One in five women aged 20-24 years are first married before adulthood. Using the Violence against Children Surveys from Uganda and Malawi, we decomposed the total relationship between child marriage and psychological distress into an indirect relationship via intimate partner violence (IPV) and a direct relationship (above and beyond IPV). In Uganda, delaying marriage during adolescence reduced the probability of IPV and psychological distress in young adulthood; 45% of the total relationship between age at first marriage and psychological distress was mediated through IPV. In contrast, Malawi showed less evidence of direct and indirect relationships, though the total effect approached significance.
Sexual consent communication can be ambiguous when people rely on nonverbal, implicit cues. This ambiguity can lead to the reliance of contextual information to assess whether a sexual encounter was consensual, both in the moment and retrospectively. The current study examined how level of alcohol consumption, relationship type, and evaluator gender influenced the extent to which various sexual encounters were seen as consensual. Participants read a series of vignettes in which sexual consent was verbally granted, verbally rejected, or inferred using nonverbal cues. The vignettes also manipulated the amount of alcohol consumed by the target of the sexual advances (i.e., sober, tipsy, or intoxicated) as well as the relationship between the dyads (i.e., dating or strangers). Generally, male participants were more likely to interpret all encounters as more consensual. Encounters in which the target was intoxicated were more likely to be interpreted as nonconsensual, but instances when targets were described as tipsy (i.e., she consumed two or less alcoholic beverages) were seen as more consensual than sober encounters. The relationship between the dyads also influenced these perceptions. This work can inform educational efforts geared toward alcohol and sexual consent.
Migrating to urban areas profoundly shapes later-life cognitive function. However, it is unclear whether the acquisition of urban citizenship matters in old age and how the rural-urban hukou differences in cognition change over time. In particular, the existing literature has overlooked the need to differentiate between the effects of health selection and urban hukou attainment. To address these gaps, we use data from five waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The results indicate that those who have obtained urban hukou through policies have better cognitive outcomes later in life compared to hukou non-converters, and these hukou-related differences grow with age. However, their cognitive abilities are lower when compared to merit-based hukou converters, who exhibit similar trajectories to lifelong urban citizens. These findings encourage not only a further breakdown of the urban-rural segregation structure in China, but more importantly, an improvement in the cognitive reserve of individuals.
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