Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.3897/j.moem.9.1.104721
D. Muratov, L. Kozhitov, I. Zaporotskova, A. Popkova, V. Tarala, Evgenij Yu. Korovin, Artem V. Zorin
FeCoCu ternary nanoparticles distributed and stabilized in the carbon matrix of FeCoCu/C metal-carbon nanocomposites have been synthesized using controlled IR pyrolysis of precursors consisting of the “polymer / iron acetylacetate / cobalt and copper acetates” type system obtained by joint dissolution of components followed by solvent removal. The effect of the synthesis temperature on the structure, composition and electromagnetic properties of the nanocomposites has been studied. By XRD was shown that the formation of the FeCoCu ternary nanoparticles occurs due to the interaction of Fe3С with the nanoparticles of the CoCu solid solution. An increase in the synthesis temperature leads to an increase in the size of the metal nanoparticles due to their agglomeration and coalescence as a result of matrix reconstruction. Furthermore, ternary alloy nanoparticles having a variable composition may form depending on the synthesis temperature and the content ratio of the metals. Raman spectroscopy has shown that the crystallinity of the carbon matrix of the nanocomposites increases with the synthesis temperature. The frequency responses of the relative permittivity and permeability of the nanocomposites have been studied at 3–13 GHz. It has been shown that a change in the content ratio of the metals noticeably increases both the dielectric and the magnetic losses. The former loss is caused by the formation of a complex nanostructure of the nanocomposite carbon matrix while the latter one originates from an increase in the size of the nanoparticles and a shift of the natural ferromagnetic resonance frequency to the low-frequency region. The reflection loss has been calculated using a standard method from the experimental data on the frequency responses of the relative permittivity and permeability. It has been shown that the frequency range and the absorption of electromagnetic waves (from –20 to –52 dB) can be controlled by varying the content ratio of the metals in the precursor. The nanocomposites obtained as a result of the experiment deliver better results in comparison with FeCo/C nanocomposites synthesized under similar conditions.
{"title":"Synthesis, structure and electromagnetic properties of FeCoCu/C nanocomposites","authors":"D. Muratov, L. Kozhitov, I. Zaporotskova, A. Popkova, V. Tarala, Evgenij Yu. Korovin, Artem V. Zorin","doi":"10.3897/j.moem.9.1.104721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.9.1.104721","url":null,"abstract":"FeCoCu ternary nanoparticles distributed and stabilized in the carbon matrix of FeCoCu/C metal-carbon nanocomposites have been synthesized using controlled IR pyrolysis of precursors consisting of the “polymer / iron acetylacetate / cobalt and copper acetates” type system obtained by joint dissolution of components followed by solvent removal. The effect of the synthesis temperature on the structure, composition and electromagnetic properties of the nanocomposites has been studied. By XRD was shown that the formation of the FeCoCu ternary nanoparticles occurs due to the interaction of Fe3С with the nanoparticles of the CoCu solid solution. An increase in the synthesis temperature leads to an increase in the size of the metal nanoparticles due to their agglomeration and coalescence as a result of matrix reconstruction. Furthermore, ternary alloy nanoparticles having a variable composition may form depending on the synthesis temperature and the content ratio of the metals. Raman spectroscopy has shown that the crystallinity of the carbon matrix of the nanocomposites increases with the synthesis temperature. The frequency responses of the relative permittivity and permeability of the nanocomposites have been studied at 3–13 GHz. It has been shown that a change in the content ratio of the metals noticeably increases both the dielectric and the magnetic losses. The former loss is caused by the formation of a complex nanostructure of the nanocomposite carbon matrix while the latter one originates from an increase in the size of the nanoparticles and a shift of the natural ferromagnetic resonance frequency to the low-frequency region. The reflection loss has been calculated using a standard method from the experimental data on the frequency responses of the relative permittivity and permeability. It has been shown that the frequency range and the absorption of electromagnetic waves (from –20 to –52 dB) can be controlled by varying the content ratio of the metals in the precursor. The nanocomposites obtained as a result of the experiment deliver better results in comparison with FeCo/C nanocomposites synthesized under similar conditions.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88171744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.3897/j.moem.9.1.104020
E. V. Zabelina, N. Kozlova, O. Buzanov, Elena D. Krupnova
Single crystal calcium molybdate CaMoO4 is a well-known material. However the interest to CaMoO4 has recently grown due to a number of its important applications including as a working material in cryogenic scintillation bolometers. CaMoO4 single crystals acquire blue color during growth due to the presence of color-center type defect centers which are unacceptable for optical applications. Color can be eliminated through annealing in an oxygen containing atmosphere, following which required optical components can be produced from the single crystals by mechanical treatment (cutting, polishing etc.). Therefore assessment of the mechanical properties of these single crystal materials is an important task for the optimal solution of issues occurring in the fabrication of optical components and their further practical application. There are but scarce data on the mechanical properties of CaMoO4, and the available ones have been reported without allowance for anisotropy. There is a significant scatter of data on the Mohs hardness of the single crystals, ranging from 3.3 to 6 in different publications. In this work we present data on calcium molybdate single crystals in the initial state and after high-temperature anneals of different durations in an oxygen containing atmosphere. We show that long-term annealing leads to decolorization of the crystals. Calcium molybdate single crystals prove to be quite brittle: the brittleness index Zp of the crystals in the initial state is the highest and equals 5, while annealing reduces the brittleness index to 4. The Palmqvist toughness factors S have been calculated The limit indentation destruction loads Flim have been determined and annealing in an oxygen containing atmosphere has been shown to increase Flim by 2.5 times for the Z cut and by 10 times for the X cut. The microhardness of the crystals has been shown to exhibit a II type anisotropy: the microhardness of all the specimens was higher for the Z cut than for the X cut. The microhardness anisotropy coefficients KH of the specimens have been evaluated. The bond ionicity degree I has been calculated on the basis of the experimentally measured microhardness.
{"title":"Effect of post-growth anneals in oxygen-containing atmosphere on the microhardness of single crystal calcium molybdate CaMoO4","authors":"E. V. Zabelina, N. Kozlova, O. Buzanov, Elena D. Krupnova","doi":"10.3897/j.moem.9.1.104020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.9.1.104020","url":null,"abstract":"Single crystal calcium molybdate CaMoO4 is a well-known material. However the interest to CaMoO4 has recently grown due to a number of its important applications including as a working material in cryogenic scintillation bolometers. CaMoO4 single crystals acquire blue color during growth due to the presence of color-center type defect centers which are unacceptable for optical applications. Color can be eliminated through annealing in an oxygen containing atmosphere, following which required optical components can be produced from the single crystals by mechanical treatment (cutting, polishing etc.). Therefore assessment of the mechanical properties of these single crystal materials is an important task for the optimal solution of issues occurring in the fabrication of optical components and their further practical application. There are but scarce data on the mechanical properties of CaMoO4, and the available ones have been reported without allowance for anisotropy. There is a significant scatter of data on the Mohs hardness of the single crystals, ranging from 3.3 to 6 in different publications. In this work we present data on calcium molybdate single crystals in the initial state and after high-temperature anneals of different durations in an oxygen containing atmosphere. We show that long-term annealing leads to decolorization of the crystals. Calcium molybdate single crystals prove to be quite brittle: the brittleness index Zp of the crystals in the initial state is the highest and equals 5, while annealing reduces the brittleness index to 4. The Palmqvist toughness factors S have been calculated The limit indentation destruction loads Flim have been determined and annealing in an oxygen containing atmosphere has been shown to increase Flim by 2.5 times for the Z cut and by 10 times for the X cut. The microhardness of the crystals has been shown to exhibit a II type anisotropy: the microhardness of all the specimens was higher for the Z cut than for the X cut. The microhardness anisotropy coefficients KH of the specimens have been evaluated. The bond ionicity degree I has been calculated on the basis of the experimentally measured microhardness.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"701 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76746707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.3897/j.moem.9.1.103598
I. I. Maronchuk, D. Sanikovich, E. Davydova, N. Tabachkova
Problems of the synthesis of cadmium telluride powders having required purity and grain size distribution for high-efficiency solar cells have been analyzed. A test batch of powders has been synthesized and used for the manufacture and study of thin-film solar cell specimens exhibiting parameters compliant with the best worldwide standards. The phase composition of the powders has been studied using X-ray diffraction. Structural analysis and elemental composition measurements have been carried out using electron microscopy. The effect of free tellurium phase in the powders on the endurance of devices manufactured from the powder has been described. We show that excess tellurium in the film specimens whose atoms are predominantly localized along grain boundaries may cause temporal degradation of the electrical properties of the manufactured solar cells due to changes in the parameters of the crystalline structure of the cadmium telluride phase which are caused in turn by changes in the stoichiometric composition of the material. Structural studies of the film specimens have not revealed differences in the film structure before and after endurance tests. A new cadmium telluride powder process route has been developed, proven and tested taking into account the advantages and drawbacks of the previously used process and experiments confirming the correctness of the technical solutions chosen have been conducted.
{"title":"Cadmium telluride for high-efficiency solar cells","authors":"I. I. Maronchuk, D. Sanikovich, E. Davydova, N. Tabachkova","doi":"10.3897/j.moem.9.1.103598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.9.1.103598","url":null,"abstract":"Problems of the synthesis of cadmium telluride powders having required purity and grain size distribution for high-efficiency solar cells have been analyzed. A test batch of powders has been synthesized and used for the manufacture and study of thin-film solar cell specimens exhibiting parameters compliant with the best worldwide standards. The phase composition of the powders has been studied using X-ray diffraction. Structural analysis and elemental composition measurements have been carried out using electron microscopy. The effect of free tellurium phase in the powders on the endurance of devices manufactured from the powder has been described. We show that excess tellurium in the film specimens whose atoms are predominantly localized along grain boundaries may cause temporal degradation of the electrical properties of the manufactured solar cells due to changes in the parameters of the crystalline structure of the cadmium telluride phase which are caused in turn by changes in the stoichiometric composition of the material. Structural studies of the film specimens have not revealed differences in the film structure before and after endurance tests. A new cadmium telluride powder process route has been developed, proven and tested taking into account the advantages and drawbacks of the previously used process and experiments confirming the correctness of the technical solutions chosen have been conducted.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72866467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.3897/j.moem.9.1.103652
N. Kalanda, M. Yarmolich, A. Petrov, O. Y. Ponomareva, K. Abgaryan, N. H. Dan
In this article, a consistent study of phase transformations during the crystallization of YBa2Cu3O7-δ compound was carried out using XRD, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyzes, as well as optical microscopy. When studying the microstructure and elemental composition in the reaction zone in the process of obtaining single crystals by the crucible-less method, the products of chemical reactions were identified depending on the composition of the reacting components and synthesis conditions. It has been established that the use of precursors Y2BaCuO5, YBa4Cu3O9-δ and ВаCu2O2 as initial reagents has made it possible to carry out the direct synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals without the formation of intermediate phases. The superconductor has been synthesized at 1270 K on single-crystal MgO substrates with the (001) orientation, since their surface is poorly wetted by the melt solution and stimulates the YBa2Cu3O7-δ nucleation process. This ensures the minimum loss of the liquid fraction formed in the sample. The growth conditions for YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals have been studied and optimized. It has been experimentally revealed that the use of combined cooling conditions leads to an increase in the size of single crystals and a reduction in the time of their growth without changing the quality and crystal structure. The investigation showed that the largest volume (50 mm3) was achieved for single-phase YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals grown at a cooling rate of 0.5 deg/h in the temperature range 1260–1240 K and at a rate of 1.2 deg/h in the range 1240–1210 K. An analysis of the Laue rotation lines obtained in this work indicates the presence of blocks in single crystals cooled in the temperature range 1243–1193 K at a cooling rate of 1.5 deg/h and their absence in crystals cooled at 1.2 deg/h. An assessment of the degree of perfection of the structure by the width of the rocking curves at half-height of the X-ray reflection (006) showed that the width of the rocking curves of 0.36 deg indicates the absence of structural defects, such as twins, blockiness, and shear defects.
{"title":"Crystallization features of YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals in 2YBa4Cu3O9-δ + BaCu2O2 + CuO2 system","authors":"N. Kalanda, M. Yarmolich, A. Petrov, O. Y. Ponomareva, K. Abgaryan, N. H. Dan","doi":"10.3897/j.moem.9.1.103652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.9.1.103652","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a consistent study of phase transformations during the crystallization of YBa2Cu3O7-δ compound was carried out using XRD, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyzes, as well as optical microscopy. When studying the microstructure and elemental composition in the reaction zone in the process of obtaining single crystals by the crucible-less method, the products of chemical reactions were identified depending on the composition of the reacting components and synthesis conditions. It has been established that the use of precursors Y2BaCuO5, YBa4Cu3O9-δ and ВаCu2O2 as initial reagents has made it possible to carry out the direct synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals without the formation of intermediate phases. The superconductor has been synthesized at 1270 K on single-crystal MgO substrates with the (001) orientation, since their surface is poorly wetted by the melt solution and stimulates the YBa2Cu3O7-δ nucleation process. This ensures the minimum loss of the liquid fraction formed in the sample. The growth conditions for YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals have been studied and optimized. It has been experimentally revealed that the use of combined cooling conditions leads to an increase in the size of single crystals and a reduction in the time of their growth without changing the quality and crystal structure. The investigation showed that the largest volume (50 mm3) was achieved for single-phase YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals grown at a cooling rate of 0.5 deg/h in the temperature range 1260–1240 K and at a rate of 1.2 deg/h in the range 1240–1210 K. An analysis of the Laue rotation lines obtained in this work indicates the presence of blocks in single crystals cooled in the temperature range 1243–1193 K at a cooling rate of 1.5 deg/h and their absence in crystals cooled at 1.2 deg/h. An assessment of the degree of perfection of the structure by the width of the rocking curves at half-height of the X-ray reflection (006) showed that the width of the rocking curves of 0.36 deg indicates the absence of structural defects, such as twins, blockiness, and shear defects.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83639613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.3390/electronicmat4010004
Yin Lin, D. Bocharov, I. Isakoviča, V. Pankratov, Aleksandr A. Popov, A. I. Popov, S. Piskunov
Chloride is one of the most abundant ions in sea water, which is more available than fresh water. Due to lack of H2O adsorbate states near the valence band maximum (VBM) edge, the difficulty of water dissociation incidents has been reported on the rutile TiO2 surface as the excitation energy is around the band gap energy of TiO2. It is interesting whether the extra chloride can be a benefit to the water dissociation or not. In this study, the models of chlorine adatoms placed on the rutile TiO2 (110)/water interface are constructed using ab initio methods. The time-dependent spatial charges, bond-lengths of water molecules, and Hirshfeld charges are calculated by real-time time-dependent density functional theory and the Ehrenfest dynamics theory for investigating the excited state nonadiabatic dynamics of water dissociation. This study presents two photoinduced water-splitting pathways related to chlorine and analyzes the photogenerated hole along the reactions. The first step of water dissociation relies on the localized competition of oxygen charges between the dissociated water and the bridge site of TiO2 for transforming the water into hydroxyl and hydrogen by photoinduced driving force.
{"title":"Chlorine Adsorption on TiO2(110)/Water Interface: Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Photocatalytic Water Splitting","authors":"Yin Lin, D. Bocharov, I. Isakoviča, V. Pankratov, Aleksandr A. Popov, A. I. Popov, S. Piskunov","doi":"10.3390/electronicmat4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat4010004","url":null,"abstract":"Chloride is one of the most abundant ions in sea water, which is more available than fresh water. Due to lack of H2O adsorbate states near the valence band maximum (VBM) edge, the difficulty of water dissociation incidents has been reported on the rutile TiO2 surface as the excitation energy is around the band gap energy of TiO2. It is interesting whether the extra chloride can be a benefit to the water dissociation or not. In this study, the models of chlorine adatoms placed on the rutile TiO2 (110)/water interface are constructed using ab initio methods. The time-dependent spatial charges, bond-lengths of water molecules, and Hirshfeld charges are calculated by real-time time-dependent density functional theory and the Ehrenfest dynamics theory for investigating the excited state nonadiabatic dynamics of water dissociation. This study presents two photoinduced water-splitting pathways related to chlorine and analyzes the photogenerated hole along the reactions. The first step of water dissociation relies on the localized competition of oxygen charges between the dissociated water and the bridge site of TiO2 for transforming the water into hydroxyl and hydrogen by photoinduced driving force.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85880832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.3390/electronicmat4010003
Yaxuan He, Haibo Li
Owing to the 3D open framework, excellent structural stability, and high ionic conductivity, NASICON-type compounds are extensively employed as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Being one of the representative NASICON-type compounds, the Na3V2(PO4)3 delivers high theoretical capacity with an operating voltage exceeding 3.3 V, enabling it to be a good candidate for SIBs. Unfortunately, the Na3V2(PO4)3 suffers from low electronic conductivity. In this work, we briefly review the recent research progress on novel carbon engineering strategies to enhance the electronic conductivity of Na3V2(PO4)3. Moreover, we will point out the issues relating to the development of NASICON cathode materials and put forward some suggestions.
{"title":"Recent Research Process of Carbon Engineering on Na3V2(PO4)3 for Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes: A Mini Review","authors":"Yaxuan He, Haibo Li","doi":"10.3390/electronicmat4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat4010003","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the 3D open framework, excellent structural stability, and high ionic conductivity, NASICON-type compounds are extensively employed as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Being one of the representative NASICON-type compounds, the Na3V2(PO4)3 delivers high theoretical capacity with an operating voltage exceeding 3.3 V, enabling it to be a good candidate for SIBs. Unfortunately, the Na3V2(PO4)3 suffers from low electronic conductivity. In this work, we briefly review the recent research progress on novel carbon engineering strategies to enhance the electronic conductivity of Na3V2(PO4)3. Moreover, we will point out the issues relating to the development of NASICON cathode materials and put forward some suggestions.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86029359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-18DOI: 10.3390/electronicmat4010002
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
高质量的学术出版建立在严格的同行评审的基础上[…]
{"title":"Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Electronic Materials in 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/electronicmat4010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat4010002","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77063395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.3390/electronicmat4010001
Darpan Dubey, Rohit Kumar, A. Dwivedi, A. K. Rai
Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is primarily an atomic emission spectroscopic method based on analyzing the spectral lines of elements in the laser-induced plasma. However, when the plasma cools down after its ignition, i.e., when one collects the emissions from the plasma after a certain interval of time/gate delay (~1 micro-second), the signature of the electronic bands of diatomic molecules is also observed along with ionic/atomic emission lines. The present manuscript reports the evaluation of toxicity/pollutants in green crackers based on the intensity of the electronic bands of the Aluminum Oxide (AlO), calcium oxide (CaO), and strontium oxide (SrO) molecules observed in the laser-induced plasma of the firecrackers. LIBS spectra of the green crackers show the presence of spectral lines of the heavy/toxic elements such as Al, Ca, Sr, Cr, Cu, and Ba, along with the electronic bands of the AlO, CaO, and SrO. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used to validate the LIBS results and confirm the molecules in these crackers. The concentration of toxic elements in green crackers such as Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), and Chromium (Cr) has also been estimated using the Partial Least Square Regression method (PLSR) to evaluate and compare the extent of the toxicity of green crackers.
{"title":"Study of Electronic Bands of Diatomic Molecules for the Evaluation of Toxicity of Green Crackers Using LIBS Coupled with Chemometric Method","authors":"Darpan Dubey, Rohit Kumar, A. Dwivedi, A. K. Rai","doi":"10.3390/electronicmat4010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat4010001","url":null,"abstract":"Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is primarily an atomic emission spectroscopic method based on analyzing the spectral lines of elements in the laser-induced plasma. However, when the plasma cools down after its ignition, i.e., when one collects the emissions from the plasma after a certain interval of time/gate delay (~1 micro-second), the signature of the electronic bands of diatomic molecules is also observed along with ionic/atomic emission lines. The present manuscript reports the evaluation of toxicity/pollutants in green crackers based on the intensity of the electronic bands of the Aluminum Oxide (AlO), calcium oxide (CaO), and strontium oxide (SrO) molecules observed in the laser-induced plasma of the firecrackers. LIBS spectra of the green crackers show the presence of spectral lines of the heavy/toxic elements such as Al, Ca, Sr, Cr, Cu, and Ba, along with the electronic bands of the AlO, CaO, and SrO. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used to validate the LIBS results and confirm the molecules in these crackers. The concentration of toxic elements in green crackers such as Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), and Chromium (Cr) has also been estimated using the Partial Least Square Regression method (PLSR) to evaluate and compare the extent of the toxicity of green crackers.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90523583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.3897/j.moem.8.4.100756
Y. Parkhomenko, A. Belov, E. V. Molodtsova, R. Kozlov, S. S. Kormilitsina, E. Zhuravlev
The concentrations of conduction electrons in n-GaSb at 295 and 77 K have been calculated taking into account the non-parabolic deviation of the conduction band shape. We show that at T = 295 K the concentration of heavy electrons in the L-valley of the conduction band is higher than the concentration of light electrons in the Г-valley. On the contrary, at T = 77 K the conduction electrons are mostly concentrated in the Г-valley. Hall data for tellurium doped CZ n-GaSb specimens have been reported. Analysis of experimental data for T = 295 K requires the existence of two types of electrons be taken into account (the light and the heavy ones), the concentrations of which cannot be determined. The apparent increase in the electron concentration with a decrease in the temperature from 295 to 77 K is not true. The concentration of conduction electrons at T = 77 K can be measured correctly with the Hall method.
{"title":"Correct determination of electron concentration in n-GaSb by electrical measurements","authors":"Y. Parkhomenko, A. Belov, E. V. Molodtsova, R. Kozlov, S. S. Kormilitsina, E. Zhuravlev","doi":"10.3897/j.moem.8.4.100756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.8.4.100756","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of conduction electrons in n-GaSb at 295 and 77 K have been calculated taking into account the non-parabolic deviation of the conduction band shape. We show that at T = 295 K the concentration of heavy electrons in the L-valley of the conduction band is higher than the concentration of light electrons in the Г-valley. On the contrary, at T = 77 K the conduction electrons are mostly concentrated in the Г-valley.\u0000 Hall data for tellurium doped CZ n-GaSb specimens have been reported. Analysis of experimental data for T = 295 K requires the existence of two types of electrons be taken into account (the light and the heavy ones), the concentrations of which cannot be determined. The apparent increase in the electron concentration with a decrease in the temperature from 295 to 77 K is not true. The concentration of conduction electrons at T = 77 K can be measured correctly with the Hall method.","PeriodicalId":18610,"journal":{"name":"Modern Electronic Materials","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83951344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.3897/j.moem.8.4.98951
Viktor V. Kuts, A. Turutin, A. Kislyuk, I. Kubasov, R. Zhukov, A. A. Temirov, M. Malinkovich, N. Sobolev, Y. Parkhomenko
The effect of annealing in a permanent magnetic field on the magnitude of magnetoelectric coefficient in three-layered gradient magnetoelectric LiNbO3/Ni/Metglas composites has been studied. A method of electrochemical nickel deposition on bidomain lithium niobate crystals has been demonstrated. We show that the optimum annealing temperature in a permanent magnetic field for the generation of the highest remanence in the Ni layer is 350 °C. The specimens annealed at this temperature exhibit the greatest shift of the magnetoelectric coefficient dependence on external magnetic field magnitude relative to the value Hdc = 0. The quasi-static magnetoelectric coefficient in the absence of an external magnetic field proves to be 1.2 V/(cm ∙ Oe). The highest magnetoelectric coefficient that has been achieved at a bending structure resonance frequency of 278 Hz proves to be 199.3 V/(cm ∙ Oe) without application of an external magnetic field. The experimental magnetoelectric coefficient figures for three-layered gradient LiNbO3/Ni/Metglas composites are not inferior to those for most magnetoelectric composite materials reported earlier.
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