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A minimum-offer Lindahl mechanism for the provision of public goods 公共品供给的最小供给林达尔机制
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105500
Nathaniel Neligh
Efficient provision of public goods continues to be a major problem of interest in economics. In situations where government-level intervention is not practical, but some information about participants is available, several mechanisms exist which can implement fair and efficient Lindahl (1958) equilibrium outcomes. However, existing Lindahl mechanisms do not allow for strategy-free implementation and require specific informational assumptions that may not always be realistic. We propose a minimum-offer Lindahl mechanism (MOLM) where players are given Lindahl cost shares and asked to suggest total provision levels. The lowest suggestion is implemented, and players pay an amount proportional to their cost share. The MOLM implements the Lindahl outcome in weakly dominant strategies and can work under informational conditions not covered by previous mechanisms. For example, the MOLM requires knowledge of the Lindahl prices to implement but not knowledge of the efficient provision level, while the widely-used provision point mechanism (PPM) requires the reverse.
有效地提供公共产品仍然是经济学中一个重要的问题。在政府层面的干预不实际的情况下,但参与者的一些信息是可用的,存在一些机制可以实现公平和有效的林达尔(1958)均衡结果。然而,现有的Lindahl机制不允许无策略的实现,并且需要特定的信息假设,这可能并不总是现实的。我们提出了一个最小报价林达尔机制(MOLM),玩家被给予林达尔成本份额,并被要求建议总供应水平。最低的建议被执行,玩家支付的金额与他们的成本份额成正比。该MOLM在弱优势策略中实现了Lindahl结果,并且可以在先前机制未涵盖的信息条件下工作。例如,MOLM需要了解Lindahl价格来实现,但不需要了解有效的供应级别,而广泛使用的供应点机制(PPM)则需要相反的知识。
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引用次数: 0
Who benefits from partnership flexibility? 谁从伙伴关系的灵活性中受益?
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105493
Michael Love
Partnerships (including LLCs) account for more than one-third of US business profits. A key feature they offer owners is the ability to allocate income and losses flexibly across partners rather than strictly in proportion to equity shares, which can reduce taxes if partners have different tax situations. Using anonymized tax records, I estimate over $200 billion of net tax benefits associated with this flexibility over stricter allocations of the same income between 2011–2020. These benefits are narrowly concentrated in only 6 % of firms, generally larger and more complex firms, while the vast majority of firms—especially smaller operating firms—do not utilize this flexibility at all. I also estimate $100 billion of net tax benefits from carried interest and similar profit interest arrangements relative to ordinary compensation of service partners between 2011–2020.
合伙企业(包括有限责任公司)占美国企业利润的三分之一以上。它们为所有者提供的一个关键特点是,能够在合伙人之间灵活分配收益和损失,而不是严格按照股权比例分配,如果合伙人的纳税情况不同,这可以减少税收。根据匿名的税收记录,我估计在2011年至2020年期间,与同样收入的更严格分配相比,与这种灵活性相关的净税收优惠超过2000亿美元。这些好处只集中在6%的公司,通常是更大更复杂的公司,而绝大多数公司,尤其是较小的运营公司,根本没有利用这种灵活性。我还估计,在2011-2020年期间,与服务合作伙伴的普通薪酬相比,附带权益和类似的利润权益安排带来了1000亿美元的净税收优惠。
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引用次数: 0
Fallout and health: Chernobyl’s legacy, early-life exposure, and protective behavior 放射性尘降物与健康:切尔诺贝利的遗产、早期暴露和保护行为
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105491
Matilde Giaccherini , Joanna Kopinska
We study the long-term effects of early-life exposure to low-dose radiation from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster on adult health and fertility outcomes. Exploiting exogenous variation in radioactive fallout across Italian municipalities, we construct a radiation exposure index and link it to administrative data on hospitalizations (2004–2016) and delivery certificates (2002–2019) for 18 birth cohorts (1976–1993). Women exposed in utero or during early childhood exhibit elevated rates of thyroid disorders, cancer, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths in adulthood. These effects are not observed among those exposed later in childhood, pointing to heightened biological vulnerability during critical developmental windows. Comparable effects for men are found only for cancer, consistent with women’s greater susceptibility to thyroid dysfunction and higher diagnosis rates. We also uncover behavioral heterogeneity in realized exposure: municipalities with higher private avoidance costs and lower socioeconomic status suffered more severe health impacts. In contrast, political alignment with the national government did not predict compliance with safety advisories. Overall, our findings highlight the enduring health consequences of early-life environmental shocks and the role of behavioral frictions in amplifying biological risks.
我们研究生命早期暴露于1986年切尔诺贝利灾难的低剂量辐射对成人健康和生育结果的长期影响。利用意大利各城市放射性沉降物的外源性变化,我们构建了一个辐射暴露指数,并将其与18个出生队列(1976-1993)的住院(2004-2016)和分娩证明(2002-2019)的行政数据联系起来。在子宫内或儿童早期接触这种物质的妇女在成年后甲状腺疾病、癌症、自然流产和死胎的发生率较高。这些影响在儿童后期暴露的人群中没有观察到,这表明在关键的发育窗口期生物脆弱性增加。男性只有在癌症上才有类似的效果,这与女性更容易患甲状腺功能障碍和更高的诊断率是一致的。我们还发现了在实际暴露中的行为异质性:私人回避成本较高和社会经济地位较低的城市遭受了更严重的健康影响。相比之下,与国家政府的政治结盟并不意味着安全建议会得到遵守。总的来说,我们的研究结果强调了生命早期环境冲击对健康的持久影响,以及行为摩擦在放大生物风险中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Heads up: Does air pollution cause workplace accidents? 注意:空气污染会导致工作场所事故吗?
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105472
Victor Lavy , Genia Rachkovski , Omry Yoresh
Literature has shown that air pollution can have short- and long-term adverse effects on physiological and cognitive performance. In this study, we estimate the effect of increased pollution levels on the likelihood of accidents at construction sites, a significant factor related to productivity losses in the labor market. Using data from all construction sites and pollution monitoring stations in Israel, we find a strong and significant causal effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), one of the primary air pollutants, on construction site accidents. We find that a 10-ppb increase in NO2 levels increases the likelihood of an accident by as much as 25 %. Importantly, our findings suggest that these effects are non-linear. While moderate pollution levels, according to EPA standards, compared to clean air levels, increase the likelihood of accidents by 138 %, unhealthy levels increase it by 377 %. We present a mechanism where the effect of pollution is exacerbated under conditions of high cognitive strain or reduced awareness. Finally, we perform a cost-benefit analysis, supported by a nonparametric estimation calculating the implied number of accidents due to NO2 exposure, and examine a potential welfare-improving policy to subsidize the closure of construction sites on highly polluted days.
文献表明,空气污染会对生理和认知表现产生短期和长期的不利影响。在这项研究中,我们估计了污染水平增加对建筑工地事故可能性的影响,这是一个与劳动力市场生产力损失相关的重要因素。利用以色列所有建筑工地和污染监测站的数据,我们发现二氧化氮(NO2)是主要空气污染物之一,对建筑工地事故具有强烈而显著的因果关系。我们发现,二氧化氮浓度每增加10 ppb,事故发生的可能性就会增加25%。重要的是,我们的发现表明这些影响是非线性的。根据美国环保署的标准,与清洁空气水平相比,中度污染水平会使事故发生的可能性增加138%,而不健康水平会使事故发生的可能性增加377%。我们提出了一种机制,在高认知压力或意识降低的情况下,污染的影响会加剧。最后,我们进行了成本效益分析,并通过非参数估计计算了二氧化氮暴露导致的隐含事故数量,并研究了一项潜在的福利改善政策,以补贴在高污染天关闭建筑工地。
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引用次数: 0
Economic activity and biodiversity in the United States 美国的经济活动和生物多样性
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105482
Yuanning Liang , Ivan Rudik , Eric Yongchen Zou
The environmental impacts of economic activities extend beyond those directly affecting humans. This paper provides new evidence on the link between economic activity and ecosystem decline using a novel dataset that compiles longitudinal ecological sampling information at tens of thousands of locations across the United States between 1960 and 2015. Local shocks in economic activities, such as those driven by national military buildups, led to a significant reduction in species abundance, diversity, and stability, with one-third of the observed effects explained by the causal impact of air pollution. Government environmental regulations significantly mitigated pollution externalities.
经济活动对环境的影响超出了直接影响人类的范围。本文利用一个新的数据集提供了经济活动与生态系统衰退之间联系的新证据,该数据集汇编了1960年至2015年间美国数万个地点的纵向生态采样信息。经济活动中的局部冲击,例如由国家军事建设驱动的冲击,导致物种丰富度、多样性和稳定性的显著减少,其中三分之一的观察到的影响可以用空气污染的因果影响来解释。政府环境法规显著缓解了污染的外部性。
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引用次数: 0
When does corruption cause red tape? Bribe discrimination under asymmetric information 什么时候腐败会导致繁文缛节?信息不对称下的贿赂歧视
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105483
Martin Mattsson
Under what circumstances does corruption cause inefficiencies, and when are bribes merely transfers? I propose a modified monopoly price discrimination model that shows under what circumstances corruption leads to an inefficiently high administrative burden in government-firm interactions. The model highlights the importance of the information the bureaucrat has regarding the firms’ willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid administrative burden and the bureaucrat’s decision to gather this information. The government-firm interaction will have a Pareto efficient level of administrative burden with perfect price (i.e., bribe) discrimination if the bureaucrat decides to investigate the firm and learn its WTP. If the cost of investigation is too high, the government official instead uses red tape to extract more bribes from firms with higher WTP, causing inefficiently high levels of administrative burden. I show that the model’s predictions are consistent with data from 186,277 government-firm interactions from 18 years of the Enterprise Survey covering 158 countries. I find that corruption leads to increased administrative burden when government officials have less information about the firm’s WTP and that the effect is larger for firms with a low WTP. This has several policy implications for how to reduce administrative burden and where to focus anti-corruption efforts.
在什么情况下腐败会导致效率低下,什么时候贿赂仅仅是转移?我提出了一个修正的垄断价格歧视模型,该模型显示了在什么情况下腐败会导致政府-企业互动中低效的高行政负担。该模型强调了官僚对公司支付意愿(WTP)以避免行政负担和官僚决定收集这些信息的重要性。如果官僚决定调查企业并了解其WTP,政府-企业互动将具有具有完全价格(即贿赂)歧视的行政负担的帕累托有效水平。如果调查成本太高,政府官员反而会使用繁文缛节,从WTP较高的公司收取更多贿赂,从而造成效率低下的高水平行政负担。我表明,该模型的预测与18年来覆盖158个国家的企业调查中186277次政府与企业互动的数据是一致的。研究发现,当政府官员对企业WTP的了解较少时,腐败会导致行政负担的增加,而且对于WTP较低的企业,这种影响更大。这对如何减轻行政负担和在何处集中开展反腐败工作具有若干政策意义。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Consumer sentiment towards Asians in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic”. [J. Public Econom. 247 (2025) 105396] “Covid-19大流行初期消费者对亚洲人的看法”的勘误表。[J。公共经济。247 (2025)105396]
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105481
Kerwin Kofi Charles , Jonathan Guryan , Kyung H. Park
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引用次数: 0
Wealth, gifts, and estate planning at the end of life 财富,礼物,以及临终时的遗产规划
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105492
David Sturrock , Stefan Groot , Jan Möhlmann
We show that gifts made to heirs before death are substantial and highly responsive to taxation. Using intergenerationally-linked administrative data from the Netherlands and exploiting variation in the timing of death, we find that single people (including widows) with children transfer around 10 % of their wealth to their children in anticipation of death. This is almost entirely in the form of tax-exempt gifts. Exploiting bunching at kink points in the gift tax schedule and a reform to inheritance taxation, we estimate elasticities of gifts and wealth to taxation and find that tax-avoidance accounts for at least a significant minority of this deathbed giving. The ability to make tax-favoured gifts means that the revenue-maximising flat inheritance tax rate is at most 37 %. Equalising the tax rate on deathbed gifts and inheritances at death would increase revenues raised from singles by 10 %.
我们表明,在死前给继承人的礼物数额巨大,而且对税收反应强烈。利用来自荷兰的代际关联的行政数据,并利用死亡时间的变化,我们发现,有孩子的单身人士(包括寡妇)在预期死亡时将其财富的10%左右转移给了他们的孩子。这几乎完全是免税赠与的形式。我们利用赠与税时间表和遗产税改革的转折点上的聚集,估计了赠与税和财富对税收的弹性,发现避税至少占这种临终赠予的一小部分。获得税收优惠的能力意味着收入最大化的统一继承税率最多为37%。将临终赠予和遗赠的税率统一,将使来自单身人士的税收增加10%。
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引用次数: 0
Short-term mortality and healthcare utilization consequences of pension income receipt: Evidence from South Korea 养老金收入的短期死亡率和医疗保健利用后果:来自韩国的证据
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105490
Mimi Jeon , Seonghoon Kim , Kanghyock Koh
We examine short-term consequences of pension income receipt on mortality and healthcare utilization within the monthly payment cycle. Using the national death registry data of South Korea, we document that the mortality rate decreases by 1.2–1.4 percent in the week of the disbursement date. The mortality-reducing effects are larger for causes of death that could have been avoided through timely and effective healthcare interventions. Using healthcare claims data, we document that the number of hospital admissions increases during the disbursement week. We provide suggestive evidence of greater mortality-reducing effects from a smaller but more frequent disbursement than from a monthly disbursement.
我们研究了每月支付周期内养老金收入对死亡率和医疗保健利用的短期影响。使用韩国的国家死亡登记数据,我们证明死亡率在支付日期的一周内下降了1.2 - 1.4%。对于那些本可以通过及时和有效的保健干预措施避免的死亡原因,降低死亡率的效果更大。使用医疗保健索赔数据,我们记录住院人数在支付周期间增加。我们提供了暗示性的证据,证明小额但更频繁的支付比每月支付更能降低死亡率。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the unintended consequences of Ban the Box 重新审视“禁盒”的意外后果
IF 3.4 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105473
Anne M. Burton , David N. Wasser
Ban-the-Box (BTB) policies intend to help formerly incarcerated individuals find employment by delaying when employers can ask about criminal records. We revisit the finding in Doleac and Hansen (2020) that BTB causes statistical discrimination against minority men. We correct miscoded BTB laws and show that estimates from the Current Population Survey (CPS) remain quantitatively similar, while those from the American Community Survey (ACS) now fail to reject the null hypothesis of no effect of BTB on employment. In contrast to the published estimates, these ACS results are statistically significantly different from the CPS results, indicating a lack of robustness across datasets. We do not find evidence that these differences are due to sample composition or survey weights. There is limited evidence that these divergent results are explained by the different frequencies of these surveys. Differences in sample sizes may also lead to different estimates; the ACS has a much larger sample and more statistical power to detect effects near the corrected CPS estimates.
“禁止盒子”(BTB)政策旨在通过推迟雇主询问犯罪记录的时间来帮助曾经被监禁的人找到工作。我们重新审视Doleac和Hansen(2020)的发现,即BTB导致对少数民族男性的统计歧视。我们纠正了错误编码的BTB法律,并表明来自当前人口调查(CPS)的估计在数量上仍然相似,而来自美国社区调查(ACS)的估计现在无法拒绝BTB对就业没有影响的零假设。与已发表的估计相比,这些ACS结果在统计上与CPS结果存在显著差异,表明数据集之间缺乏稳健性。我们没有发现证据表明这些差异是由于样本组成或调查权重。有有限的证据表明,这些不同的结果可以用这些调查的不同频率来解释。样本量的差异也可能导致不同的估计;ACS有更大的样本和更大的统计能力来检测接近修正的CPS估计的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Public Economics
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