Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics最新文献

The current work investigated the third-order nonlinear optical parameters and magnetic properties of Cu–ZnO-Ag nanostructured films with variation of Cu doping level grown by spin coater. All the films revealed a more abundant hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO with a preferred growth along the (002) plane, as can be seen from X-ray diffractograms. Low-intensity and broad diffraction peak along the (002) plane suggests that the films are composed of few nanometer grains. Raman spectra confirmed a pure ZnO film growth as it showed characteristic vibration modes at 500 and 1050 cm⁻¹. The film co-doped with 1.0 wt.% (Cu, Ag) exhibits higher transmittance than other compositions, whereas the bandgap of the films reduced as the Cu doping level in the ZnO system increased. The room-temperature emission spectra of the samples depicted characteristic UV along with visible light emission. In addition, all compositions of the films exhibited a nonlinear optical nature that is influenced by the Cu doping variation. The Z-scan investigation illustrates that the samples showed remarkable improvement in the third-order nonlinear optical parameters after (Cu, Ag) co-doping in the ZnO system. On the other hand, significant improvement in ferromagnetism was observed from 10.0 emu/cc to 36 emu/cc as the Cu doping concentrations increased. The above-mentioned investigation confirmed that the Cu–ZnO-Ag alloys nanostructured thin films could be potential candidates for optoelectronics and spintronic applications.

Nonlinear optical heterocyclic—organic single crystals of N-(Naphthalen-5-yl)-N-Phenyl benzamide (NNNPB) was synthesized using N-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine and benzoyl chloride. Single crystals of NNNPB resolved by X-ray diffraction technique and crystal reveal monoclinic arrangement among space group P21/n. The parameters of lattice of NNNPB molecule and unit cell proportions were a = 9.9798(11) Å, b = 13.2737(13) Å, c = 13.0321(13) Å & Volume = 1725.7(3) ų. The experimental as well as theoretical FT-IR & Raman spectral data verified the NNNPB molecules significant stretching vibration of the amide carbonyl (–C = O) function group. ¹H & ¹³C NMR spectral investigation was utilized to forecast the existence of proton and carbon in NNNPB compound. TGA and DTA study verified the various phases of the formed crystals degradation and revealed that it is thermally stable up to 150 °C. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out through density functional theory. The topological surface analysis of NNNPB were analysed through ELF and LOL. The virtual second-harmonic generation efficiencies deliberated by Kurtz- Perry powder manner along with are found to be 3.45 period better against potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The UV–vis spectral analysis confirmed the electronic excitations of NNNPB, showing high transparency in the deep ultraviolet region below 230 nm and above 320 nm. This optical behavior indicates its potential application in advanced laser systems. The calculated static first-order hyperpolarizability (β₀ = 1.41 × 10² a.u.) and second-order hyperpolarizability (γ_o = 4.14 × 10⁴ a.u.) reveal a strong nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Furthermore, at dynamic frequencies, the hyperpolarizability value increases to 8.73 × 10⁴ a.u., demonstrating enhanced NLO performance. These results suggest that NNNPB is a promising candidate for optical technologies, particularly for improving second-harmonic generation and dc-Kerr effects.

The present work investigates the effect of indium (In) additions at 5 wt.% and 15 wt.% in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) lead-free solder alloys. In has recently gained attention for its ability to lower-melting points. However, the effects of In additions on temperature-dependent phase transformations and lattice characteristics in SAC305 remain insufficiently understood. In this study, in-situ synchrotron XRD was used to characterize the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters of the β-Sn and γ-InSn₄ phases. Adding 5 wt.% and 15 wt.% In triggers significant microstructural changes. While the base SAC305 solder is mainly composed of β-Sn and eutectic Ag₃Sn and Cu₆Sn₅ phases, the 5 wt.% In addition notably promotes the emergence of a new Ag₉In₄ phase. The γ-InSn₄ phase dominates the microstructure, with β-Sn gradually disappearing and being replaced by γ-InSn₄ throughout the solder matrix for 15 wt.% In. Advanced in-situ XRD analysis shows that adding 5 wt.% In increases the β-Sn lattice parameters, as the larger In atoms dissolve substitutionally on Sn sites and thereby expand the lattice. Thermal analysis shows that In reduces both the liquidus temperature and undercooling of SAC305–xIn alloys, with the largest reduction observed for SAC305–15In. Mechanically, the addition of 5 wt.% In results in an ~ 50% increase in tensile strength, whereas a higher In content of 15 wt.% causes a substantial decrease in elongation, indicating a loss of ductility at excessive In levels. These findings emphasize the critical balance of In content required to optimise the performance of SAC305-based solder alloys.

Neodymium (Nd)-doped indium zinc oxide (IZO) thin films were grown by RF-DC magnetron co-sputtering to study the enhancement of structural, optical, and electrical properties, in addition to simple linear doping behavior. The research shows a non-monotonic multi-stage doping mechanism that is controlled by competing physical processes. X-ray diffraction results revealed that the crystallite and grain sizes increased with the power of Nd up to 30 W, with maximum sizes of 37.87 and 41.67 nm, respectively, and then decreased at 40 W, suggesting substitutional saturation. A similar behavior is observed for the lattice parameters, which increase to 9.16 Å at 30 W and then decrease to 9.07 Å at 40 W. The optical transparency improves of IZO from 88% in the undoped film to 92% at 20 W; however, further increases in dopant power reduce the transparency to 75% at 30 W, followed by a partial increased to 85% at 40 W. The optical bandgap decreases from 3.58 eV (undoped) to 3.40 eV at 30 W, then increases again to reach 3.53 eV at 40 W, owing to the Burstein-Moss effect. Electrically, the carrier concentration continued to increase with Nd doping, and the mobility was maximum at 30 W (85.63 cm²/Vs), with a decrease at higher power because of increased ionized impurity and grain-boundary scattering. The minimum resistivity (2.64 × 10⁻⁴ Ω·cm) was observed at 30 W, as compared to the maximum doping. The photoluminescence intensity increased continuously up to 40 W, suggesting a divergence between optical emission and transport optimization. Overall, 30 W Nd doping is the critical point of balance, where the structural quality, carrier mobility, and conductivity are maximized simultaneously. This work highlights the importance of considering competing mechanisms and solubility limitations when optimizing transparent conducting oxides for optoelectronic applications.

This study employed a stepwise hydrothermal-calcination strategy to in situ construct a three-dimensional nanosheet-like CoMoO_₄@NiO heterojunction on foam nickel, serving as a high-performance pseudocapacitive electrode. This unique hierarchical structure provides abundant active sites and excellent ion transport pathways. The prepared electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1796.8 F g⁻¹ (at 1 A g⁻¹) and outstanding cycling stability (95.7% capacity retention after 5000 cycles). Based on this, the assembled CoMoO_₄@NiO//AC asymmetric supercapacitor device exhibits a wide voltage window of 1.7 V, achieving an energy density of 62.39 Wh kg⁻¹ and a corresponding power density of 6250 W kg⁻¹. It maintains 82.3% of its initial capacity after extended cycling. The significant performance enhancement stems from the synergistic effects between CoMoO_₄ and NiO. This composite structure effectively modulates the interfacial electronic structure, optimizes charge transfer dynamics, and promotes ion diffusion. It provides a modification strategy for next-generation cathode materials.

To investigate the room-temperature gas sensing performance of two-dimensional SnSe₂ toward various toxic and hazardous gases, the adsorption energies and electronic density of states (DOS) of SnSe₂ upon interaction with four typical gases (NO, NO₂, H₂S, and SO₂) were calculated based on density functional theory (DFT). SnSe₂ gas sensors were fabricated via mechanical exfoliation and an all-dry transfer process, and their sensing properties were experimentally validated at room temperature. The results indicate that for the oxidizing gases NO and NO₂, the adsorption energies on SnSe₂ were -4.22 eV and -1.01 eV, respectively, corresponding to sensor responses of 5.1% and 7.5%, with response times of 678 s and 375 s. For the reducing gases H₂S and SO₂, the adsorption energies were -0.31 eV and -0.27 eV, respectively, yielding responses of 15% and 6% with response times of 367 s and 549 s. Notably, the sensor demonstrated satisfactory repeatability and 30-day stability for H₂S detection, exhibiting a 1% response to 1 ppm H₂S at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity (RH), along with an excellent linearity (R² = 0.97) within the concentration range of 1 to 12.5 ppm. The experimental and theoretical results collectively validate the great potential of SnSe₂ for gas sensing and highlight its unique room-temperature response behaviors to various gases.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol, PA) is among the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic drugs, necessitating sensitive and reliable monitoring in pharmaceutical and clinical matrices. Although numerous PA sensors have been reported, many rely on complex nanocomposites or multistep fabrication, limiting reproducibility and scalability. Here, a minimalist yet highly efficient sensing strategy is demonstrated by electrodepositing a uniformly nanostructured nickel oxide (NiO) film directly onto a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). This rational single-step deposition yields a catalytically active surface with markedly enhanced electron-transfer characteristics. The resulting NiO/SPCE exhibits a linear response from 1.0 to 9.17 μM and a detection limit of 0.11 μM, outperforming many previously reported metal-oxide-based PA sensors. Morphological characterization confirms the formation of a smooth, compact, and homogeneously distributed NiO layer, while differential pulse voltammetry highlights excellent selectivity, minimal interference from common ions and metabolites, and strong operational stability. Together, these features establish the NiO/SPCE as a reproducible, low-cost, and high-performance platform for the precise determination of PA in pharmaceutical formulations and human fluids, with clear potential for integration into portable point-of-care systems.

Ultra-thin ferrite materials synthesis, with physical properties tailored to specific applications is expected to drive innovations in manufacturing techniques and production processes for electronic components and devices. The specific physical properties inherent in ferrite thin films heavily rely on the choice of the target material for film fabrication, selection of fabrication techniques, and the precise deposition parameters employed. Consequently, we resolute to utilize nano-particle ferrite powder as the target in radiofrequency sputtering technique, for producing Mn_xZn_1−xFe₂O₄ thin films having nanograins and specific grain orientation along c-axis, on a quartz substrate. Remarkably, we observed a substantial increase in resistivity, by a factor of 2 to 3, in thin-film ferrite material compared to the base materials used for its fabrication. This enhanced resistivity is likely an outcome of grain boundary effects that stem from peculiar film growth along c-axis at minimal film thickness, ranging from 590 to 830 Å, wherein the planar transport of charge carriers becomes predominantly prominent.

With the increasing demand for reliability in electronic packaging under extreme dynamic loading environments, accurate characterization of solder joint deformation behavior has become critical for optimizing structural design and enhancing product durability. This paper addresses this imperative by focusing on the deformation mechanisms and constitutive modeling challenges of solder joints under high-strain-rate conditions. Traditional metallic material models are unable to adequately capture the complex thermo-mechanical responses of solders, highlighting the need for advanced constitutive frameworks. By integrating split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental data with a unified creep-plasticity theory, an improved constitutive model is developed that incorporates the strengths of the Johnson–Cook formulation while addressing its limitations in temperature-dependent behavior. Experimental validation utilizes Pb37Sn63 solder specimens tested at temperatures of 25°C, 60°C, and 100°C under strain rates up to 5500 s⁻¹, enabling quantitative analysis of coupled temperature-strain rate effects on stress–strain behavior. The proposed model demonstrates exceptional accuracy in predicting solder deformation across extreme thermo-mechanical conditions. Following rigorous parameter calibration through SHPB test replication via user-defined material subroutines in finite element simulations, the model exhibits high predictive fidelity. Implementation in package-level structural simulations further reveals critical dynamic mechanical response characteristics under impact loading, confirming its efficacy in enhancing reliability analysis for electronics packaging design.

In this study, the shear strength and corrosion resistance of Cu/Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu–xTiO₂/Cu solder joints were systematically investigated to determine the mechanism by which various mass fractions of TiO₂ nanoparticle doping affect them. The experiment was designed with four sets of TiO₂ doping concentrations (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 wt%). The corrosion and mechanical properties of the soldered joints were characterized at various periods of corrosion. The joints were subjected to immersion corrosion testing in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for a maximum of 28 days. The experimental results indicate that the corrosion resistance of the soldered joints firstly increases and then decreases as the TiO₂ doping content increases. Under uncorroded conditions, the shear strength shows a monotonically increasing pattern. The shear strength of the solder joints containing 0.9 wt% TiO₂ decreased significantly more than that of the other groups after 28 days of corrosion. Based on first-principles calculations, the corrosion resistance of the solder joints can be enhanced by the formation of stable TiO₂–Sn interface chemical bonds, which have a binding energy of 2.04 eV, within the Sn matrix through the incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles. However, the agglomeration effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles results in a substantial decrease in the effective bonding area between the Sn substrate and TiO₂ nanoparticles when the doping concentration surpasses the critical threshold. Consequently, the corrosion protection performance is substantially diminished.