Pub Date : 2026-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141810
Shailendra Singh Shah, Vera Silva, Jos van Dam, Awtar Singh, Rima Osman, Devendra Singh Bundela, J. Bastiaan Mohrmann, Rajender Kumar Yadav, Violette Geissen, Coen J. Ritsema
The presence and accumulation of multiple pesticide residues in soil threaten biodiversity and soil health, yet depth-resolved evidence on pesticide-metabolite mixtures in subtropical agroecosystems remains underexplored. Here, we present the most comprehensive paired-depth assessment of parent pesticides and metabolites in Indian soils to date. We analyzed 181 compounds (63 insecticides, 41 fungicides, 32 herbicides, 45 metabolites) in 140 paired surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (15-20 cm) soil samples collected during the 2024 growing season from 70 sites representing major land uses in the Hindon River Basin. Seventy-two residues were detected across samples, and almost all (98.6%) surface soils were contaminated, including organically managed and forest reference sites. Pesticide-metabolite mixtures were ubiquitous in agricultural soils, with up to 24 co-occurring compounds per site. Insecticides and metabolites dominated detections, with clothianidin, chlorantraniliprole, and fipronil sulfone present in >80% of samples. Metabolites of fipronil, neonicotinoids, atrazine, and DDT were frequently detected and often exceeded their parent levels, suggesting persistent and potentially underestimated soil health risks. Subsurface residues were detected at 93% of sites, demonstrating widespread shallow vertical redistribution. Multivariate analyses showed that shallow vertical redistribution was governed primarily by chemical persistence and mobility, amplified by land-use intensity, whereas soil properties played a secondary role. Theoretical risk-quotient-based assessment revealed high risk for earthworms at 80% of sites, particularly in sugarcane and orchard systems. Our findings uncover widespread contamination in subtropical regions, add information on vertically distributed pesticide cocktails, expose limitations of topsoil-only monitoring, and call for mixture-aware, metabolite-inclusive, depth-resolved regulation to protect soil health.
{"title":"Pesticide and Metabolite Residue Mixtures in Subtropical Agroecosystem Soils: The Inconvenient Truth","authors":"Shailendra Singh Shah, Vera Silva, Jos van Dam, Awtar Singh, Rima Osman, Devendra Singh Bundela, J. Bastiaan Mohrmann, Rajender Kumar Yadav, Violette Geissen, Coen J. Ritsema","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141810","url":null,"abstract":"The presence and accumulation of multiple pesticide residues in soil threaten biodiversity and soil health, yet depth-resolved evidence on pesticide-metabolite mixtures in subtropical agroecosystems remains underexplored. Here, we present the most comprehensive paired-depth assessment of parent pesticides and metabolites in Indian soils to date. We analyzed 181 compounds (63 insecticides, 41 fungicides, 32 herbicides, 45 metabolites) in 140 paired surface (0-5<!-- --> <!-- -->cm) and subsurface (15-20<!-- --> <!-- -->cm) soil samples collected during the 2024 growing season from 70 sites representing major land uses in the Hindon River Basin. Seventy-two residues were detected across samples, and almost all (98.6%) surface soils were contaminated, including organically managed and forest reference sites. Pesticide-metabolite mixtures were ubiquitous in agricultural soils, with up to 24 co-occurring compounds per site. Insecticides and metabolites dominated detections, with clothianidin, chlorantraniliprole, and fipronil sulfone present in >80% of samples. Metabolites of fipronil, neonicotinoids, atrazine, and DDT were frequently detected and often exceeded their parent levels, suggesting persistent and potentially underestimated soil health risks. Subsurface residues were detected at 93% of sites, demonstrating widespread shallow vertical redistribution. Multivariate analyses showed that shallow vertical redistribution was governed primarily by chemical persistence and mobility, amplified by land-use intensity, whereas soil properties played a secondary role. Theoretical risk-quotient-based assessment revealed high risk for earthworms at 80% of sites, particularly in sugarcane and orchard systems. Our findings uncover widespread contamination in subtropical regions, add information on vertically distributed pesticide cocktails, expose limitations of topsoil-only monitoring, and call for mixture-aware, metabolite-inclusive, depth-resolved regulation to protect soil health.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141811
Bowen Hu, Jingyang Gao, Lizhi Tong, Yuanxin Zhang, Jun Zeng, Longzhen Ding, Jianguo Jiang, Jinhui Li, Qing Hu
Integrating water washing with alkali activation is a promising strategy for the safe reutilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA); however, the environmental and ecological safety levels of the resulting materials remain poorly understood. In this study, high-performance alkali-activated materials (WFA-AAMs) were synthesized from water-washed MSWIFA (WFA), coal fly ash, silica fume, and sodium silicate, achieving a 28-day compressive strength of 32.17 MPa through the optimization of the C-(A)-S-H/N-A-S-H gel network. Their environmental safety levels were systematically evaluated using short-term, long-term static, and semi-dynamic leaching tests combined with ecological risk assessments and ecotoxicity bioassays across four trophic levels. The results revealed that compared with WFA, WFA-AAMs reduced Pb and Zn leaching by more than 99%, with acute hazard quotients (HQs) consistently being less than 1. Ecotoxicity tests on bacteria, algae, crustaceans, and fish confirmed negligible toxicity from WFA-AAM leachates, whereas WFA leachates caused substantial adverse effects. Principal component analysis revealed Pb as the dominant toxicity driver, with Cl⁻ exerting synergistic effects. Through this study, the first comprehensive chemical–ecological–toxicological framework for evaluating the safety of WFA-AAMs was established, providing scientific guidance for their sustainable application.
水洗与碱活化相结合是城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰安全回用的有效途径。然而，所产生的材料的环境和生态安全水平仍然知之甚少。本研究以水洗MSWIFA （WFA）、粉煤灰、硅灰、水玻璃为原料，通过优化C-(a)- s - h /N-A-S-H凝胶网络，合成了高性能碱活性材料（WFA- aams），其28天抗压强度达到32.17 MPa。采用短期、长期静态和半动态浸出试验，结合生态风险评估和四个营养水平的生态毒性生物测定，系统地评估了它们的环境安全水平。结果表明，与WFA相比，WFA- aams对Pb、Zn浸出的抑制作用大于99%，且急性危害系数（HQs）始终小于1。对细菌、藻类、甲壳类动物和鱼类的生态毒性试验证实，WFA- aam渗滤液的毒性可以忽略不计，而WFA渗滤液则会产生严重的不良影响。主成分分析显示，铅是主要的毒理因素，而氯则有协同作用。通过本研究，建立了首个综合评价WFA-AAMs安全性的化学-生态-毒理学框架，为其可持续应用提供了科学指导。
{"title":"Reutilization of washed MSWI fly ash into sustainable alkali-activated materials: Leaching behaviors and ecological effects","authors":"Bowen Hu, Jingyang Gao, Lizhi Tong, Yuanxin Zhang, Jun Zeng, Longzhen Ding, Jianguo Jiang, Jinhui Li, Qing Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141811","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating water washing with alkali activation is a promising strategy for the safe reutilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA); however, the environmental and ecological safety levels of the resulting materials remain poorly understood. In this study, high-performance alkali-activated materials (WFA-AAMs) were synthesized from water-washed MSWIFA (WFA), coal fly ash, silica fume, and sodium silicate, achieving a 28-day compressive strength of 32.17 MPa through the optimization of the C-(A)-S-H/N-A-S-H gel network. Their environmental safety levels were systematically evaluated using short-term, long-term static, and semi-dynamic leaching tests combined with ecological risk assessments and ecotoxicity bioassays across four trophic levels. The results revealed that compared with WFA, WFA-AAMs reduced Pb and Zn leaching by more than 99%, with acute hazard quotients (HQs) consistently being less than 1. Ecotoxicity tests on bacteria, algae, crustaceans, and fish confirmed negligible toxicity from WFA-AAM leachates, whereas WFA leachates caused substantial adverse effects. Principal component analysis revealed Pb as the dominant toxicity driver, with Cl⁻ exerting synergistic effects. Through this study, the first comprehensive chemical–ecological–toxicological framework for evaluating the safety of WFA-AAMs was established, providing scientific guidance for their sustainable application.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141800
Gyulim Park, Yedam Kim, Young Seok Lee, Youngsuk Kim, O–Mi Lee, Kwang Min Lee, Sungbaek Seo, Dae-Youn Hwang, Hong–Joo Son
Synthetic plastics, particularly polyethylene, are persistent environmental contaminants due to their chemical inertness and resistance to natural degradation. Among them, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) presents a critical challenge because its highly crystalline and hydrophobic structure severely limits microbial colonization and carbon utilization. Most reported HDPE biodegradation studies rely on physicochemically pretreated materials, leaving microbial mineralization of untreated, virgin HDPE largely unexplored. In this study, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was employed to isolate microorganisms capable of degrading untreated HDPE under environmentally relevant selective pressures. Activated sludge and municipal landfill samples, wherein plastics and diverse microbial communities coexist for extended periods, were used as inoculum sources. Long-term ALE was conducted in a mineral salt medium that contains virgin HDPE as the sole carbon source, imposing a stringent directional selective pressure. Through this approach, Pandoraea sp. B8 was isolated and showed reproducible surface deterioration of HDPE films together with sustained growth. Importantly, HDPE degradation was accompanied by measurable carbon dioxide evolution, indicating biological mineralization rather than surface modification alone. Overall, these results suggest that evolutionary adaptation can enable microbial access to untreated HDPE and influence the environmental persistence and transformation of this polymer under environmentally plausible conditions without physicochemical pretreatment.
{"title":"Adaptive laboratory evolution enables microbial access to untreated, virgin high-density polyethylene under environmentally relevant conditions","authors":"Gyulim Park, Yedam Kim, Young Seok Lee, Youngsuk Kim, O–Mi Lee, Kwang Min Lee, Sungbaek Seo, Dae-Youn Hwang, Hong–Joo Son","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141800","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic plastics, particularly polyethylene, are persistent environmental contaminants due to their chemical inertness and resistance to natural degradation. Among them, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) presents a critical challenge because its highly crystalline and hydrophobic structure severely limits microbial colonization and carbon utilization. Most reported HDPE biodegradation studies rely on physicochemically pretreated materials, leaving microbial mineralization of untreated, virgin HDPE largely unexplored. In this study, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was employed to isolate microorganisms capable of degrading untreated HDPE under environmentally relevant selective pressures. Activated sludge and municipal landfill samples, wherein plastics and diverse microbial communities coexist for extended periods, were used as inoculum sources. Long-term ALE was conducted in a mineral salt medium that contains virgin HDPE as the sole carbon source, imposing a stringent directional selective pressure. Through this approach, <em>Pandoraea</em> sp. B8 was isolated and showed reproducible surface deterioration of HDPE films together with sustained growth. Importantly, HDPE degradation was accompanied by measurable carbon dioxide evolution, indicating biological mineralization rather than surface modification alone. Overall, these results suggest that evolutionary adaptation can enable microbial access to untreated HDPE and influence the environmental persistence and transformation of this polymer under environmentally plausible conditions without physicochemical pretreatment.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"213 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141798
Zejun Wang, Ju Shen, Xiao Yang, Xincong Su, Xiaowen Han, Linghao Meng, Zuoya Dai, Tingting Ding, Jin Yan, Qiuhui Qian, Shushen Liu, Xuedong Wang, Huili Wang
Advancements in toxicology have clarified toxic effects across biological levels; however, the mechanisms driving chemical-mixture toxicity remain unclear. In addition, the concentration addition (CA) model commonly used in mixture risk assessment may introduce predictive bias by neglecting chemical interactions, yet the implications of such bias remain poorly understood. Using zebrafish as a model organism, we systematically assessed triclocarban (TCC) and bisphenol S (BPS) mixtures. The results showed that mixtures prepared at concentrations predicted by the CA model caused synergistic toxicity across multiple biological levels. Transcriptomics showed TCC and BPS shared limited similarity, differing mainly in functional attributes rather than differentially expressed gene numbers. Mixture exposure amplified transcriptional responses and introduced new biological processes, revealing molecular mechanisms driving synergism. Notably, metabolism, MAPK, calcium, Apelin, and FoxO pathways were significantly enriched, collectively promoting oxidative stress and apoptosis. These processes further synergistically mediated multi-system toxicity through interconnected pathways, manifested as cardiovascular abnormalities (elevated heart rate, pericardial edema, caudal vein constriction), immune dysregulation (proliferation of innate immune cells with cytokine alterations), and neurotoxicity (impaired neuronal development, dopamine depletion, and elevated GABA). These synergistic effects further induced malformations in organs such as the swim bladders and yolk sac, disrupted normal physiological activities, and ultimately impaired embryonic development, leading to increased mortality. By contrast, applying the combination index (CI) as a correction factor shifted the combined effects predominantly toward additivity or antagonism. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insights into TCC-BPS interactions. Predictions based on the addition model may overlook chemical interactions, causing toxicological biases, while CI provides a validated correction across biological levels, highlighting its utility in mixture risk assessment.
{"title":"Combined Toxicity of Triclocarban and Bisphenol S in Zebrafish: Multi-Level Synergistic Effects and Driving Mechanisms","authors":"Zejun Wang, Ju Shen, Xiao Yang, Xincong Su, Xiaowen Han, Linghao Meng, Zuoya Dai, Tingting Ding, Jin Yan, Qiuhui Qian, Shushen Liu, Xuedong Wang, Huili Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141798","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in toxicology have clarified toxic effects across biological levels; however, the mechanisms driving chemical-mixture toxicity remain unclear. In addition, the concentration addition (CA) model commonly used in mixture risk assessment may introduce predictive bias by neglecting chemical interactions, yet the implications of such bias remain poorly understood. Using zebrafish as a model organism, we systematically assessed triclocarban (TCC) and bisphenol S (BPS) mixtures. The results showed that mixtures prepared at concentrations predicted by the CA model caused synergistic toxicity across multiple biological levels. Transcriptomics showed TCC and BPS shared limited similarity, differing mainly in functional attributes rather than differentially expressed gene numbers. Mixture exposure amplified transcriptional responses and introduced new biological processes, revealing molecular mechanisms driving synergism. Notably, metabolism, MAPK, calcium, Apelin, and FoxO pathways were significantly enriched, collectively promoting oxidative stress and apoptosis. These processes further synergistically mediated multi-system toxicity through interconnected pathways, manifested as cardiovascular abnormalities (elevated heart rate, pericardial edema, caudal vein constriction), immune dysregulation (proliferation of innate immune cells with cytokine alterations), and neurotoxicity (impaired neuronal development, dopamine depletion, and elevated GABA). These synergistic effects further induced malformations in organs such as the swim bladders and yolk sac, disrupted normal physiological activities, and ultimately impaired embryonic development, leading to increased mortality. By contrast, applying the combination index (CI) as a correction factor shifted the combined effects predominantly toward additivity or antagonism. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insights into TCC-BPS interactions. Predictions based on the addition model may overlook chemical interactions, causing toxicological biases, while CI provides a validated correction across biological levels, highlighting its utility in mixture risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) have been recognized as contaminants of emerging concerns. However, little is known about their occurrence and partitioning behavior in aquatic system. Water and sediment samples were collected in urbanized river systems within the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China to investigate the spatial distribution and partitioning behavior of LCMs. The concentrations of Σ44LCM in water ranged from 9.5 to 58 ng/L, with an average of 23 ng/L, whereas those of Σ44LCM in sediments ranged from 9.7 to 120 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average of 55 ng/g dw. Notably, the sedimentary concentrations of LCMs in the present study are the highest reported to date. Fluorinated biphenyls and their analogs (FBAs) dominated in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments, whereas biphenyls and their analogs (BAs) were more abundant in filtrate. The predominant compound in all matrixes is 1-ethyl-4-[2-(4-methylphenyl) ethynyl] benzene. This study reports for the first time the measured organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (logKOC) for five LCMs. The partitioning coefficients (logKd) are significantly positively correlated with the organic carbon content (P < 0.05), indicating that organic carbon is the primary factor influencing the partitioning behavior of LCMs. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the distribution and partitioning behavior of LCMs in aquatic environments, facilitating the understanding of their environmental behavior and ecological risks in aquatic environments.
{"title":"Multimedia spatial distribution and partitioning behavior of liquid crystal monomers in a typical urbanized river system within the Pearl River Delta, South China","authors":"Jia-Yi Gu, Si-Long Zhang, Chan Liang, Gao-Ling Wei, Ye-Yang Hou, Pei-Pei Meng, Liang-Ying Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141759","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) have been recognized as contaminants of emerging concerns. However, little is known about their occurrence and partitioning behavior in aquatic system. Water and sediment samples were collected in urbanized river systems within the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China to investigate the spatial distribution and partitioning behavior of LCMs. The concentrations of Σ<sub>44</sub>LCM in water ranged from 9.5 to 58<!-- --> <!-- -->ng/L, with an average of 23<!-- --> <!-- -->ng/L, whereas those of Σ<sub>44</sub>LCM in sediments ranged from 9.7 to 120<!-- --> <!-- -->ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average of 55<!-- --> <!-- -->ng/g dw. Notably, the sedimentary concentrations of LCMs in the present study are the highest reported to date. Fluorinated biphenyls and their analogs (FBAs) dominated in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments, whereas biphenyls and their analogs (BAs) were more abundant in filtrate. The predominant compound in all matrixes is 1-ethyl-4-[2-(4-methylphenyl) ethynyl] benzene. This study reports for the first time the measured organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (log<em>K</em><sub>OC</sub>) for five LCMs. The partitioning coefficients (log<em>K</em><sub>d</sub>) are significantly positively correlated with the organic carbon content (<em>P</em> < 0.05), indicating that organic carbon is the primary factor influencing the partitioning behavior of LCMs. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the distribution and partitioning behavior of LCMs in aquatic environments, facilitating the understanding of their environmental behavior and ecological risks in aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Circulating platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) participate in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases, yet their regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of air pollution on PDGFs mRNA expression in platelets and its association with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). We included 153 AMI patients at admission to assess the relationship between pollutant levels and platelet PDGFs mRNA expression, and followed up 142 AMI patients after discharge to evaluate the prognostic value of PDGFs mRNA expression for MACEs. Results showed that PM2.5 was non-linearly associated with the mRNA expression levels of PDGFC and PDGFD, while SO2 was non-linearly associated with the mRNA expression level of PDGFA (P < 0.05). Compared to controls, AMI patients at admission had an elevated PDGFD mRNA expression with a 4.705-fold increase (P < 0.05). Furthermore, PDGFs mRNA level exhibited a non-linear relationship with AMI occurrence (P < 0.05). Higher PDGFA mRNA expression (Q4 vs. Q1) was associated with a reduced risk of MACEs. Similarly, medium to high expression levels of PDGFC mRNA (Q2-Q4 vs Q1) had a lower risk of MACEs with adjusted hazard ratio of 0.366 (95% CI: 0.155–0.861). These findings indicate that exposure to air pollutants is correlated with altered PDGFs mRNA expression in platelets and that such expression is significantly associated with both AMI and subsequent MACEs. The study highlights the potential of PDGFs mRNA in platelets as a biomarker for assessing individual susceptibility to air pollution-related cardiovascular events.
{"title":"Impact of Air Pollutants on PDGFs mRNA in Platelets and Association of PDGFs mRNA Expression level with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events","authors":"Jichao Xie, Hankun Xie, Liang Xu, Fangyuan Liu, Qian Zhuang, Xianghai Zhao, Junxiang Sun, Pengfei Wei, Yunjie Yin, Yanchun Chen, Feifan Wang, Xu Han, Wen Li, Jiahui Wu, Yuan Zhou, Changsheng Huan, Song Yang, Chong Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141795","url":null,"abstract":"Circulating platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) participate in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases, yet their regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of air pollution on PDGFs mRNA expression in platelets and its association with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). We included 153 AMI patients at admission to assess the relationship between pollutant levels and platelet <em>PDGFs</em> mRNA expression, and followed up 142 AMI patients after discharge to evaluate the prognostic value of <em>PDGFs</em> mRNA expression for MACEs. Results showed that PM<sub>2.5</sub> was non-linearly associated with the mRNA expression levels of <em>PDGFC</em> and <em>PDGFD</em>, while SO<sub>2</sub> was non-linearly associated with the mRNA expression level of <em>PDGFA</em> (P < 0.05)<em>.</em> Compared to controls, AMI patients at admission had an elevated <em>PDGFD</em> mRNA expression with a 4.705-fold increase (P < 0.05). Furthermore, <em>PDGFs</em> mRNA level exhibited a non-linear relationship with AMI occurrence (P < 0.05). Higher <em>PDGFA</em> mRNA expression (Q4 vs. Q1) was associated with a reduced risk of MACEs. Similarly, medium to high expression levels of <em>PDGFC</em> mRNA (Q2-Q4 vs Q1) had a lower risk of MACEs with adjusted hazard ratio of 0.366 (95% CI: 0.155–0.861). These findings indicate that exposure to air pollutants is correlated with altered <em>PDGFs</em> mRNA expression in platelets and that such expression is significantly associated with both AMI and subsequent MACEs. The study highlights the potential of <em>PDGFs</em> mRNA in platelets as a biomarker for assessing individual susceptibility to air pollution-related cardiovascular events.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141794
Kyle Morrison, Lorenzo Ricolfi, Yefeng Yang, Ayumi Mizuno, Pietro Pollo, Malgorzata Lagisz, Shinichi Nakagawa
Organochlorine pesticides remain linked to adverse health outcomes, despite the widespread bans and regulations implemented during the 20th century. To better understand these links at a broader scale, researchers have leveraged meta-analyses to quantify pooled mean estimates and assess consistency across multiple primary studies. However, the rapid uptake of meta-analysis has created a diverse and largely fragmented secondary evidence base across many organochlorine pesticides and health outcomes. To consolidate and clarify this evidence base, we conducted a second-order synthesis of 40 meta-analyses, encompassing 129 meta-analytic model estimates. We examined the overall mean effect size and heterogeneity across the included meta-analyses. To ensure comparability, all effect sizes were converted to a common metric (odds ratio), and we used I2 as a common measure of heterogeneity. Our synthesis revealed that, across all included pesticides and adverse health outcomes, organochlorine pesticides increase the odds of an adverse health outcome by an average of 28% in organochlorine pesticide exposed groups compared to unexposed groups (OR = 1.279, 95% confidence interval, hereon CI = [1.16,1.41], 95% prediction interval, hereon PI = [0.660, 2.48]). Specifically, we found that DDE (OR = 1.41, CI = [1.09, 1.83], PI = [1.06, 1.08], number of meta-analyses, hereon (n): 12, number of meta-analytic model estimates, hereon (k): 17), and HCH (OR = 1.43. CI = [1.19, 1.7], PI = [1.07, 1.9]), n = 3, k = 3) exhibited the strongest associations with adverse health outcomes. Endocrine-related diseases showed the highest association with organochlorine pesticide exposure, with an average 52% increased odds (OR = 1.52, CI = [1.18, 1.95], PI = [1,17, 1.97], n = 13, k = 31). We then revealed that on average the observed heterogeneity in each meta-analysis was moderately high across all outcomes and pesticides (I2within.MA.estimate.average = 54.8%, CI = [37.3, 67.4]). The organochlorine pesticide which exhibited the most consistent impacts was DDT (I2within.MA.estimate.average = 47.7%, CI = [22.0, 65.0]) and the most constantly impacted adverse health outcome were malignant neoplasms (I2within.MA.estimate.average = 19.2%, CI = [0.0, 50.4]. Together, our second-order synthesis quantifies the overall association between exposure to organochlorine pesticides and adverse health outcomes, and the consistency of that association across multiple pesticides and outcomes, providing valuable insights for decision makers and researchers.
尽管在20世纪实施了广泛的禁令和法规，但有机氯农药仍然与不利的健康后果有关。为了更好地在更广泛的范围内理解这些联系，研究人员利用荟萃分析来量化汇总平均估计值，并评估多个主要研究的一致性。然而，荟萃分析的迅速普及已经在许多有机氯农药和健康结果之间建立了一个多样化且很大程度上分散的二级证据基础。为了巩固和澄清这一证据基础，我们对40项荟萃分析进行了二阶综合，包括129项荟萃分析模型估计。我们在纳入的meta分析中检查了总体平均效应大小和异质性。为了确保可比性，所有效应量都转换为一个共同的度量（优势比），我们使用I2作为异质性的共同度量。我们的综合结果显示，在所有纳入的农药和不良健康结果中，有机氯农药暴露组的不良健康结果的几率比未暴露组平均增加28% （OR = 1.279, 95%置信区间，CI =[1.16,1.41]， 95%预测区间，PI =[0.660, 2.48]）。具体来说，我们发现DDE (OR = 1.41, CI = [1.09, 1.83], PI = [1.06, 1.08]， meta分析的数量，这里（n): 12， meta分析模型估计的数量，这里(k): 17）和HCH （OR = 1.43）。CI = [1.19, 1.7], PI = [1.07, 1.9]), n = 3, k = 3)与不良健康结局的相关性最强。内分泌相关疾病与有机氯农药暴露的相关性最高，平均增加52%的几率（OR = 1.52, CI = [1.18, 1.95], PI = [1,17,1.97], n = 13, k = 31）。然后我们发现，在所有结果和农药中，每个荟萃分析中观察到的异质性平均较高（i2 in. ma .estimate.average = 54.8%, CI =[37.3, 67.4]）。影响最一致的有机氯农药是滴滴涕（I2within.MA.estimate.average = 47.7%, CI =[22.0, 65.0]），影响最持续的不良健康结局是恶性肿瘤(I2within.MA.estimate.average = 19.2%, CI =[0.0, 50.4]。总之，我们的二阶合成量化了暴露于有机氯农药与不良健康结果之间的总体关联，以及多种农药和结果之间的关联的一致性，为决策者和研究人员提供了有价值的见解。
{"title":"The impacts of organochlorine pesticides on adverse human health outcomes: a second order synthesis of mean effects and heterogeneity","authors":"Kyle Morrison, Lorenzo Ricolfi, Yefeng Yang, Ayumi Mizuno, Pietro Pollo, Malgorzata Lagisz, Shinichi Nakagawa","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141794","url":null,"abstract":"Organochlorine pesticides remain linked to adverse health outcomes, despite the widespread bans and regulations implemented during the 20th century. To better understand these links at a broader scale, researchers have leveraged meta-analyses to quantify pooled mean estimates and assess consistency across multiple primary studies. However, the rapid uptake of meta-analysis has created a diverse and largely fragmented secondary evidence base across many organochlorine pesticides and health outcomes. To consolidate and clarify this evidence base, we conducted a second-order synthesis of 40 meta-analyses, encompassing 129 meta-analytic model estimates. We examined the overall mean effect size and heterogeneity across the included meta-analyses. To ensure comparability, all effect sizes were converted to a common metric (odds ratio), and we used <em>I</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> as a common measure of heterogeneity. Our synthesis revealed that, across all included pesticides and adverse health outcomes, organochlorine pesticides increase the odds of an adverse health outcome by an average of 28% in organochlorine pesticide exposed groups compared to unexposed groups (OR = 1.279, 95% confidence interval, hereon CI = [1.16,1.41], 95% prediction interval, hereon PI = [0.660, 2.48]). Specifically, we found that DDE (OR = 1.41, CI = [1.09, 1.83], PI = [1.06, 1.08], number of meta-analyses, hereon (n): 12, number of meta-analytic model estimates, hereon (k): 17), and HCH (OR = 1.43. CI = [1.19, 1.7], PI = [1.07, 1.9]), n = 3, k = 3) exhibited the strongest associations with adverse health outcomes. Endocrine-related diseases showed the highest association with organochlorine pesticide exposure, with an average 52% increased odds (OR = 1.52, CI = [1.18, 1.95], PI = [1,17, 1.97], n = 13, k = 31). We then revealed that on average the observed heterogeneity in each meta-analysis was moderately high across all outcomes and pesticides (<em>I</em><sup>2</sup><sub><em>within.MA.estimate.<strong>average</strong></em></sub> = 54.8%, CI = [37.3, 67.4]). The organochlorine pesticide which exhibited the most consistent impacts was DDT (<em>I</em><sup>2</sup><sub><em>within.MA.estimate.<strong>average</strong></em></sub> = 47.7%, CI = [22.0, 65.0]) and the most constantly impacted adverse health outcome were malignant neoplasms (<em><strong>I</strong></em><sup><strong>2</strong></sup><sub><em>within.MA.estimate.<strong>average</strong></em></sub> = 19.2%, CI = [0.0, 50.4]. Together, our second-order synthesis quantifies the overall association between exposure to organochlorine pesticides and adverse health outcomes, and the consistency of that association across multiple pesticides and outcomes, providing valuable insights for decision makers and researchers.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147465983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clarifying the impacts of microplastics (MPs) on microbial communities real natural soil environments is of great significance for evaluating MPs risks and its control. However, it is remains unclear, especially in the alpine soil. Hence, field sampling combined with density separation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-throughput sequencing were employed to reveal the soil MPs distribution and microbial communities characteristics of 63 soil samples from 7 counties in Lhasa areas. Soil MPs abundances ranged from 16.75 to 1374.75 items/kg, with a mean of 244.65 items/kg. Dominant shapes were films (37.7%) and fragments (34.2%), mainly < 500 μm (78.9%) in size, black (66.5%) and green (21.5%) in color, and composed of Polyethylene (PE, 34.9%) and Polypropylene (PP, 28.6%). Soil physicochemical factors (BD, pH, and SOC) and environmental factors (elevation, radiation, and temperature) respectively influenced MPs migration and fragmentation. Proteobacteria (10.12%~65.06%), Actinobacteriota (4.67%~57.01%) and Ascomycota (5.29%~95.19%), Basidiomycota (0.32%~80.13%) accounted for the highest proportion at the phylum level of soil bacteria and fungi communities. Environmental factors (temperature and radiation) and soil properties (SOC and TN) drive the spatial variability of soil microbial community composition. MPs abundance mainly influences the composition of fungi communities, with 70.83% of fungi taxa significant correlations. Increased abundance of < 500 μm MPs significantly decreased the relative abundance of sensitive microbial (Kribbella and Coprinus). The increase of the MPs abundance significantly increased the relative abundance of tolerant microbial (Sulfurifustis, Papiliotrema, and Cladosporium). These findings elucidate MPs distribution and impacts on soil microbial communities in alpine areas.
{"title":"Microplastics distribution and impacts on soil microbial communities in alpine area","authors":"Taishan Ran, Wei Guo, Yimei Huang, Yixing Guo, Simin Zha, Aowei Wang, Yanxing Dou, Linzhou Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141782","url":null,"abstract":"Clarifying the impacts of microplastics (MPs) on microbial communities real natural soil environments is of great significance for evaluating MPs risks and its control. However, it is remains unclear, especially in the alpine soil. Hence, field sampling combined with density separation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-throughput sequencing were employed to reveal the soil MPs distribution and microbial communities characteristics of 63 soil samples from 7 counties in Lhasa areas. Soil MPs abundances ranged from 16.75 to 1374.75 items/kg, with a mean of 244.65 items/kg. Dominant shapes were films (37.7%) and fragments (34.2%), mainly < 500 μm (78.9%) in size, black (66.5%) and green (21.5%) in color, and composed of Polyethylene (PE, 34.9%) and Polypropylene (PP, 28.6%). Soil physicochemical factors (BD, pH, and SOC) and environmental factors (elevation, radiation, and temperature) respectively influenced MPs migration and fragmentation. Proteobacteria (10.12%~65.06%), Actinobacteriota (4.67%~57.01%) and Ascomycota (5.29%~95.19%), Basidiomycota (0.32%~80.13%) accounted for the highest proportion at the phylum level of soil bacteria and fungi communities. Environmental factors (temperature and radiation) and soil properties (SOC and TN) drive the spatial variability of soil microbial community composition. MPs abundance mainly influences the composition of fungi communities, with 70.83% of fungi taxa significant correlations. Increased abundance of < 500 μm MPs significantly decreased the relative abundance of sensitive microbial (<em>Kribbella</em> and <em>Coprinus</em>). The increase of the MPs abundance significantly increased the relative abundance of tolerant microbial (<em>Sulfurifustis</em>, <em>Papiliotrema</em>, and <em>Cladosporium</em>). These findings elucidate MPs distribution and impacts on soil microbial communities in alpine areas.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141789
Yuqing Liu, Haoxuan Cai, Yujuan Wen, Xiaoming Song, Xiaochu Wang
The mechanisms by which biochar regulates polylactic acid (PLA) contamination and influences carbon cycling under freeze-thaw conditions remain largely unknown. To address this, this study conducted indoor simulated freeze-thaw cycles, setting up four treatments: control (CK), addition of 3% biochar (B), addition of 2% PLA (L), and simultaneous addition of both (BL). This study systematically investigated how biochar and PLA regulate soil aggregate stability, organic carbon fractions, enzyme activity, and microbial carbon metabolism. The results indicated that the BL treatment significantly increased the proportion of aggregates larger than 0.25 mm (an increase of 5.71 times at the early stage of freeze-thaw) and restored the mean weight diameter (MWD) to CK levels. In terms of carbon dynamics, the BL treatment increased the organic carbon content of aggregates larger than 0.25 mm by 2.28 times compared to the L treatment, while the active organic carbon (AOC) decreased by 4.19%–6.19% (P < 0.05). Enzyme activity analysis showed that the sucrose enzyme activity under the BL treatment was significantly increased by 37.13% compared to the L treatment. Structural equation modeling (SEM) confirms that microbial carbon metabolism is a central hub for regulating organic carbon (R2=0.981). The direct carbon sequestration effect of PLA is offset by its indirect microbial inhibitory effects, whereas biochar promotes carbon stabilization through indirect pathways such as stabilizing aggregates and regulating microbial metabolism. This study confirms that biochar effectively mitigates freeze-thaw damage to soil structure in PLA-contaminated soils through physical protection and chemical adsorption. By counteracting the metabolic inhibition caused by PLA degradation, it ultimately enhances soil organic carbon stability. This research provides theoretical and practical support for assessing ecological risks of biodegradable microplastic pollution in cold regions.
{"title":"Regulation of biochar on organic carbon stability and microbial carbon metabolism in polylactic acid contaminated soil under freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Yuqing Liu, Haoxuan Cai, Yujuan Wen, Xiaoming Song, Xiaochu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141789","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanisms by which biochar regulates polylactic acid (PLA) contamination and influences carbon cycling under freeze-thaw conditions remain largely unknown. To address this, this study conducted indoor simulated freeze-thaw cycles, setting up four treatments: control (CK), addition of 3% biochar (B), addition of 2% PLA (L), and simultaneous addition of both (BL). This study systematically investigated how biochar and PLA regulate soil aggregate stability, organic carbon fractions, enzyme activity, and microbial carbon metabolism. The results indicated that the BL treatment significantly increased the proportion of aggregates larger than 0.25<!-- --> <!-- -->mm (an increase of 5.71 times at the early stage of freeze-thaw) and restored the mean weight diameter (MWD) to CK levels. In terms of carbon dynamics, the BL treatment increased the organic carbon content of aggregates larger than 0.25<!-- --> <!-- -->mm by 2.28 times compared to the L treatment, while the active organic carbon (AOC) decreased by 4.19%–6.19% (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Enzyme activity analysis showed that the sucrose enzyme activity under the BL treatment was significantly increased by 37.13% compared to the L treatment. Structural equation modeling (SEM) confirms that microbial carbon metabolism is a central hub for regulating organic carbon (R<sup>2</sup>=0.981). The direct carbon sequestration effect of PLA is offset by its indirect microbial inhibitory effects, whereas biochar promotes carbon stabilization through indirect pathways such as stabilizing aggregates and regulating microbial metabolism. This study confirms that biochar effectively mitigates freeze-thaw damage to soil structure in PLA-contaminated soils through physical protection and chemical adsorption. By counteracting the metabolic inhibition caused by PLA degradation, it ultimately enhances soil organic carbon stability. This research provides theoretical and practical support for assessing ecological risks of biodegradable microplastic pollution in cold regions.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) are pervasive in marine environments, yet their molecular diversity, vertical distribution, and fate in deep-sea ecosystems remain largely uncharted. Here, we integrated non-targeted analysis, geochemical profiling, and metagenomics to systematically analyze a 500-cm sediment core from the Haima deep-sea cold seep, deciphering these key aspects and their controlling factors. Non-targeted analysis identified 669 HOCs (at molecular formula level), predominantly of marine origin with saturated structures. The highest HOC diversity was found in the oxic/suboxic (OS) zone, where 73.4% of the frequently detected HOCs reached their peak abundance. Concurrently, a marked decrease in organochlorines was observed at the OS–suboxic/anoxic (SA) interface, followed by level stabilization below this transition, suggesting regulation by abrupt redox shifts. Correlation analyses revealed co-regulation of HOC distribution by geochemical (e.g., depth, pH, and SO42-) and microbial (e.g., reductive and hydrolytic dehalogenases) factors. Metagenomics combined with redundancy analysis further demonstrated significant interactions between HOCs and dehalogenating microbial community along the vertical profile. In summary, this study provided an integrated perspective on the biogeochemical cycling of HOCs in the deep-sea cold seep, linking their removal at redox boundaries, long-term burial, and spatial organization to underlying microbial and geochemical drivers.
{"title":"Deciphering the Environmental Fate of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Cold Seep Sediments: Insights from Non-targeted Analysis and Metagenomics across Vertical Redox Gradients","authors":"Hao Yu, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yanpeng Liang, Qinglin Mu, Xiaolei Shi, Zhaochao Deng, Jiawang Chen, Jun Cao, Yinan Deng, Zhiqiang Han, Haixin Chen, Chunfang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141804","url":null,"abstract":"Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) are pervasive in marine environments, yet their molecular diversity, vertical distribution, and fate in deep-sea ecosystems remain largely uncharted. Here, we integrated non-targeted analysis, geochemical profiling, and metagenomics to systematically analyze a 500-cm sediment core from the Haima deep-sea cold seep, deciphering these key aspects and their controlling factors. Non-targeted analysis identified 669 HOCs (at molecular formula level), predominantly of marine origin with saturated structures. The highest HOC diversity was found in the oxic/suboxic (OS) zone, where 73.4% of the frequently detected HOCs reached their peak abundance. Concurrently, a marked decrease in organochlorines was observed at the OS–suboxic/anoxic (SA) interface, followed by level stabilization below this transition, suggesting regulation by abrupt redox shifts. Correlation analyses revealed co-regulation of HOC distribution by geochemical (e.g., depth, pH, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) and microbial (e.g., reductive and hydrolytic dehalogenases) factors. Metagenomics combined with redundancy analysis further demonstrated significant interactions between HOCs and dehalogenating microbial community along the vertical profile. In summary, this study provided an integrated perspective on the biogeochemical cycling of HOCs in the deep-sea cold seep, linking their removal at redox boundaries, long-term burial, and spatial organization to underlying microbial and geochemical drivers.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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