地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Modelling the hydration of bentonites under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions using a double-porosity approach","authors":"Ramon Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Antonio Gens ,&nbsp;Carlos E. Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Jean Vaunat","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The constitutive model for expansive materials described here follows the usual double-porosity approach that represents the clay soil as two overlapping pore media (microstructure and macrostructure) coupled through a micro-macro strain mechanism. However, the current formulation also includes a local water mass transfer controlling the saturation of the microstructure, the definition of water retention curves for each structural level, and the occurrence of thermal strains in both pore domains. These additional features enhance the model's ability to simulate the response of bentonites under varying moisture conditions. This double-porosity model satisfactorily simulated some infiltration tests taken from the literature, reproducing the main test observations and validating its use for predicting the behaviour of bentonites in various geotechnical engineering scenarios. The infiltration tests selected were carried out in columns made of FEBEX and MX-80 bentonites under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions to characterize the main hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-mechanical processes that occur within a bentonite barrier hydrated under confined conditions. The numerical simulations showed that structural changes in bentonite materials during the transient hydration phase are due to the irreversible response of the macrostructure (changes in macroporosity) but also depend on the mechanisms controlling the saturation of the microstructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108148"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and C-isotopic composition affirm biogenicity of Mesoarchean sphaeromorph organic-walled microfossils from the ∼3.0 Ga Farrel Quartzite, Western Australia","authors":"Kenichiro Sugitani ,&nbsp;Kohei Sasaki ,&nbsp;Akizumi Ishida ,&nbsp;Motoko Igisu ,&nbsp;Kaho Ishibashi ,&nbsp;Mariko Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Minako Hashiguchi ,&nbsp;Heda Agić ,&nbsp;Stanley M. Awramik","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonaceous cherts of the ca. 3.0 Ga Farrel Quartzite in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia host abundant morphologically diverse microfossils including filaments, spheroids, and lenses of unknown biological affinities, as well as films. The Farrel Quartzite microfossils are organically walled, include forms similar to younger (Proterozoic) leiosphaerids, and some can be extracted by palynological acid maceration. Thus, they represent the oldest records of organic-walled microfossils (OWMs) and non-pollen palynomorphs. The Farrel Quartzite OWMs are composed largely of lenses, with subordinate of flexible-walled large spheroids (FWLSs) and films, among which the FWLSs and films have been poorly described and examined. In this study, we report morphology, texture, and chemical features including Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and carbon isotopic composition of the FWLSs, all of which point to their biogenicity. Their dispersed occurrence in petrographic thin sections and the lack of morphologies corresponding to reproduction stages such as budding and division imply that they represent resting stage, which remains to be explored further. The major axis of the extracted FWLSs (n = 185) ranges from 67 µm to 247 µm with the mean value of 180 µm, which are correlative to the Proterozoic and the 3.2 Ga South African OWMs that can be extractable by acid maceration. This study provides additional evidence of early evolution of microorganisms that could have produced flexible and acid-resistant sac-like large vesicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49674,"journal":{"name":"Precambrian Research","volume":"437 ","pages":"Article 108062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ Rb–Sr geochronology records multiple fluid pulses in Neoproterozoic sequences from the Lubambe-Mingomba Cu deposits in the Zambian Copperbelt","authors":"Victor Ikechukwu Vincent ,&nbsp;Koen Torremans ,&nbsp;Darwinaji Subarkah ,&nbsp;Sarah E. Gilbert ,&nbsp;Juraj Farkaš ,&nbsp;Alan S. Collins ,&nbsp;Jon Stacey ,&nbsp;Aileen L. Doran ,&nbsp;Simon Jones ,&nbsp;Murray W. Hitzman","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beta-decay chronometers such as Rb–Sr are useful in constraining geological histories in Proterozoic basins. However, solution-based beta-decay Rb–Sr dating has limited applicability to resolve complex alteration history in Proterozoic basins affected by multiple thermal and fluid-flow events. This study applies tandem laser ablation ICP-MS/MS Rb–Sr dating to K-rich minerals to constrain depositional and alteration history of Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the Central African Copperbelt. Multiple generations of K-feldspar, muscovite, biotite-phlogopite and illite from the Lubambe-Mingomba Cu deposit yield both detrital (∼1700–920 Ma) and post-depositional ages (767–466 Ma) tied to successive alteration episodes. Altered K-feldspars show trace element redistribution and Rb–Sr resetting relative to detrital grains with broad depletion in Ba, Pb and Na and enrichment in Fe, Ti, Co and REEs. Cathodoluminescence emission broadly correlates with alteration intensity and style, suggesting its potential use as a proxy for feldspar alteration. The oldest alteration age (767 ± 95 Ma) records early diagenetic processes involving seawater-derived fluids, indicated by initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios similar to values for Tonian seawater and overlaps published Re–Os ages (820–770 Ma) for early Cu mineralization. Late Tonian ages (∼713 Ma) from altered detrital K-feldspars likely mark rift-driven thermal and fluid flow processes coeval with the break-up of Rodinia supercontinent. Ediacaran ages (636–600 Ma) likely record Congo–Kalahari convergence and brine migration associated with halokinesis. Early Cambrian (∼530 Ma) ages and late Cambrian-Ordovician ages (480–459 Ma) record peak Lufilian to post-Lufilian fluid flow. Phlogopite and fine-grained illite yield comparable Cambro-Ordovician ages (528–466 Ma), indicating widespread resetting during the Pan-African event in the Central African Copperbelt. These results show that in situ analysis coupled with detailed petrography can reveal progressive Rb–Sr re-equilibration in K-bearing minerals tied to tectono-hydrothermal episodes. This approach is useful for refining the chronostratigraphic framework for fluid flow in altered Proterozoic basins worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49674,"journal":{"name":"Precambrian Research","volume":"437 ","pages":"Article 108059"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis in sensitivity of PM2.5 mass to ammonia and nitrate availability between Hong Kong and Shanghai reveals comparative importance of chemistry and meteorology","authors":"Zijing Zhang ,&nbsp;Min Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuhui Zhu ,&nbsp;Hongli Wang ,&nbsp;Liping Qiao ,&nbsp;Dandan Huang ,&nbsp;Jian Zhen Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reductions in sulfate over recent years have increased the relative contributions of nitrate and ammonium to PM_2.5 in Chinese megacities, shifting the focus of further PM abatement toward these semi-volatile species. This shift in focus makes understanding gas-particle partitioning, which is governed by aerosol pH and temperature, central to predicting their particle-phase contributions. Using hourly measurements of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and related gases in Hong Kong and Shanghai, we constrained aerosol pH and aerosol water content (AWC) with ISORROPIA-II and evaluated PM_2.5 mass sensitivity to total nitrate (TNO₃ = HNO₃ + NO₃⁻) and total ammonia (TNH₃ = NH₃ + NH₄⁺). In Hong Kong, sulfate dominated the WSIIs, whereas nitrate was dominant in Shanghai. The seasonally lower temperature (≈ 6–9 °C) in Shanghai, combined with a lower sulfate fraction, contributed to an aerosol pH approximately one unit higher than that in Hong Kong. The combination of higher pH and lower temperature in Shanghai favored particulate nitrate formation (high ε(NO₃⁻)), increasing PM sensitivity to TNO₃. Our quantitative sensitivity analysis showed that cutting TNO₃ in Shanghai was as effective as cutting sulfate for PM_2.5 reduction, while TNH₃ controls required reductions of &gt;40% to become effective. Consistent with its distinct chemical and meteorological regime, PM_2.5 in Hong Kong was co-sensitive to both TNH₃ and TNO₃, indicating that a synergistic control strategy is optimal. Meteorology modulated these sensitivities primarily by altering aerosol pH and partitioning. Temperature exerted the strongest influence by directly controlling the thermodynamic equilibrium. High relative humidity favored greater aerosol water content, elevating aerosol pH and further promoting nitrate partitioning. Chemical composition, notably the sulfate and nitrate levels, also played a decisive role by setting the initial chemical regime. This contrast demonstrates that the lower temperatures and higher aerosol pH in Shanghai amplifies PM_2.5 sensitivity to TNO₃, warranting prioritized NO_x control. In warmer Hong Kong, the lower aerosol pH and dominant role of sulfate result in co-sensitivity to both precursors, necessitating coordinated abatement. Thus, effective PM_2.5 mitigation requires strategies tailored to local chemical-meteorological regimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 108846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revision of the specimen MMCh-PV 47 (Rebbachisauridae, Sauropoda) from the Candeleros Formation (lower Cenomanian) with comments about the musculature of the caudal region","authors":"Lucas N. Lerzo","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sauropod fauna of the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia is dominated by large titanosaurs and medium to large-sized rebbachisaurids. Particularly, rebbachisaurid sauropods dominated the Cenomanian-Turonian of Patagonia. Specimen MMCh-PV 47, which includes 10 middle to posterior caudal vertebrae and haemal arches, was recovered from the Candeleros Formation of Villa El Chocón, Neuquén, Argentina, and was formerly described as a titanosaur sauropod. On the base of the amphicoelous centra with the posterior articular surface more concave than the anterior one, the placement of the neural arch close to the anterior margin of the centrum, the ventral longitudinal hollow, and middle haemal arches with a stellated morphology, the specimen MMCh-PV 47 is instead considered within Rebbachisauridae. A phylogenetic analysis recovered it in a basal clade with <em>Sidersaura</em>, <em>Campananeyen</em>, <em>Zapalasaurus</em>, <em>Astigmasaura</em> and specimen MACN-Pv-N-35. This basal clade is characterized by the presence of middle haemal arches exhibiting two set of anterior and posterior projections, one on the proximal rami and another on the distal blade. In lateral view, the first six caudal vertebrae of the specimen MMCh-PV 47 exhibit rugose surfaces on the dorsal end of the centrum, indicating that the <em>M. caudofemoralis longus</em> extends much further posterior than in other sauropods. Laterodorsally projected ventral bar of the transverse processes, and the development of the haemal arches would increase the surface of attachment for the <em>M. caudofemoralis longus</em>, being a muscle of greater functional significance compared to other sauropod clades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical equilibrium of solid phases governing phosphorus solubility in intensively cultivated soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains","authors":"K.K. Rao ,&nbsp;Mandira Barman ,&nbsp;S.P. Datta ,&nbsp;Debarup Das ,&nbsp;V.K. Sharma ,&nbsp;Debrup Ghosh ,&nbsp;T.K. Das","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The problem of phosphorus (P) fixation into insoluble mineral forms is particularly acute in the intensively cultivated Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), where decades of fertilizer application have created complex P dynamics. Although earlier studies have examined P availability in different soils, the mechanistic understanding of equilibrium relationships between soil-solution phosphate species and solid P phases under varying pH across the IGP remains limited.</div><div>To address this gap, the present study quantitatively assessed the chemical equilibria between soil-solution phosphate (H₂PO₄⁻) and dominant solid P phases by modelling soil solution and solid-phase interactions using geochemical equilibrium approaches across a representative pH gradient. This methodological framework enabled identification of the controlling mineral-phases and their saturation states under different soil reactions.</div><div>Results revealed that H₂PO₄⁻ concentrations varied markedly with pH, ranging from 3901 × 10⁻⁶ to 397 × 10⁻⁶ M. Oversaturation of mineral phases such as variscite and K-taranakite was observed, particularly in soils receiving long-term applications of potassium- and ammonium-based phosphatic fertilizers. In acidic soils, P solubility was governed by iron- and aluminium-phosphate equilibria, whereas in neutral to alkaline soils, calcium phosphate phases predominated.</div><div>These findings demonstrate that soil pH and fertilizer legacy effects jointly regulate P solubility equilibria and phase transitions across the IGP. The study underscores the necessity of developing management strategies to mobilize the accumulated, less-available P pools through pH-specific interventions. Such approaches can enhance sustainable P use efficiency, reduce fertilizer dependency, and improve long-term crop productivity, contributing valuable insights to regional nutrient management and global P sustainability frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing vegetation indices and remote sensing to assess the impact of Cyclone Kenneth on banana plantations: Insights from Ngazidja Island (Comoros)","authors":"Andlia Abdoussalami ,&nbsp;Dinesh Madhushanka ,&nbsp;Xuesong Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Li ,&nbsp;Zhenghua Hu ,&nbsp;Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical cyclones pose major risks to Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and their agriculture. Banana is one of the island's key subsistence and market crops, supporting household food security and local economies. As a vital crop, it holds significant importance both for daily consumption and economic exchange. This study provides the first island-level, crop-specific assessment of Cyclone Kenneth's impact on banana plantations across Ngazidja (Grande Comore). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a spectral index derived from satellite imagery, which quantifies vegetation health. NDVI is calculated as the difference between near-infrared and red reflectance, providing a measure of canopy greenness. In this study, we used seasonally paired NDVI composites to reduce cloud contamination and account for short-term phenological variations between the pre- and post-cyclone imagery. Island-scale land-use analysis revealed a cropland decrease of −18.7% and a bare-land increase of +24.3%, while representative northern banana parcels (contiguous field of banana crops, delineated from high-resolution satellite imagery that is large enough to be represented accurately at a 10-m resolution) experienced severe canopy loss (ΔNDVI ≈ −0.32). Spatial regression identified proximity to the cyclone track, wind speed, and rainfall as the most significant predictors of vegetation loss, amplified in low-elevation and gentle-slope areas. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating multi-sensor remote sensing with exposure modeling for rapid post-cyclone agricultural damage assessment in data-limited island environments, supporting evidence-based recovery and resilience planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104332"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty quantification in the estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) in Iran: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Mahdi Delghandi,&nbsp;Behnam Abdollah-Abadi","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is a fundamental input for estimating the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF), and therefore plays a key role in the safe and cost-effective design of hydraulic structures. However, the estimation of PMP is inherently associated with various sources of uncertainty. This study investigates uncertainties in PMP estimation in Iran, focusing on calculation methods (Hershfield method (H), the Site-Specific (SS) method, and a newly proposed Developed Site-Specific (DSS) approach), rain-gauge station density, and climatic conditions. Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol’ global sensitivity analysis were employed to quantify contribution of frequency factor curve parameters (<em>α</em>, <em>c</em> and <em>LR</em>) to the uncertainty in PMP estimates. Results revealed that H approach produced the highest PMP values (135-1175 mm), while DSS, most compatible with Iran's climate, yielded lower values (110-632 mm). Application of DSS reduced the weighted mean PMP from 309 mm to 230 mm, which can significantly reduce design costs of high-hazard hydraulic structures. Uncertainty analysis demonstrated that climatic conditions accounted for the largest share of total uncertainty (41.2%), followed by the number of stations (36.2%) and the PMP estimation method (22.6%), respectively. Regardless of the specific contribution of each source of uncertainty, it is evident that all three factors have a significant impact on PMP estimation. Sobol’ analysis demonstrated that parameter <em>c</em> is the dominant contributor to PMP uncertainty. These findings highlight the need for an uncertainty-aware framework to support cost-efficient and safe hydraulic infrastructure planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel hydrogeophysical framework for developing conceptual site models and simulating groundwater flow conditions in heterogeneous aquifer systems","authors":"Musaab A.A. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Norbert P. Szabó ,&nbsp;Péter Szűcs","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical simulation of groundwater flow is crucial for understanding and managing aquifer systems, especially in heterogeneous environments. One of the key challenges in groundwater flow simulation is the limited availability of detailed geological and hydrogeological data, which is essential for accurately characterizing aquifer properties and flow dynamics. This study presents a novel approach to simulate the flow conditions in data-scare regions in which the primary inputs are obtained from the interpretation of the geophysical well-logging data. The conceptual model is established through the novel application of the Most Frequent Value-assisted Cluster Analysis (MFV-CA) and Csókás method, complemented by available water level data. MFV-CA is a robust clustering technique that uses Stiener Distance (Weighted Euclidean Distance) for rock differentiation mitigating the drawbacks of the standard k-means cluster analysis (CA) being sensitive to outliers in the dataset. On the other hand, the Csókás method is introduced as a modified version of the Kozeny-Carman equation to provide a continuous estimation of hydraulic conductivity. Accordingly, a 3D geological model is constructed, discretized, and characterized. The conceptual model is translated into a numerical model using the MODFLOW-USG framework employing a control volume finite difference unstructured grid that allows the representation of the system heterogeneity. The results showed an acceptable agreement between the observed and the calibrated hydraulic head. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of using geophysical data as an input for groundwater flow models that enhance data coverage and resolution. The proposed approach provides a practical decision-support tool for improving groundwater management and planning in data-scarce and geologically complex settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104326"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-sensor deep learning approach for landslide susceptibility mapping under climate and anthropogenic pressures","authors":"Xiuping Zhang ,&nbsp;Xulong Duan ,&nbsp;Umer Khalil ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ali Muhammadi ,&nbsp;Hela Elmannai ,&nbsp;Abeer D. Algarni ,&nbsp;Dmitry E. Kucher","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is a critical high-altitude transportation corridor connecting and is frequently affected by landslides due to steep terrain, complex geology, intense rainfall, and increasing anthropogenic activities. Reliable landslide susceptibility mapping is therefore essential for hazard mitigation and infrastructure resilience along this corridor. In this study, landslide susceptibility was assessed along a section of the KKH using two ensemble Machine Learning (ML) models: Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). A landslide inventory comprising 447 events was classified into fall, flow, and slide types and combined with non-landslide samples for supervised modeling. Fourteen conditioning factors derived from remote sensing, hydrological indices, and geological data were used. Multicollinearity was addressed using Variance Inflation Factor analysis. Models were trained and validated using a 70/30 train–test split, and performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC–ROC. The models showed excellent predictive performance for slide-type landslides (AUC = 0.99 for both RF and XGB) and strong performance for fall-type landslides (AUC = 0.92 for RF and 0.89 for XGB). Flow-type landslides exhibited moderate predictability (AUC = 0.68 for RF and 0.65 for XGB). The combined (total) models achieved very high accuracy (0.95) and AUC values of 0.99 (RF) and 0.98 (XGB). XGB classified a larger proportion of the study area into very high susceptibility (281.99 km²) compared to RF (71.23 km²), while RF distributed more area into low-to-moderate susceptibility classes. Both models produced geomorphologically consistent susceptibility patterns aligned with known landslide-prone zones along the KKH. XGB emphasized localized high-risk hotspots, whereas RF provided a more conservative spatial distribution. The results highlight the strong influence of anthropogenic activities and terrain controls on landslide occurrence and demonstrate the suitability of ensemble ML methods for robust landslide susceptibility assessment in complex mountainous environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}