying the initial values of direct measurements of the equalized parameters is confirmed. The explanation of the obtained results in terms of covariance analysis is given.
{"title":"Weights of indirect measurements in inverse photogrammetry tasks","authors":"E. Voronin","doi":"10.22389/0016-7126-2023-993-3-14-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-993-3-14-24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This is the fourth article in the series of publications on ways of improving the statistical quality of solving inverse photogrammetry tasks. It deals with researching the impact of indirect measurement weights on the equalization’s statistical quality. The author established that following its criteria is the key to the most plausible distribution of errors on the effects of indirect measurements. Since the accuracy of the equalization is estimated by the remainder residuals of the indirect measurements groups, the reliability of these evaluations depends on how strictly the criteria for the statistical quality of the equalization are met. The standard of indicators’ accuracy reliability is obtained. An algorithm for adjusting their weights during equalization was developed. An experimental approbation of the technique was performed. Based on the results of the calculations, the effectiveness of the joint application of all ways developed in this and previous articles is established to improve the statistical quality and obtain a reliable estimate of the equalization computations accuracy. In addition, it turned out that the application of the developed algorithms enables increasing the numerical stability of the mentioned calculations and ensure the stability of the results. The expediency of clarifying the initial values of direct measurements of the equalized parameters is confirmed. The explanation of the obtained results in terms of covariance analysis is given.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42749526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yurii Hubar, V. Sai, Yulia Кhavar, L. Vynarchyk, O. Hulko
The article aims to study the use of normal and convergent stereo-photographic techniques to determine physical condition of a building, to compare errors obtained using a digital non-specialized camera, and use these methods in the inventory and certification of real estate. Monitoring architectural monuments is currently one of the most urgent problems. The development of large cities in which architectural monuments are under threat of destruction requires modern and effective technology for monitoring which is possible using low-cost photogrammetry methods: digital images and cheap software. The development of digital cameras into terrestrial photogrammetry resulted in fundamentally new methods and photogrammetric technologies. In case of monitoring objects of small sizes, such as architectural monuments, the cost of shooting equipment is one of the most significant factors, which reduces the cost of work, therefore, in the vast majority of cases, only digital non-metric cameras are used for shooting. The most significant problem is the calibration of digital non-metric cameras. Currently, a huge number of options for calibrating digital cameras have been developed. These options differ in calibration method, type of test object, type of mathematical model for accounting for distortion (algebraic, physical or hybrid model) The present study how that accuracy of the convergent method is almost 2 times higher than that of the normal photogrammetric survey method and provides a large survey overlap area. Comparing all the indicators and characteristics of these methods, we concluded the feasibility, high profitability, and low complexity of the convergent method of stereo photography to perform inventory and certification of real estate. We found that when surveying building using convergent method it is necessary to use 2 times fewer stations than when surveying by normal method. Thus, the convergent method is 2 times faster and more efficiently.
{"title":"NORMAL AND CONVERGENT METHODS OF SURVEY FOR INVENTORY AND CERTIFICATION OF CULTURAL STRUCTURES","authors":"Yurii Hubar, V. Sai, Yulia Кhavar, L. Vynarchyk, O. Hulko","doi":"10.3846/gac.2023.15829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2023.15829","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to study the use of normal and convergent stereo-photographic techniques to determine physical condition of a building, to compare errors obtained using a digital non-specialized camera, and use these methods in the inventory and certification of real estate. Monitoring architectural monuments is currently one of the most urgent problems. The development of large cities in which architectural monuments are under threat of destruction requires modern and effective technology for monitoring which is possible using low-cost photogrammetry methods: digital images and cheap software. The development of digital cameras into terrestrial photogrammetry resulted in fundamentally new methods and photogrammetric technologies. In case of monitoring objects of small sizes, such as architectural monuments, the cost of shooting equipment is one of the most significant factors, which reduces the cost of work, therefore, in the vast majority of cases, only digital non-metric cameras are used for shooting. The most significant problem is the calibration of digital non-metric cameras. Currently, a huge number of options for calibrating digital cameras have been developed. These options differ in calibration method, type of test object, type of mathematical model for accounting for distortion (algebraic, physical or hybrid model) The present study how that accuracy of the convergent method is almost 2 times higher than that of the normal photogrammetric survey method and provides a large survey overlap area. Comparing all the indicators and characteristics of these methods, we concluded the feasibility, high profitability, and low complexity of the convergent method of stereo photography to perform inventory and certification of real estate. We found that when surveying building using convergent method it is necessary to use 2 times fewer stations than when surveying by normal method. Thus, the convergent method is 2 times faster and more efficiently.","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45570933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spatial interpolation is a required method to generate a continuous surface such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) because field investigation for most of the surface’s part is time-consuming with a high demand in both human resources and monetory cost. One of the most used deterministic interpolation models is Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) model. The model takes several neighbors’ information, and the weights are constructed based on the distance between the interpolated point and the neighbors’ points. From the machine learning model, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) model has also been used for spatial interpolation. The input of ANNs model is also one of the parameters that need to be defined when building the model. This paper evaluated the effect of the number of inputs (neighbors) on the elevation interpolation accuracy. We applied IDW and ANNs to interpolate the elevation of Balikpapan City, Indonesia. The results show that the accuracy increases significantly when the number of inputs is between one and three. However, after three inputs, additional input would not change the accuracy significantly. ANNs performed better than IDW. For three or more inputs, the MAE of ANNs and IDW interpolations are below 1.1 and around 2 meters, respectively.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF INPUTS ON THE SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF ELEVATION DATA USING IDW AND ANNS","authors":"S. Respati, T. Sulistyo","doi":"10.3846/gac.2023.16591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2023.16591","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial interpolation is a required method to generate a continuous surface such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) because field investigation for most of the surface’s part is time-consuming with a high demand in both human resources and monetory cost. One of the most used deterministic interpolation models is Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) model. The model takes several neighbors’ information, and the weights are constructed based on the distance between the interpolated point and the neighbors’ points. From the machine learning model, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) model has also been used for spatial interpolation. The input of ANNs model is also one of the parameters that need to be defined when building the model. This paper evaluated the effect of the number of inputs (neighbors) on the elevation interpolation accuracy. We applied IDW and ANNs to interpolate the elevation of Balikpapan City, Indonesia. The results show that the accuracy increases significantly when the number of inputs is between one and three. However, after three inputs, additional input would not change the accuracy significantly. ANNs performed better than IDW. For three or more inputs, the MAE of ANNs and IDW interpolations are below 1.1 and around 2 meters, respectively.","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45228985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-29-43
V. Yurchenko
Introduction of BIM-modeling methodology and geoinformation technologies in the construction industry causes the need of taking into account the specific customer requirements for the accuracy of building 3D-models in engineering-geodetic surveys. The author analyzes the requirements to the exactness of the technological stages of the current regulatory document on aerial photographic survey. The represented concept of approaches to precision standards corresponds to the outdated analogue model. The need for a different method of determining normative tolerances in obtaining modern types of products is noted. The relevance of requirements to the accuracy of building 3D-models without reference to the scale of the topoplan and the height of the relief section is shown. The method of designing the regulatory admissions for the accuracy of technological stages is proposed. They are designed for a particular object before the beginning of fieldwork with controlled variations of error accumulation coefficients and expressed as average errors in centimeters and fractions of a pixel on the ground. The obtained allowances are the substantiating requirements for the chosen technology and accuracy control of the work results in the technical design of aerial photographic survey. Practical calculation of tolerances for constructing a 3D model of the urban development object to meet the customers’ requirements was carried out. Conclusions are given on the prospects of the method in areas that use remote sensing materials with any technology of their processing and a variety of user’s needs.
{"title":"Method of determining the regulatory requirements for the technological stages` accuracy in topographic aerial photography","authors":"V. Yurchenko","doi":"10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-29-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-29-43","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Introduction of BIM-modeling methodology and geoinformation technologies in the construction industry causes the need of taking into account the specific customer requirements for the accuracy of building 3D-models in engineering-geodetic surveys. The author analyzes the requirements to the exactness of the technological stages of the current regulatory document on aerial photographic survey. The represented concept of approaches to precision standards corresponds to the outdated analogue model. The need for a different method of determining normative tolerances in obtaining modern types of products is noted. The relevance of requirements to the accuracy of building 3D-models without reference to the scale of the topoplan and the height of the relief section is shown. The method of designing the regulatory admissions for the accuracy of technological stages is proposed. They are designed for a particular object before the beginning of fieldwork with controlled variations of error accumulation coefficients and expressed as average errors in centimeters and fractions of a pixel on the ground. The obtained allowances are the substantiating requirements for the chosen technology and accuracy control of the work results in the technical design of aerial photographic survey. Practical calculation of tolerances for constructing a 3D model of the urban development object to meet the customers’ requirements was carried out. Conclusions are given on the prospects of the method in areas that use remote sensing materials with any technology of their processing and a variety of user’s needs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44899721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-54-63
A. Koshkarev
Formation of Russian-language terminology in geoinformatics and cartography that started in 1970–1980ies has not yet been completed. Digital transformation generates new words, word combinations and terms. The actual imperfection of terminology is demonstrated by the example of two key definitions in geoinformatics. ‘‘Spatial object’’ refers to two different entities
{"title":"Terminology of geoinformatics and cartography in the digital age","authors":"A. Koshkarev","doi":"10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-54-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-54-63","url":null,"abstract":"Formation of Russian-language terminology in geoinformatics and cartography that started in 1970–1980ies has not yet been completed. Digital transformation generates new words, word combinations and terms. The actual imperfection of terminology is demonstrated by the example of two key definitions in geoinformatics. ‘‘Spatial object’’ refers to two different entities","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45155500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-12-20
E. Brovko, R. Sofinov
The authors reveal the informational and functional contents of the geoservice, using the example of the proposed mechanism for updating spatial data using state topographic monitoring materials. The algorithm of a geoservice functioning based on the data obtained in the process of survey, detailed topographic monitoring and its further use as geoinformation services for solving the tasks of socio-economic, environmental, defense and national security of the Russian Federation is shown. The analysis of domestic experience in this field (the national spatial data system, the geoportal of the Federal Spatial Data Fund, the Public Cadastral Map, the Roscosmos Group of Companies, the “People’s Map”, i.e. Open Street Map on the Yandex Maps geoportal, etc.) enables determining the composition of geoinformation resources requiring periodic and operational updating. Creating and actualization of digital (electronic) topographic maps and other types of digital cartographic products in real time, using continuous topographic monitoring data, and presenting them to users through the geoservice “State topographic monitoring” is a promising scientific and practical direction for development of geoinformation mapping and infrastructure designed to spread relevant spatial data.
{"title":"Geoservice for solving the task of updating spatial data based on the results of state topographic monitoring","authors":"E. Brovko, R. Sofinov","doi":"10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-12-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-12-20","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The authors reveal the informational and functional contents of the geoservice, using the example of the proposed mechanism for updating spatial data using state topographic monitoring materials. The algorithm of a geoservice functioning based on the data obtained in the process of survey, detailed topographic monitoring and its further use as geoinformation services for solving the tasks of socio-economic, environmental, defense and national security of the Russian Federation is shown. The analysis of domestic experience in this field (the national spatial data system, the geoportal of the Federal Spatial Data Fund, the Public Cadastral Map, the Roscosmos Group of Companies, the “People’s Map”, i.e. Open Street Map on the Yandex Maps geoportal, etc.) enables determining the composition of geoinformation resources requiring periodic and operational updating. Creating and actualization of digital (electronic) topographic maps and other types of digital cartographic products in real time, using continuous topographic monitoring data, and presenting them to users through the geoservice “State topographic monitoring” is a promising scientific and practical direction for development of geoinformation mapping and infrastructure designed to spread relevant spatial data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47331017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-2-11
A. Sharafutdinova, M. Bryn
The method of point clouds registration using scanning points based on an iterative closest points’ algorithm is actively researched in the terrestrial laser scanning practice. One of this method’s tasks is calculating the datum transformation optimal values
{"title":"Point cloud registration using the quasi-Newton method","authors":"A. Sharafutdinova, M. Bryn","doi":"10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-2-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-2-11","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The method of point clouds registration using scanning points based on an iterative closest points’ algorithm is actively researched in the terrestrial laser scanning practice. One of this method’s tasks is calculating the datum transformation optimal values\u0000","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42400180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-44-53
K.V. Zakharov, L. Emelyanova, A. Oboturov
Developing the reservoirs’ coastal strip in the Moscow oblast is an acute problem, and it has become especially critical during the recent three decades. To assess the impact of the coastal landscape structure transformation on the reservoirs eutrophication, we employed the vegetation index NDVI, which correlates with the chlorophyll A content in the water. Five water bodies were chosen as research objects and the materials of the Landsat 5 and 7 missions for the period from 1985 to 2020 with five-year intervals were used. The spatial and temporal dynamics of biotopes were monitored in 1 km wide coastal strip, and the values of the vegetation index were counted in the area. We have created time series of average index values with the increasing trend approximated through linear and polynomial functions. The dynamics of open and forest biotopes are not the same, and only the built-up area constantly expands. Regression analysis has shown the relationship between the coastal landscape structure and NDVI values. Growing development of areas significantly causes an enhancement of the mentioned amounts.
{"title":"Assessment of the shoreline landscape structure transformation through using the Earth remote sensing","authors":"K.V. Zakharov, L. Emelyanova, A. Oboturov","doi":"10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-44-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-44-53","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Developing the reservoirs’ coastal strip in the Moscow oblast is an acute problem, and it has become especially critical during the recent three decades. To assess the impact of the coastal landscape structure transformation on the reservoirs eutrophication, we employed the vegetation index NDVI, which correlates with the chlorophyll A content in the water. Five water bodies were chosen as research objects and the materials of the Landsat 5 and 7 missions for the period from 1985 to 2020 with five-year intervals were used. The spatial and temporal dynamics of biotopes were monitored in 1 km wide coastal strip, and the values of the vegetation index were counted in the area. We have created time series of average index values with the increasing trend approximated through linear and polynomial functions. The dynamics of open and forest biotopes are not the same, and only the built-up area constantly expands. Regression analysis has shown the relationship between the coastal landscape structure and NDVI values. Growing development of areas significantly causes an enhancement of the mentioned amounts.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41844433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-21-28
I. Chernov, V. Yakunin
The article deals with solving the tasks of designing a cartographic support system and arranging the process of its targeted application. The definition of its concept is given. Within the framework of the paper, electronic maps of the area are considered as products. The system functioning for the consumer is described. During the research, the results’ quality indicators vector of the production and publishing processes are substantiated. The functional-stochastic dependencies between the components of the results’ quality indicators vector are established and the operational functionality linking the performance indicator with the cost of resources and time is justified. A mathematical model of the purposeful production process of cartographic products is constructed, which enables predicting the degree of the goal achievement, a priori assessing its quality and synthesizing a system of cartographic production by means of a directional enumeration of the model parameters values. The simulation results let us formulate proposals on the structure of the cartographic support system based on the requirements imposed by the results. An illustrative numerical example demonstrating the operability of the offered method is given.
{"title":"The process model of creating cartographic products for solving the task of a cartographic production system synthesis","authors":"I. Chernov, V. Yakunin","doi":"10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-21-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-992-2-21-28","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article deals with solving the tasks of designing a cartographic support system and arranging the process of its targeted application. The definition of its concept is given. Within the framework of the paper, electronic maps of the area are considered as products. The system functioning for the consumer is described. During the research, the results’ quality indicators vector of the production and publishing processes are substantiated. The functional-stochastic dependencies between the components of the results’ quality indicators vector are established and the operational functionality linking the performance indicator with the cost of resources and time is justified. A mathematical model of the purposeful production process of cartographic products is constructed, which enables predicting the degree of the goal achievement, a priori assessing its quality and synthesizing a system of cartographic production by means of a directional enumeration of the model parameters values. The simulation results let us formulate proposals on the structure of the cartographic support system based on the requirements imposed by the results. An illustrative numerical example demonstrating the operability of the offered method is given.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41388177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the internal and external reliability criteria of the mixed LS adjustment model. We use the reliability concept to quantify the potential for detecting gross errors and to estimate their impact on the adjusted parameters. After a short introduction to the mixed adjustment model, the hat matrix and Baarda’s data snooping we describe the theoretical tools developed to define the internal and external reliability in the mixed adjustment model. The paper presents the results of an example of LS adjustment of transformation parameters between two coordinate systems, indicating that the reliability can be used effectively for this model.
{"title":"ON THE RELIABILITY OF MIXED LS ADJUSTMENT MODELS","authors":"G. Even-Tzur","doi":"10.3846/gac.2023.16893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2023.16893","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the internal and external reliability criteria of the mixed LS adjustment model. We use the reliability concept to quantify the potential for detecting gross errors and to estimate their impact on the adjusted parameters. After a short introduction to the mixed adjustment model, the hat matrix and Baarda’s data snooping we describe the theoretical tools developed to define the internal and external reliability in the mixed adjustment model. The paper presents the results of an example of LS adjustment of transformation parameters between two coordinate systems, indicating that the reliability can be used effectively for this model.","PeriodicalId":35691,"journal":{"name":"Geodeziya i Kartografiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43263140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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