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Spelunking in the data mine: on data mining as an analysis tool for the optimization of microprocessor speed 数据挖掘中的洞穴探险:将数据挖掘作为微处理器速度优化的分析工具
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001602
K. Anderson, E. Hill, A. Mitchell
The quest for increased microprocessor speeds is inexorable... as microprocessor speeds pass two gigahertz, semiconductor manufacturers must wring all the available microprocessor speed from existing processes by any means possible. These means include designed experimentation and analysis of tightly controlled processes, many of which are approaching physical limits. Some questions an engineer must face when confronted with optimizing a 400-operation process is: At which operation to begin, and what factors in that operation influence what responses in the process? Then, after defined optimization projects have been completed: Have all the available opportunities for optimization been exhausted? One of the major products of microelectronics manufacturing is data: huge quantities of data are generated on every production lot processed through a fabrication facility. However, most of these data are observational (some would say 'happenstance') in nature, and are wrought with the problems of classical statistical analysis that experimental design procedures seek to avoid. Data Mining is loosely defined as an activity of extracting information from observational databases, wherein the goal is to discover hidden facts. One promising data mining technique is binary recursive partitioning. This technique is implemented in Classification And Regression Tree software by Salford Systems. This paper will explore the effective use of the CART/spl reg/ software tool to sift through the vast observational data generated in the production of microprocessors in the search of speed optimization opportunities. The procedures for using CART/spl reg/ to optimize microprocessor speed will be explained and demonstrated in several case studies.
对提高微处理器速度的追求是不可阻挡的。当微处理器的速度超过2千兆赫时,半导体制造商必须以任何可能的方式从现有的进程中榨取所有可用的微处理器速度。这些手段包括对严格控制的过程进行设计实验和分析,其中许多已经接近物理极限。工程师在优化400个操作流程时必须面对的一些问题是:从哪个操作开始,该操作中的哪些因素会影响流程中的哪些响应?然后,在定义的优化项目完成后:是否所有可用的优化机会都用尽了?微电子制造业的主要产品之一是数据:通过制造设备处理的每个生产批次都会产生大量数据。然而,这些数据中的大多数本质上是观察性的(有些人会说“偶然性”),并且带有经典统计分析的问题,这些问题是实验设计程序试图避免的。数据挖掘被粗略地定义为从观测数据库中提取信息的活动,其目标是发现隐藏的事实。一种很有前途的数据挖掘技术是二进制递归划分。该技术在Salford Systems的分类与回归树软件中实现。本文将探讨如何有效地使用CART/spl reg/软件工具来筛选微处理器生产过程中产生的大量观测数据,以寻找速度优化的机会。使用CART/spl reg/优化微处理器速度的过程将在几个案例研究中进行解释和演示。
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引用次数: 1
Comprehensive and easy to use SEM analysis structures for BiCMOS process development 全面和易于使用的SEM分析结构,用于BiCMOS工艺开发
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001639
S. Leibiger
A comprehensive, yet easily used, set of SEM analysis structures is presented. These are currently being used in the development of a 0.35 micron, three layer metal, BiCMOS process flow. A summary list of the structure types and arrangements, key design considerations, SEM photographic results, and recommendations for improvement are included. A key design feature, a unique device navigation system allowing quick and accurate location of any particular structure is explained. Without such a feature, analysis would be difficult due to the large number, lateral size, and similarity of the various constructions.
提出了一套全面而又易于使用的SEM分析结构。这些目前正在用于开发一种0.35微米、三层金属的BiCMOS工艺流程。包括结构类型和安排,关键设计考虑因素,扫描电镜照片结果和改进建议的摘要列表。一个关键的设计特点,一个独特的设备导航系统,允许快速和准确地定位任何特定的结构。如果没有这样的特征,由于数量众多,横向大小和各种结构的相似性,分析将是困难的。
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引用次数: 1
Epi resistivity profiles without wafer damage 无晶圆损坏的Epi电阻率曲线
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001590
K. Woolford, C. Panczyk, G. Martel
Non-contact methods are now available to measure the resistivity of silicon epitaxy. The new technology offers wafer manufacturers the opportunity to significantly lower operating costs and increase reactor capacity by eliminating the need for monitor wafers. Our group investigated the Epimet Model 2 (SemiTest, Inc.) for monitoring epi wafer production. Our evaluation shows suitable measurement repeatability, reproducibility, and stability for the epi parts tested. Further, the Epimet significantly outperforms the Hg-probe CV in head-to-head measurement capability comparison. This paper focuses on the product-wafer integrity tests performed which demonstrated that the Epimet is indeed non-contaminating and non-damaging to wafers, allowing it to be used to monitor actual product wafers.
非接触的方法现在可以用来测量硅外延的电阻率。这项新技术为晶圆制造商提供了显著降低运营成本的机会,并通过消除对监控晶圆的需求来提高反应堆容量。我们的小组研究了Epimet Model 2 (SemiTest, Inc.)用于监测epi晶圆生产。我们的评估显示了合适的测量重复性、再现性和稳定性。此外,Epimet在头对头测量能力比较中显著优于hg探针CV。本文重点介绍了所进行的产品-晶圆完整性测试,这些测试表明Epimet确实对晶圆无污染且不损坏,因此可以用于监控实际产品晶圆。
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引用次数: 1
Reduce scrap: control oxide loss in SC1 减少废料:控制SC1中的氧化物损失
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001600
Heather Maines, M. Rathmell, L. Veldhuis
In this study, we characterize thermal silicon dioxide, plasma enhanced CVD tetraorthosilicate oxide (PECVD TEOS) and phosphorous doped silicate glass (PSG) etch rates in SC1 as a function of temperature and concentration. We also measure the effect of implant screen oxide loss in SC1 on transistor voltage turn on and elucidate ways to reduce scrap due to oxide loss in SC1.
在这项研究中,我们表征了SC1中热二氧化硅、等离子体增强CVD四正硅酸盐(PECVD TEOS)和掺磷硅酸盐玻璃(PSG)蚀刻速率与温度和浓度的关系。我们还测量了SC1中植入屏氧化物损耗对晶体管电压导通的影响,并阐明了减少SC1中氧化物损耗造成的废料的方法。
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引用次数: 2
Supercritical fluid processes for semiconductor device fabrication 半导体器件制造的超临界流体工艺
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001636
L. Rothman, R. J. Robey, M. K. Ali, D. Mount
As semiconductor device dimensions approach the nanoscale, it will become increasing difficult to use aqueous-based cleaning processes due to high surface tension and capillary forces. Supercritical fluids provide the enabling capabilities for overcoming these process barriers. This paper will discuss the use of supercritical carbon dioxide and co-solvents for photoresist stripping and wafer cleaning.
随着半导体器件尺寸接近纳米级,由于高表面张力和毛细力,使用水基清洗工艺将变得越来越困难。超临界流体为克服这些工艺障碍提供了有利条件。本文将讨论超临界二氧化碳和助溶剂在光刻胶剥离和晶圆清洗中的应用。
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引用次数: 11
METRO-3D: an efficient three-dimensional wafer inspection simulator for next generation lithography METRO-3D:用于下一代光刻的高效三维晶圆检测模拟器
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001640
Zhengrong Zhu, A.L. Swecker, A. Strojwas
Wafer inspection schemes for next generation lithography (NGL) will play a key role in controlling defect mechanisms and maintaining an acceptable yield. Developing these wafer inspection schemes will require characterization and optimization of DUV wavelength illumination at high numerical apertures (greater than 0.9) to detect defects that may be a fraction of the design rule. Using wafer inspection test benches that provide the flexibility for various illumination polarizations, numerical apertures, scanning or full field schemes can be extremely costly and therefore simulation of these schemes is necessary to characterize the various detection parameters. To model defects for NGL, three-dimensional simulation tools will be required to simulate highly absorptive material in the environment of shorter wavelength illumination. Also, the simulator will be required to simulate high numerical aperture (NA) inspection schemes to capture small defects. With the development of METRO-3D, a three-dimensional simulation tool that rigorously solves the EM field on arbitrary wafer topographies, we are able to model and characterize the wafer inspection schemes for NGL. In this paper, we will present simulation results from METRO-3D for various wafer inspection schemes, including high numerical aperture schemes, on NGL topographies with highly absorptive materials.
下一代光刻(NGL)的晶圆检测方案将在控制缺陷机制和保持可接受的良率方面发挥关键作用。开发这些晶圆检测方案将需要在高数值孔径(大于0.9)下对DUV波长照明进行表征和优化,以检测可能是设计规则的一小部分的缺陷。使用晶圆检测测试平台,为各种照明偏振、数值孔径、扫描或全场方案提供灵活性,可能非常昂贵,因此有必要对这些方案进行模拟,以表征各种检测参数。为了模拟NGL的缺陷,需要三维模拟工具来模拟短波光照环境下的高吸收材料。此外,模拟器将需要模拟高数值孔径(NA)检测方案,以捕获小缺陷。随着METRO-3D(一种严格求解任意晶圆形貌上电磁场的三维仿真工具)的发展,我们能够对NGL晶圆检测方案进行建模和表征。在本文中,我们将展示METRO-3D对具有高吸收材料的NGL地形的各种晶圆检测方案的模拟结果,包括高数值孔径方案。
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引用次数: 3
Yield/reliability enhancement using automated minor layout modifications 使用自动化的小布局修改来提高产量和可靠性
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001614
G. A. Allan
This paper reports a new layout modification tool for the automation of yield and reliability enhancement of IC layout. The peye tool combines the eye (Edinburgh Yield Estimator) with Perl (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language). This new tool permits complex layout modification operations to be defined using the powerful language features of Perl. The new peye tool has been interfaced with a sampling based yield prediction system to enable the measurement of the layout modifications and yield predictions based on these modifications. This enables the usefulness of a modification to a particular design to be assessed before use. Both the sampled measurement and the final modifications to the whole chip database can be farmed out to a number of networked computers, enabling the system to assess and apply layout modifications to large industrial ICs in a reasonable time. Results of layout modifications are presented.
本文报道了一种新的版图修改工具,用于集成电路版图的成品率和可靠性的自动化提高。peye工具结合了eye (Edinburgh Yield Estimator)和Perl (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language)。这个新工具允许使用Perl强大的语言特性定义复杂的布局修改操作。新的peye工具与基于采样的产量预测系统相结合,可以测量布局修改并根据这些修改进行产量预测。这样就可以在使用前评估对特定设计进行修改的有用性。采样测量和对整个芯片数据库的最终修改都可以外包给许多联网的计算机,使系统能够在合理的时间内评估和应用大型工业ic的布局修改。给出了布局修改的结果。
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引用次数: 6
Planarization yield limiters for wafer-scale 3D ICs 圆片级3D集成电路的平面化良率限制
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001618
M. Gupta, G. Rajagopalan, C. K. Hong, J. Lu, K. Rose, R. Gutmann
The planarization requirements for 3D processing are compared to those for conventional 2D processing, indicating that wafer level planarity is essential for 3D as compared to the die level planarity needed for 2D ICs. A yield test structure has been designed to study the number of electrical faults that occur during damascene patterning. Initial experimental data with this test vehicle show that planarity changes with pattern density, although the functional relationship has not been established to date.
将3D加工的平面化要求与传统2D加工的平面化要求进行比较,表明与2D集成电路所需的芯片平面度相比,晶圆级平面度对于3D来说是必不可少的。设计了一种屈服测试结构,用于研究在大马士革模压过程中发生的电气故障数量。该试验车辆的初步实验数据表明,平面度随着图案密度的变化而变化,尽管迄今尚未建立函数关系。
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引用次数: 3
An approach for improving yield with intentional defects 一种利用故意缺陷提高良率的方法
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001619
Amy Engbrecht, R. Jarvis, A. Warrick
An advanced methodology was implemented using intentionally created defect arrays to enhance the understanding of defect detection tools, thus improving yield learning. Intentional Defect Array (IDA) reticles were designed at International SEMATECH to target current and future ITRS requirements. Each IDA die pattern contains separate inspection areas for metal line widths of 0.18 /spl mu/m, 0.25 /spl mu/m, and 0.35 /spl mu/m. Defect sizes at 25%, 50%, and 100% of the design feature size with known shapes and locations are placed in patterns of memory, logic, and electrical test arrays. Advanced lithographic capabilities, short-loop recipes, and dual damascene copper process flows were used to establish the IDA patterns on 200 mm wafers. The IDA wafers are being used in a variety of wafer inspection applications that require calculating capture and false count rates for defect detection. This paper describes the approach used for creating IDA wafers and the way these wafers can be applied to enhance product wafer yield.
一种先进的方法被实现,使用有意创建的缺陷阵列来增强对缺陷检测工具的理解,从而提高良率学习。故意缺陷阵列(IDA)线是在国际SEMATECH上设计的,针对当前和未来的ITRS要求。每个IDA模具模式都包含单独的金属线宽度检查区域,分别为0.18 /spl mu/m, 0.25 /spl mu/m和0.35 /spl mu/m。具有已知形状和位置的设计特征尺寸的25%、50%和100%的缺陷尺寸被放置在存储器、逻辑和电气测试阵列的模式中。采用先进的光刻技术、短回路配方和双大马士革铜工艺流程,在200毫米晶圆上建立了IDA图案。IDA晶圆被用于各种晶圆检测应用,这些应用需要计算捕获率和错误计数率以进行缺陷检测。本文描述了用于制造IDA晶圆的方法,以及这些晶圆可以用于提高产品晶圆产量的方法。
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引用次数: 4
Methodology for targeted defect reduction and inspection optimization 目标缺陷减少和检验优化的方法
Pub Date : 2002-08-07 DOI: 10.1109/ASMC.2002.1001577
A. Skumanich, E. Ryabova
A methodology is outlined to establish the prioritization of defects under conditions of low sampling statistics based on the deliberate introduction of defects at specific process points. Probe results from electrical test structures are correlated with optical defect inspection data to determine the kill rates of various defects. The methodology generalizes from a standard approach that typically relies on a high statistical sampling plan with significant wafer area coverage. In this case, the probed area coverage is reduced to 1-3% of the wafer surface but still provides defect impact prioritization for targeted defect reduction and optimized inspection strategies for optical capture and SEM review.
本文概述了一种基于在特定过程点上故意引入缺陷的低采样统计条件下建立缺陷优先级的方法。电学测试结构的探头结果与光学缺陷检测数据相关联,以确定各种缺陷的杀伤率。该方法从标准方法中概括出来,该方法通常依赖于具有显著晶圆面积覆盖的高统计抽样计划。在这种情况下,探测面积的覆盖范围减少到晶圆表面的1-3%,但仍然为有针对性的缺陷减少和优化的光学捕获和扫描电镜检查策略提供缺陷影响的优先级。
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引用次数: 2
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半导体技术
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