International Journal of Agriculture and Biology最新文献_第8页

Co-Application of Farmyard Manure and Gypsum Improves Yield and Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) under Rainfed Conditions 旱作条件下农家肥与石膏配施可提高花生产量和品质

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1828

Rizwan Latif

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the common cash crop of the rainfed areas. Appropriate management practices are very important to get better yield of peanut in sandy loam soil. A field study was carried out during the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of poultry manure (PM) (37.1 t ha-1), farmyard manure (FYM) (49.4 t ha-1), gypsum (GYP) (2.5 t ha-1), liquid humic acid (HA) (49.4 L ha-1) and co-application of GYP (1.2 t ha-1) and FYM (24.7 t ha-1) on peanut yield, quality and soil physical properties. Application of FYM, PM, HA and GYP (alone or in combination) significantly improved peanut yield, quality and soil physical properties. The combined application of GYP and FYM proved most effective (P ≤ 0.05) in improving the peanut yield (no. of pods per plant, 100 seed weight etc), quality (crude protein and oil content) and soil physical properties (moisture percentage, infiltration rate and bulk density). The combined application of GYP and FYM increased the pods yield by 67 and 65% during 2018 and 2019, respectively than control. Crude proteins (21%) and oil contents (9.0%) were also substantially increased in the combined application. Moreover, the combined application of GYP and FYM significantly retained the soil moisture and reduced bulk density of soil. Present findings suggest that integrated use of FYM and GYP under field conditions could improve the crop productivity, crude protein, oil contents, moisture percentage, and reduce the bulk density of soil thus improving overall soil health. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

花生是热带雨林地区常见的经济作物。适宜的管理措施对提高沙壤土花生产量具有重要意义。在2018年和2019年的生长季节进行了一项实地研究，以评估家禽粪便（PM）（37.1 t ha-1）、农家肥（FYM）（49.4 t ha-1。FYM、PM、HA和GYP（单独或联合应用）显著提高了花生产量、品质和土壤物理性质。GYP和FYM联合应用对提高花生产量（单株荚数、百粒重等）、品质（粗蛋白和含油量）和土壤物理性质（含水率、入渗率和容重）最为有效（P≤0.05）。在2018年和2019年，GYP和FYM的联合应用使荚产量分别比对照增加了67%和65%。粗蛋白质（21%）和油含量（9.0%）在联合应用中也显著增加。此外，GYP和FYM的联合施用显著保持了土壤水分，降低了土壤容重。目前的研究结果表明，在田间条件下综合使用FYM和GYP可以提高作物生产力、粗蛋白、含油量、水分百分比，并降低土壤容重，从而改善土壤整体健康。©2021 Friends Science出版社

{"title":"Co-Application of Farmyard Manure and Gypsum Improves Yield and Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) under Rainfed Conditions","authors":"Rizwan Latif","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1828","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the common cash crop of the rainfed areas. Appropriate management practices are very important to get better yield of peanut in sandy loam soil. A field study was carried out during the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of poultry manure (PM) (37.1 t ha-1), farmyard manure (FYM) (49.4 t ha-1), gypsum (GYP) (2.5 t ha-1), liquid humic acid (HA) (49.4 L ha-1) and co-application of GYP (1.2 t ha-1) and FYM (24.7 t ha-1) on peanut yield, quality and soil physical properties. Application of FYM, PM, HA and GYP (alone or in combination) significantly improved peanut yield, quality and soil physical properties. The combined application of GYP and FYM proved most effective (P ≤ 0.05) in improving the peanut yield (no. of pods per plant, 100 seed weight etc), quality (crude protein and oil content) and soil physical properties (moisture percentage, infiltration rate and bulk density). The combined application of GYP and FYM increased the pods yield by 67 and 65% during 2018 and 2019, respectively than control. Crude proteins (21%) and oil contents (9.0%) were also substantially increased in the combined application. Moreover, the combined application of GYP and FYM significantly retained the soil moisture and reduced bulk density of soil. Present findings suggest that integrated use of FYM and GYP under field conditions could improve the crop productivity, crude protein, oil contents, moisture percentage, and reduce the bulk density of soil thus improving overall soil health. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47137322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Salmonella typhimurium and Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Human, Food, and Environmental Samples of Broiler Meat Production Chain in Punjab 旁遮普省肉鸡肉生产链人类、食品和环境样本中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和肠炎菌株的表型耐药性模式

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1833

Shakera Sadiq

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health issue worldwide due to extensive use in agriculture, food, and veterinary medicine. The rate of antimicrobial resistance varies with different antibiotics and serotypes but Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most widespread serotypes which is comparatively more susceptible to antimicrobial resistance followed by S. Typhimurium. A total of 71 Salmonella strains (S. Typhimurium, n=45; S. Enteritidis, n=26) isolated from humans, food and the environment were used in the study. Both isolates were confirmed through PCR by targeting their specific spy and sdf genes respectively. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility against 10 antibiotics used. An exponentially high level of resistance was found in S. Typhimurium strains. The highest level of resistance was found against amoxicillin (97.78%) followed by tetracycline (95.56%), gentamicin (93.33%), trimethoprim (86.67%), streptomycin (84.44%), nalidixic acid (77.78%), sulphafurazole (64.44%), ampicillin (62.22%), chloramphenicol (46.67%) and least resistance was found against ciprofloxacin (31.11%). Four penta MDR (ACSSuT) and two tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found S. Typhimurium strains. In S. Enteritidis strains, a high level of resistance was found against sulphonamides and streptomycin (92.31%) with the least resistance against ciprofloxacin (11.54%). Two penta MDR (ACSSuT) and six tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found. The presence of high antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis in the broiler meat production chain is alarming. Immediate action and appropriate measures are required to control over the counter and irrational use of antibiotics both in poultry and humans. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

由于在农业、食品和兽医中的广泛应用，抗微生物耐药性的出现是世界范围内日益严重的公共卫生问题。抗微生物耐药性的发生率因不同的抗生素和血清型而异，但肠炎沙门氏菌血清型是最广泛的血清型之一，相对而言更容易产生抗微生物耐药性，其次是鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。本研究共使用了71株从人类、食物和环境中分离的沙门氏菌（鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，n=45；肠炎沙门氏杆菌，n=26）。这两个分离株分别通过特异性spy和sdf基因的聚合酶链式反应得到证实。采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法测定对所用10种抗生素的耐药性。在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株中发现了指数级高水平的抗性。对阿莫西林的耐药性最高（97.78%），其次是四环素（95.56%）、庆大霉素（93.33%）、甲氧苄啶（86.67%）、链霉素（84.44%）、萘啶酸（77.78%）、磺脲唑（64.44%）、氨苄青霉素（62.22%），对环丙沙星的耐药率最低（31.11%），对氯霉素的耐药率为46.67%。Enteritidis菌株对磺酰胺类和链霉素的耐药性较高（92.31%），对环丙沙星的耐药性最低（11.54%）。肉鸡生产链中人畜共患鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和肠炎杆菌的高抗微生物耐药性令人担忧。需要立即采取行动并采取适当措施，控制家禽和人类对抗生素的反作用和不合理使用。©2021 Friends Science出版社

{"title":"Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Salmonella typhimurium and Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Human, Food, and Environmental Samples of Broiler Meat Production Chain in Punjab","authors":"Shakera Sadiq","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1833","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health issue worldwide due to extensive use in agriculture, food, and veterinary medicine. The rate of antimicrobial resistance varies with different antibiotics and serotypes but Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most widespread serotypes which is comparatively more susceptible to antimicrobial resistance followed by S. Typhimurium. A total of 71 Salmonella strains (S. Typhimurium, n=45; S. Enteritidis, n=26) isolated from humans, food and the environment were used in the study. Both isolates were confirmed through PCR by targeting their specific spy and sdf genes respectively. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility against 10 antibiotics used. An exponentially high level of resistance was found in S. Typhimurium strains. The highest level of resistance was found against amoxicillin (97.78%) followed by tetracycline (95.56%), gentamicin (93.33%), trimethoprim (86.67%), streptomycin (84.44%), nalidixic acid (77.78%), sulphafurazole (64.44%), ampicillin (62.22%), chloramphenicol (46.67%) and least resistance was found against ciprofloxacin (31.11%). Four penta MDR (ACSSuT) and two tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found S. Typhimurium strains. In S. Enteritidis strains, a high level of resistance was found against sulphonamides and streptomycin (92.31%) with the least resistance against ciprofloxacin (11.54%). Two penta MDR (ACSSuT) and six tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found. The presence of high antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis in the broiler meat production chain is alarming. Immediate action and appropriate measures are required to control over the counter and irrational use of antibiotics both in poultry and humans. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48136742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Role of Root Tissue Membrane Proteins in Replanting Stress in Rehmannia glutinosa 地黄根组织膜蛋白在再植胁迫中的作用

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1842

Fa-jie Feng

The perennial herbaceous plant, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, is one of traditional Chinese medicines with a long history of cultivation and medicinal use. However, in production of R. glutinosa, replanting disease severely affected its yield and medicinal quality. Replanting disease is the special stress including biotic and abiotic factors. The membrane proteins system plays the important role in process of plants responding to stress factors. In this study, the differentially expressed root tissue membrane proteins between first planted and replanted R. glutinosa were identified through the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). As a result, the membrane protein extraction kit could highly effectively extract the membrane proteins from R. glutinosa root tissue. A total of 698 differential membrane proteins between first planted and replanted R. glutinosa were obtained. Functional analysis revealed that the differential membrane proteins were involved in various metabolic pathways, including transport and breakdown, signal transduction, membrane trafficking and environmental response. Two important molecular events that occurred in cellular membrane of replanted R. glutinosa including the imbalance of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) metabolism and immune response were identified in this study. When replanted R. glutinosa plants faced the complex environment factors in rhizosphere, the proteins located in cellular membrane were often first activated to response to stress stimulus, resulted in the upregulated expression of a large number of LRR-RLKs (Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) receptor proteins. Meanwhile, the Ca2+ signal proteins and related receptor proteins transmitted and responded to the replanting stress, which induced severe oxidative stress response in the cell membrane of R. glutinosa, membrane peroxidation, intracellular signal disorder, and eventually produce replanting disease. Our findings provided the theoretical and data foundation for elucidating the key mechanisms associated with replanting stress. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

地黄是一种多年生草本植物，是一种具有悠久栽培和药用历史的中药。但在地黄生产中，重播病害严重影响了地黄的产量和药用品质。再植病害是一种包含生物和非生物因素的特殊胁迫。膜蛋白系统在植物对胁迫的响应过程中起着重要作用。本研究采用等压标签相对绝对定量法(isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation, iTRAQ)鉴定了首次种植和再植地黄根组织膜蛋白的差异表达。结果表明，该膜蛋白提取试剂盒能高效提取地黄根组织中的膜蛋白。共获得698个差异膜蛋白。功能分析表明，这些差异膜蛋白参与多种代谢途径，包括转运和分解、信号转导、膜转运和环境反应。本研究确定了再植地黄细胞膜中发生的两个重要分子事件，即活性氧代谢失衡和免疫反应失衡。再植的地黄植株在根际面临复杂的环境因子时，往往首先激活细胞膜上的蛋白响应胁迫刺激，导致大量LRR-RLKs (Leucine-rich repeat receptor-样激酶)受体蛋白的表达上调。同时，Ca2+信号蛋白及相关受体蛋白对再植胁迫进行传递和应答，导致地黄细胞膜发生严重的氧化应激反应，膜过氧化，细胞内信号紊乱，最终产生再植病。本研究结果为阐明再植胁迫的关键机制提供了理论和数据基础。©2021朋友科学出版社

{"title":"The Role of Root Tissue Membrane Proteins in Replanting Stress in Rehmannia glutinosa","authors":"Fa-jie Feng","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1842","url":null,"abstract":"The perennial herbaceous plant, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, is one of traditional Chinese medicines with a long history of cultivation and medicinal use. However, in production of R. glutinosa, replanting disease severely affected its yield and medicinal quality. Replanting disease is the special stress including biotic and abiotic factors. The membrane proteins system plays the important role in process of plants responding to stress factors. In this study, the differentially expressed root tissue membrane proteins between first planted and replanted R. glutinosa were identified through the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). As a result, the membrane protein extraction kit could highly effectively extract the membrane proteins from R. glutinosa root tissue. A total of 698 differential membrane proteins between first planted and replanted R. glutinosa were obtained. Functional analysis revealed that the differential membrane proteins were involved in various metabolic pathways, including transport and breakdown, signal transduction, membrane trafficking and environmental response. Two important molecular events that occurred in cellular membrane of replanted R. glutinosa including the imbalance of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) metabolism and immune response were identified in this study. When replanted R. glutinosa plants faced the complex environment factors in rhizosphere, the proteins located in cellular membrane were often first activated to response to stress stimulus, resulted in the upregulated expression of a large number of LRR-RLKs (Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) receptor proteins. Meanwhile, the Ca2+ signal proteins and related receptor proteins transmitted and responded to the replanting stress, which induced severe oxidative stress response in the cell membrane of R. glutinosa, membrane peroxidation, intracellular signal disorder, and eventually produce replanting disease. Our findings provided the theoretical and data foundation for elucidating the key mechanisms associated with replanting stress. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48431821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fusarium oxysporum Silver Nanoparticles; their Characterization and Larvicidal Activity against Aedes Mosquitoes 尖孢镰刀菌纳米银;它们的特性及对伊蚊的杀幼虫活性

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1815

N. S. Sumera

Fusarium oxysporum is an entomopathogenic fungus, and it has anti-biological activity against larvae of mosquitoes. Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting different diseases in humans. The use of chemical insecticides against mosquitoes is not eco-friendly option and results in the development of insecticidal resistance in mosquitoes. We investigated a biological control activity against these mosquitoes. In the present study, we cultured a local isolate of F. oxysporum from soil samples collected from Lahore, Pakistan and were initially identified based on its morphology and then confirmed through PCR. A product of 339 bp was amplified from the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) gene of the fungus and sequenced afterwards. The sequence was in clad with Fusarium, which was isolated from a mosquito's body in the phylogenetic analysis. Local F. oxysporum was cultured and silver NPs (nanoparticles) were prepared. UV-Vis analysis depicted a broad peak at 420 nm wavelength and a narrow height at 310 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns of NPs indicated the existence of sharp diffraction peaks at 2θ angles of 32.19°, 45.55° and 64.27° that can be indexed to the (101), (200) and (220) facets of silver, which agree with the values reported for fcc lattice of silver NPs in International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD). The SEM (scanning electron microscope) micrograph showed well-defined spherical NPs, which were smooth, isotropic, poly-dispersed, and ranging from 10 nm to 200 nm. The Zeta potential (ZP) measurements and poly-disparity index of 0.16 by DLS revealed a low variability of particle size and exhibited good physiochemical stability of biosynthesized AgNPs. In the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of biosynthesized AgNPs, strong bands were analyzed at 3280 cm-1 and 1635 cm-1. F. oxysporum NPs enhanced the anti-biological activity by killing Aedes larvae 7 h earlier than F. oxysporum without NPs. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi can be the best alternative of the chemical method to control the mosquito population. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)是一种昆虫病原真菌，对蚊虫幼虫具有一定的抗生物活性。伊蚊负责在人类中传播不同的疾病。使用化学杀虫剂对蚊子不是一种环保的选择，而且会导致蚊子产生抗药性。我们调查了对这些蚊子的生物防治效果。在本研究中，我们从巴基斯坦拉合尔的土壤样品中培养了一株当地的尖孢镰刀菌，并根据其形态进行了初步鉴定，然后通过PCR进行了证实。从真菌的ITS (Internal transcriptspacer)基因中扩增出一个339bp的产物，并对其进行测序。该序列与从蚊体分离得到的镰刀菌序列一致。局部培养尖孢镰刀菌，制备纳米银纳米粒。紫外可见光谱分析在420 nm处有一个宽峰，在310 nm处有一个窄峰。NPs的x射线衍射图表明，在2θ角32.19°，45.55°和64.27°处存在尖锐的衍射峰，可以与银的(101)，(200)和(220)面相对应，这与国际衍射数据中心(ICDD)报道的银NPs的fcc晶格值一致。扫描电镜(SEM)显微图显示出清晰的球形NPs，光滑，各向同性，多分散，范围在10 ~ 200 nm之间。DLS的Zeta电位(ZP)测量值和多差指数为0.16，表明生物合成AgNPs的粒径变异性低，具有良好的理化稳定性。在生物合成AgNPs的傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)中，在3280 cm-1和1635 cm-1处分析了强波段。尖孢镰刀菌NPs比未加NPs的尖孢镰刀菌早7 h杀灭伊蚊。利用昆虫病原真菌进行生物防制是化学防制蚊虫的最佳选择。©2021朋友科学出版社

{"title":"Fusarium oxysporum Silver Nanoparticles; their Characterization and Larvicidal Activity against Aedes Mosquitoes","authors":"N. S. Sumera","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1815","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium oxysporum is an entomopathogenic fungus, and it has anti-biological activity against larvae of mosquitoes. Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting different diseases in humans. The use of chemical insecticides against mosquitoes is not eco-friendly option and results in the development of insecticidal resistance in mosquitoes. We investigated a biological control activity against these mosquitoes. In the present study, we cultured a local isolate of F. oxysporum from soil samples collected from Lahore, Pakistan and were initially identified based on its morphology and then confirmed through PCR. A product of 339 bp was amplified from the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) gene of the fungus and sequenced afterwards. The sequence was in clad with Fusarium, which was isolated from a mosquito's body in the phylogenetic analysis. Local F. oxysporum was cultured and silver NPs (nanoparticles) were prepared. UV-Vis analysis depicted a broad peak at 420 nm wavelength and a narrow height at 310 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns of NPs indicated the existence of sharp diffraction peaks at 2θ angles of 32.19°, 45.55° and 64.27° that can be indexed to the (101), (200) and (220) facets of silver, which agree with the values reported for fcc lattice of silver NPs in International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD). The SEM (scanning electron microscope) micrograph showed well-defined spherical NPs, which were smooth, isotropic, poly-dispersed, and ranging from 10 nm to 200 nm. The Zeta potential (ZP) measurements and poly-disparity index of 0.16 by DLS revealed a low variability of particle size and exhibited good physiochemical stability of biosynthesized AgNPs. In the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of biosynthesized AgNPs, strong bands were analyzed at 3280 cm-1 and 1635 cm-1. F. oxysporum NPs enhanced the anti-biological activity by killing Aedes larvae 7 h earlier than F. oxysporum without NPs. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi can be the best alternative of the chemical method to control the mosquito population. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44735690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Effect of Boulardii Yeast Wall Polysaccharides on Intestinal Microflora in Jejunum, Cecum and Colon for Early-Weaned Lambs by 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis 16S rRNA序列分析鲍氏酵母壁多糖对早期断奶羔羊空肠、盲肠和结肠肠道菌群的影响

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1820

Mengjian Liu

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Boulardiiyeast wall polysaccharide (BRYP) on the intestinal micro-ecosystem of early-weaned lambs. A total of 60 early-weaned lambs (35-days-old, Kazak♂*Altay♀*Suffolk♂) were randomly assigned into two treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an experimental group with a basal diet and added 0.05% BRYP. The HiSeq high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16SrRNA was used to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial flora composition, diversity, relative abundance, principle coordination analysis, and the correlation between intestinal microbial flora composition and immune indices. After feeding for 40days, the addition of 0.5% BRYP in milk replacer significantly enhanced the species richness in the cecum and colon, but decreased the diversity of species in the colon (P <0.05); Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the experimental group was significantly enhanced, but the Proteobacteria was significantly decreased in all tested intestinal segments (P <0.05).In the jejunum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Fibrobacter of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Ruminobacter was significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the cecum, the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira and Bifidobacterium of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Blautia were significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the colon, the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacteriumof the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Escherichia were significantly decreased (P <0.05). There were significant correlations between intestinal immune indices (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and intestinal microbial composition in the colon (P <0.05). These results indicated that BRYP may contribute to the promotion of the proportion of helpful microbial populations and enhancing the balance of intestinal; Besides, BRYP may indirectly improve the intestinal immune function by changes of intestinal microflora composition, but suppress the inflammatory response in the bottom of intestinal mucosa of early-weaned lambs.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers

本研究旨在研究布拉迪酵母壁多糖（BRYP）对早期断奶羔羊肠道微生态系统的影响。总共60只早期断奶的羔羊（35天大，哈萨克♂*阿勒泰♀*萨福克♂) 随机分为两组：基础饮食对照组、基础饮食并添加0.05%BRYP的实验组。利用16SrRNA的HiSeq高通量测序分析，研究肠道微生物菌群组成、多样性、相对丰度、主配位分析的差异，以及肠道微生物菌组组成与免疫指标的相关性。饲喂40d后，在代乳品中添加0.5%BRYP显著提高了盲肠和结肠的物种丰富度，但降低了结肠的物种多样性（P<0.05）；与对照组相比，实验组拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著增加，但变形杆菌在所有受试肠段中均显著减少（P<0.05）。在空肠中，实验组乳杆菌、普雷沃氏菌和纤维杆菌的相对丰度比对照组显著增加，但瘤胃杆菌明显减少（P＜0.05）；盲肠中，实验组拟杆菌、乳酸杆菌、示波螺旋菌和双歧杆菌的相对丰度显著高于对照组，但Blautia显著降低（P<0.05）；在结肠中，实验组的阿克曼菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和粪杆菌的相对丰度显著高于对照组，肠道免疫指标（IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α）与肠道微生物组成之间存在显著相关性（P<0.05），表明BRYP有助于提高肠道有益微生物群的比例，增强肠道平衡；此外，BRYP可通过改变肠道菌群组成间接改善肠道免疫功能，但可抑制早期断奶羔羊肠道黏膜底部的炎症反应。©2021 Friends Science出版社

{"title":"Effect of Boulardii Yeast Wall Polysaccharides on Intestinal Microflora in Jejunum, Cecum and Colon for Early-Weaned Lambs by 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis","authors":"Mengjian Liu","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1820","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Boulardiiyeast wall polysaccharide (BRYP) on the intestinal micro-ecosystem of early-weaned lambs. A total of 60 early-weaned lambs (35-days-old, Kazak♂*Altay♀*Suffolk♂) were randomly assigned into two treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an experimental group with a basal diet and added 0.05% BRYP. The HiSeq high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16SrRNA was used to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial flora composition, diversity, relative abundance, principle coordination analysis, and the correlation between intestinal microbial flora composition and immune indices. After feeding for 40days, the addition of 0.5% BRYP in milk replacer significantly enhanced the species richness in the cecum and colon, but decreased the diversity of species in the colon (P <0.05); Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the experimental group was significantly enhanced, but the Proteobacteria was significantly decreased in all tested intestinal segments (P <0.05).In the jejunum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Fibrobacter of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Ruminobacter was significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the cecum, the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira and Bifidobacterium of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Blautia were significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the colon, the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacteriumof the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Escherichia were significantly decreased (P <0.05). There were significant correlations between intestinal immune indices (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and intestinal microbial composition in the colon (P <0.05). These results indicated that BRYP may contribute to the promotion of the proportion of helpful microbial populations and enhancing the balance of intestinal; Besides, BRYP may indirectly improve the intestinal immune function by changes of intestinal microflora composition, but suppress the inflammatory response in the bottom of intestinal mucosa of early-weaned lambs.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45919935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Seed Germination Transcriptomes of Sicyos angulatus 角镰孢种子萌发转录组的De Novo组装及其特性研究

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1805

Helong Si

Sicyos angulatus has become an important invasive plant exhibiting good ecological adaptability and strong competitive ability. However, studies on this plant at the molecular level are limited by a lack of sequencing data. The present study obtained transcriptome sequences and gene expression profiles using RNA-Seq during S. angulatus seed germination. In total, RNA-Seq generated 491,967,468 reads, which were de novo assembled and 127,874 unigenes with N50 length of 807 bp. About 34.9% of the unigenes (44,660) were annotated against the protein databases, and 35,176 coding sequences were determined. During S. angulatus seed germination, over 127,860 unigenes were expressed and 66,664 unigenes differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 8919 DEGs were similar in pairwise comparison. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs revealed that genes related to post-embryonic development, meristem development, and photosynthesis were enriched. In addition, the GO term “plant hormone signal transduction pathway” was also enriched in the DEGs. Important changes in genes expression related to auxin and gibberellin signal transduction might possibly be associated with S. angulatus seed germination. The findings of this study provide a foundation for research on S. angulatus that may contribute to prevent further invasion of this plant, consequently protecting the environment. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

棱脊藻是一种重要的入侵植物，具有良好的生态适应性和较强的竞争能力。然而，由于缺乏测序数据，在分子水平上对这种植物的研究受到限制。本研究使用RNA-Seq获得了角孢种子发芽过程中的转录组序列和基因表达谱。总的来说，RNA-Seq产生了491967468个从头组装的读数和127874个N50长度为807bp的单基因。根据蛋白质数据库对约34.9%的单基因（44660个）进行了注释，并确定了35176个编码序列。在S.angulatus种子萌发过程中，共表达了127860多个单基因，66664个单基因差异表达基因（DEG），其中8919个DEG在配对比较中相似。DEG的基因本体论（GO）分析显示，与胚胎后发育、分生组织发育和光合作用相关的基因丰富。此外，GO术语“植物激素信号转导途径”也在DEG中富集。与生长素和赤霉素信号转导相关的基因表达的重要变化可能与角豆种子发芽有关。这项研究的结果为研究S.angulatus提供了基础，这可能有助于防止这种植物的进一步入侵，从而保护环境。©2021 Friends Science出版社

{"title":"De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Seed Germination Transcriptomes of Sicyos angulatus","authors":"Helong Si","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1805","url":null,"abstract":"Sicyos angulatus has become an important invasive plant exhibiting good ecological adaptability and strong competitive ability. However, studies on this plant at the molecular level are limited by a lack of sequencing data. The present study obtained transcriptome sequences and gene expression profiles using RNA-Seq during S. angulatus seed germination. In total, RNA-Seq generated 491,967,468 reads, which were de novo assembled and 127,874 unigenes with N50 length of 807 bp. About 34.9% of the unigenes (44,660) were annotated against the protein databases, and 35,176 coding sequences were determined. During S. angulatus seed germination, over 127,860 unigenes were expressed and 66,664 unigenes differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 8919 DEGs were similar in pairwise comparison. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs revealed that genes related to post-embryonic development, meristem development, and photosynthesis were enriched. In addition, the GO term “plant hormone signal transduction pathway” was also enriched in the DEGs. Important changes in genes expression related to auxin and gibberellin signal transduction might possibly be associated with S. angulatus seed germination. The findings of this study provide a foundation for research on S. angulatus that may contribute to prevent further invasion of this plant, consequently protecting the environment. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43882983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gene Expression Evaluation of Multigenic Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) against Cotton Leaf Curl Virus 多基因棉（Gossypium hirsutum）抗棉花卷叶病毒的基因表达评价

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1821

M. Afzal

One of the most crucial threats limiting the sustainable production of cotton is cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). There is dire need to produce a resistant variety that can combat CLCuD. For this purpose, virus resistant transgenic cotton plants (MNH-786) with C4 gene construct at T3 generation were selected and sown. Young fresh leaves of multigenic variety of MNH-786 were collected to confirm the transformed construct. Infected whiteflies were used for spreading on transgenic cotton MNH-786 variety with C4 construct to check percentage of infection. Whiteflies were collected from infected cotton plants showing CLCuD and reared in lab to increase the population of whiteflies. After 15 days of feeding, infected leaves of transgenic plants were collected and total DNA of infected leaves of transgenic cotton plant with virus load was extracted. At maturity, data of morphological characteristic was taken from the transgenic cotton plants of MNH-786 and control plants. Resistant transgenic cotton plants showed < 0.5% disease index and recorded more plant height in field condition. Total number of bolls per plant was 20% more in tolerant plants and 40% more in resistant plants as compared to susceptible plants. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants showed clear evidence that expression of construct 4 virus resistant gene against begomoviruses in resistant and tolerant group of transgenic plants was more as compared to susceptible group and control. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

棉花卷曲病是限制棉花可持续生产的最重要威胁之一。迫切需要生产一种能够对抗CLCuD的抗性品种。为此，选择并播种了T3代具有C4基因构建体的抗病毒转基因棉花（MNH-786）。收集多基因品种MNH-786的年轻新鲜叶片以确认转化的构建体。用感染的粉虱在具有C4构建体的转基因棉花MNH-786品种上传播，以检查感染率。从显示CLCuD的受感染棉花植株中采集白粉虫，并在实验室中饲养以增加白粉虫的数量。喂食15天后，收集转基因植物的感染叶片，提取携带病毒的转基因棉花的感染叶片的总DNA。成熟时，从MNH-786转基因棉花植株和对照植株中获取形态特征数据。抗性转基因棉花在田间条件下表现出＜0.5%的病害指数，并记录了更多的株高。与易感植物相比，耐受植物的单株棉铃总数增加了20%，抗性植物的单株铃总数增加了40%。转基因植物的分子分析表明，与感病组和对照组相比，转基因植物的抗性和耐受组中构建体4抗秋海棠病毒基因的表达更多。©2021 Friends Science出版社

{"title":"Gene Expression Evaluation of Multigenic Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) against Cotton Leaf Curl Virus","authors":"M. Afzal","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1821","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most crucial threats limiting the sustainable production of cotton is cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). There is dire need to produce a resistant variety that can combat CLCuD. For this purpose, virus resistant transgenic cotton plants (MNH-786) with C4 gene construct at T3 generation were selected and sown. Young fresh leaves of multigenic variety of MNH-786 were collected to confirm the transformed construct. Infected whiteflies were used for spreading on transgenic cotton MNH-786 variety with C4 construct to check percentage of infection. Whiteflies were collected from infected cotton plants showing CLCuD and reared in lab to increase the population of whiteflies. After 15 days of feeding, infected leaves of transgenic plants were collected and total DNA of infected leaves of transgenic cotton plant with virus load was extracted. At maturity, data of morphological characteristic was taken from the transgenic cotton plants of MNH-786 and control plants. Resistant transgenic cotton plants showed < 0.5% disease index and recorded more plant height in field condition. Total number of bolls per plant was 20% more in tolerant plants and 40% more in resistant plants as compared to susceptible plants. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants showed clear evidence that expression of construct 4 virus resistant gene against begomoviruses in resistant and tolerant group of transgenic plants was more as compared to susceptible group and control. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47258347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correlation of the Gastrointestinal Parasitism with the Phytominerals in the Grazing Sheep (Ovis aries) 放牧绵羊胃肠道寄生虫病和植物矿物质的相关性

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1809

H. Rizwan

Trace elements play an important role to boost the immunity and fight against parasitic infections. Concentration of trace elements like Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) were determined in soil, forages and sera of sheep. An associative analysis was also made between the burden of Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites and concentrations of trace elements of sheep sera. For this, 384 faecal and blood samples of sheep, an appropriate number of forages and soil samples were collected. The faecal samples were subjected to determine the species and burden of GI parasites. The sera, plant and soil samples were subjected to pre-treatment (digestion) required for the determination of trace elements. The overall prevalence of GI parasites was 32.81% and the most prevalent species were Haemonchus (H.) contortus followed in order by Eimeria spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Fasciola spp. Variables like age, sex, breed and tehsils of Silakot district showed an insignificant association with GI parasitic burden. Trace elements concentration of forages showed a significant (P < 0.05) variation while trace elements concentration of soil showed an insignificant (P > 0.05) variation. In serum, Zn concentration showed significant (P < 0.05) results among all the tehsils of study district. Mean concentrations of Mn and Cu in serum were found inversely proportional to the mean egg count per gram of sheep faeces in tehsil Pasroor of the Sialkot district. Forages containing high concentrations of Mn and Cu can be used effectively against GI parasites. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

微量元素在增强免疫力和抵抗寄生虫感染方面发挥着重要作用。测定了土壤、牧草和绵羊血清中微量元素铜(Cu)、钴(Co)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)的含量。并对绵羊血清中微量元素含量与胃肠道寄生虫负荷的关系进行了分析。为此，采集了384只羊的粪便和血液样本，以及适量的牧草和土壤样本。对粪便样本进行肠道寄生虫种类和负荷测定。对血清、植物和土壤样品进行测定微量元素所需的预处理(消化)。胃肠道寄生虫总体流行率为32.81%，以弯曲血蜱(Haemonchus (H.) contortus)为主，其次为艾美耳虫、类圆线虫、毛线虫和片形吸虫，年龄、性别、品种和地区等因素与胃肠道寄生虫负荷的相关性不显著。牧草中微量元素含量变化显著(P < 0.05)，土壤中微量元素含量变化不显著(P < 0.05)。血清锌浓度在研究区各地区间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。在锡亚尔科特地区，血清中锰和铜的平均浓度与每克绵羊粪便中的平均卵数成反比。含高浓度锰和铜的饲料可以有效地防治胃肠道寄生虫。©2021朋友科学出版社

{"title":"Correlation of the Gastrointestinal Parasitism with the Phytominerals in the Grazing Sheep (Ovis aries)","authors":"H. Rizwan","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1809","url":null,"abstract":"Trace elements play an important role to boost the immunity and fight against parasitic infections. Concentration of trace elements like Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) were determined in soil, forages and sera of sheep. An associative analysis was also made between the burden of Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites and concentrations of trace elements of sheep sera. For this, 384 faecal and blood samples of sheep, an appropriate number of forages and soil samples were collected. The faecal samples were subjected to determine the species and burden of GI parasites. The sera, plant and soil samples were subjected to pre-treatment (digestion) required for the determination of trace elements. The overall prevalence of GI parasites was 32.81% and the most prevalent species were Haemonchus (H.) contortus followed in order by Eimeria spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Fasciola spp. Variables like age, sex, breed and tehsils of Silakot district showed an insignificant association with GI parasitic burden. Trace elements concentration of forages showed a significant (P < 0.05) variation while trace elements concentration of soil showed an insignificant (P > 0.05) variation. In serum, Zn concentration showed significant (P < 0.05) results among all the tehsils of study district. Mean concentrations of Mn and Cu in serum were found inversely proportional to the mean egg count per gram of sheep faeces in tehsil Pasroor of the Sialkot district. Forages containing high concentrations of Mn and Cu can be used effectively against GI parasites. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48068057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of Alginate-Montmorillonite-Starch with Encapsulated Trichoderma harzianum and Evaluation of Conidia Shelf Life 哈茨木霉包埋海藻酸蒙脱石淀粉的研制及对Conidia货架期的评价

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17957/ijab/15.1812

Fariz Adzmi

Biological control agents, such as Trichoderma harzianum, are widely used in sustainable agriculture. However, commercialisation and mass production of biocontrol products have remained a challenge, especially in viability and efficiency in field application. The encapsulation method has emerged as a sophisticated technique to develop the formulation of T. harzianum. Hence, encapsulation through extrusion was used to prepare T. harzianum beads. The physical characteristics comprising weight, diameter, and swelling ability of the beads were significantly improved when the starch percentage was increased. Alginate-montmorillonite-starch (10%) revealed the lowest shrinkage and the highest swelling ability. The interaction within the functional groups of alginate, montmorillonite, and starch was confirmed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) study. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopic analysis exposed compatible scattering of montmorillonite particles and starch granules over the alginate linkages. Meanwhile, the X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the exfoliation between starch and montmorillonite. Storage of T. harzianum beads at 5°C was more suitable than storage at 28°C. At low temperature, the encapsulated T. harzianum beads maintained their viability at 6.59 ± 0.12 log CFU g−1 for an effective threshold value for up to seven months. The current findings indicated that the combination of alginate, montmorillonite, and starch is the best formulation of encapsulated T. harzianum with improved conidia shelf life. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

哈茨木霉等生物防治剂广泛应用于可持续农业。然而，生物防治产品的商业化和大规模生产仍然是一个挑战，特别是在实地应用的可行性和效率方面。包埋法已成为开发哈齐亚木制剂的一种复杂技术。因此，采用挤压包封的方法制备了哈齐亚木珠粒。当淀粉百分比增加时，珠粒的物理特性（包括重量、直径和溶胀能力）显著改善。海藻酸-蒙脱石淀粉（10%）收缩率最低，溶胀能力最高。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）研究证实了藻酸盐、蒙脱石和淀粉官能团之间的相互作用。此外，扫描电子显微镜分析揭示了蒙脱石颗粒和淀粉颗粒在藻酸盐键上的相容散射。同时，X射线衍射分析证实了淀粉与蒙脱石之间的剥离作用。在5°C下储存哈茨霉珠比在28°C下更合适。在低温下，包封的哈齐亚木珠在长达七个月的有效阈值内保持其6.59±0.12 log CFU g−1的活力。目前的研究结果表明，海藻酸盐、蒙脱石和淀粉的组合是提高分生孢子保质期的最佳包埋哈茨霉配方。©2021 Friends Science出版社

{"title":"Development of Alginate-Montmorillonite-Starch with Encapsulated Trichoderma harzianum and Evaluation of Conidia Shelf Life","authors":"Fariz Adzmi","doi":"10.17957/ijab/15.1812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1812","url":null,"abstract":"Biological control agents, such as Trichoderma harzianum, are widely used in sustainable agriculture. However, commercialisation and mass production of biocontrol products have remained a challenge, especially in viability and efficiency in field application. The encapsulation method has emerged as a sophisticated technique to develop the formulation of T. harzianum. Hence, encapsulation through extrusion was used to prepare T. harzianum beads. The physical characteristics comprising weight, diameter, and swelling ability of the beads were significantly improved when the starch percentage was increased. Alginate-montmorillonite-starch (10%) revealed the lowest shrinkage and the highest swelling ability. The interaction within the functional groups of alginate, montmorillonite, and starch was confirmed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) study. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopic analysis exposed compatible scattering of montmorillonite particles and starch granules over the alginate linkages. Meanwhile, the X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the exfoliation between starch and montmorillonite. Storage of T. harzianum beads at 5°C was more suitable than storage at 28°C. At low temperature, the encapsulated T. harzianum beads maintained their viability at 6.59 ± 0.12 log CFU g−1 for an effective threshold value for up to seven months. The current findings indicated that the combination of alginate, montmorillonite, and starch is the best formulation of encapsulated T. harzianum with improved conidia shelf life. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47893400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strictosidine Synthase Coding Gene Expression towards Quinine Biosynthesis and Accumulation: Inconsistency in Cultured Cells and Fresh Tissues of Cinchona ledgeriana Quinine生物合成和积累的Strictosidine合成酶编码基因表达：在金鸡纳培养细胞和新鲜组织中的不一致性

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.1817

D. Ratnadewi, M. H. Fendiyanto, R. Satrio, M. Miftahudin, A. N. Laily

Strictosidine synthase, encoded by the gene STR, facilitates the regeneration of strictosidine, a critical intermediate for the synthesis of many plant alkaloids. The gene has, however, never been studied in Cinchona spp. The plants produce quinine alkaloid used for malaria medication, SARS-CoV-2 treatment and other industrial purposes. Cultured cells can produce the alkaloid but only at a much lower yield than the natural tree. This study describes STR expression and quinine content in various plant materials. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted on nine species of Rubiaceae to obtain reference sequences to design conservative primers for Cinchona ledgeriana STR (ClSTR). ClSTR expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and quinine content was determined using HPLC. A complete coding sequence (CDS) of ClSTR was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number MK422544.1. ClSTR was expressed in cultured cells, young and mature leaves, and stem bark. The elicited cells have higher expression than the control and they performed since the fourth week. However, the quinine content was greater in older cells. The gene expression in young leaves was superior, but quinine was most abundant in the stem bark. Every cell of C. ledgeriana, in culture or in the plant, expressed ClSTR and was capable of synthesizing the alkaloid quinine. The alkaloid from the leaves of the plant might be translocated and accumulated in the bark. No efflux of alkaloids from the confined cultured cells might contribute in triggering feedback inhibition in the biosynthetic pathway. This study revealed a critical obstacle in cell culture as a means of secondary metabolites production that needs further development of metabolic engineering. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

由STR基因编码的Strictosidine合成酶促进Strictosiding的再生，Strictosidine是合成许多植物生物碱的关键中间体。然而，该基因从未在金鸡纳属植物中进行过研究。这些植物产生奎宁生物碱，用于疟疾药物、严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型治疗和其他工业用途。培养的细胞可以产生生物碱，但产量远低于天然树。本研究描述了STR在各种植物材料中的表达和奎宁含量。对9种茜草科植物进行了生物信息学分析，以获得参考序列，设计了一个用于分类的Cinchona ledgeriana STR（ClSTR）保守引物。使用qRT-PCR分析ClSTR的表达，并使用HPLC测定奎宁的含量。ClSTR的完整编码序列（CDS）以登录号MK422544.1保藏在NCBI GenBank中。ClSTR在培养细胞、幼叶和成熟叶以及茎皮中表达。引发的细胞比对照具有更高的表达，并且它们从第四周开始表现。然而，在老年细胞中奎宁的含量更高。幼叶中的基因表达较高，但奎宁在茎皮中含量最高。在培养基或植物中，C.ledgeriana的每个细胞都表达ClSTR，并能够合成生物碱奎宁。植物叶子中的生物碱可能在树皮中转移和积累。生物碱从限制培养的细胞中没有流出可能有助于触发生物合成途径中的反馈抑制。这项研究揭示了细胞培养作为次级代谢产物产生手段的一个关键障碍，需要进一步发展代谢工程。©2021 Friends Science出版社

{"title":"Strictosidine Synthase Coding Gene Expression towards Quinine Biosynthesis and Accumulation: Inconsistency in Cultured Cells and Fresh Tissues of Cinchona ledgeriana","authors":"D. Ratnadewi, M. H. Fendiyanto, R. Satrio, M. Miftahudin, A. N. Laily","doi":"10.17957/IJAB/15.1817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1817","url":null,"abstract":"Strictosidine synthase, encoded by the gene STR, facilitates the regeneration of strictosidine, a critical intermediate for the synthesis of many plant alkaloids. The gene has, however, never been studied in Cinchona spp. The plants produce quinine alkaloid used for malaria medication, SARS-CoV-2 treatment and other industrial purposes. Cultured cells can produce the alkaloid but only at a much lower yield than the natural tree. This study describes STR expression and quinine content in various plant materials. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted on nine species of Rubiaceae to obtain reference sequences to design conservative primers for Cinchona ledgeriana STR (ClSTR). ClSTR expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and quinine content was determined using HPLC. A complete coding sequence (CDS) of ClSTR was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number MK422544.1. ClSTR was expressed in cultured cells, young and mature leaves, and stem bark. The elicited cells have higher expression than the control and they performed since the fourth week. However, the quinine content was greater in older cells. The gene expression in young leaves was superior, but quinine was most abundant in the stem bark. Every cell of C. ledgeriana, in culture or in the plant, expressed ClSTR and was capable of synthesizing the alkaloid quinine. The alkaloid from the leaves of the plant might be translocated and accumulated in the bark. No efflux of alkaloids from the confined cultured cells might contribute in triggering feedback inhibition in the biosynthetic pathway. This study revealed a critical obstacle in cell culture as a means of secondary metabolites production that needs further development of metabolic engineering. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers","PeriodicalId":13769,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43817285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3