Etransportation最新文献_第9页

Predicting battery degradation for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft: A comprehensive review of methods, challenges, and future trends 预测电动垂直起降（eVTOL）飞机电池退化：方法、挑战和未来趋势的综合回顾

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100477

Baoji Wang , Teng Xu , Bailin Zheng , Yue Kai , Kai Zhang

With the rapid development of intelligent technologies in aviation, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have emerged as key players in the low-altitude economy, their battery performance directly impacts safety and cost, making accurate prediction essential. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on battery degradation prediction methods for eVTOL aircraft, providing a brief overview on early modeling approaches and placing primary emphasis on recent advances in their applicability and limitations under unique operational scenarios of eVTOL, such as frequent takeoffs and landings, high power loads, and complex environmental conditions. Current prediction efforts primarily target key indicators including battery lifespan, health status, and capacity retention, employing a range of technical approaches such as electrochemical modeling, equivalent circuit modeling, data-driven algorithms like machine learning and deep learning, and hybrid physics-informed models that integrate domain knowledge with data analysis. The review systematically summarizes the main prediction methods and their evolution in different phases of the development of eVTOL technology. On this basis, we highlight existing technical bottlenecks and unresolved challenges, including the high demand for data and computational resources limiting real-time performance, poor accuracy of traditional models under high discharge rates and extreme conditions, challenges in accurately modeling complex multi-physics interactions and achieving a stable balance among prediction accuracy, interpretability, and real-time computational efficiency, as well as the scarcity of historical flight data affecting model reliability and generalization. This review also proposes future research directions to enhance the reliability and accuracy of battery degradation forecasting for eVTOL applications.

随着航空智能技术的快速发展，电动垂直起降飞机已成为低空经济领域的重要参与者，其电池性能直接影响到飞机的安全性和成本，因此准确的预测至关重要。本文全面回顾了eVTOL飞机电池退化预测方法的文献，简要概述了早期建模方法，并重点介绍了eVTOL在频繁起降、高功率负载和复杂环境条件等独特操作场景下的适用性和局限性。目前的预测工作主要针对关键指标，包括电池寿命、健康状态和容量保留，采用了一系列技术方法，如电化学建模、等效电路建模、数据驱动算法（如机器学习和深度学习），以及将领域知识与数据分析相结合的混合物理模型。本文系统地总结了eVTOL技术在不同发展阶段的主要预测方法及其演变。在此基础上，我们强调了现有的技术瓶颈和尚未解决的挑战，包括对数据和计算资源的高需求限制了实时性能，传统模型在高放电率和极端条件下的准确性较差，在准确建模复杂的多物理场相互作用以及实现预测精度，可解释性和实时计算效率之间的稳定平衡方面的挑战。历史飞行数据的稀缺性也影响了模型的可靠性和泛化。最后，提出了提高电池退化预测的可靠性和准确性的未来研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Grid-friendly operation of EV parking lots: Optimal load management under cluster power and phase unbalance constraints 电动汽车停车场的电网友好运行：集群功率和相位不平衡约束下的最优负荷管理

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100458

Xihai Cao, Jan Engelhardt, Charalampos Ziras, Mattia Marinelli

The diversity of electric vehicles (EVs), each with distinct charging characteristics, necessitates the evolution of load management strategies. To ensure compliance with grid requirements, these strategies must account for each EV’s charging type (single- or three-phase) and power. This paper proposes an optimal load management method to distribute charging power among EVs in capacity-limited systems, while adhering to power and phase unbalance constraints. The algorithm is complemented with a charging type identification method that determines the characteristics of each EV upon connection. A case study based on real-world charging data from Athens, Greece, examines the impact of varying shares of single- and three-phase EVs and different phase unbalance limits. By utilizing the allowable unbalance level defined by grid regulations, the proposed method ensures grid-compliant operation of EV parking lots while maximizing user satisfaction—achieving an unbalance limit violation rate below 1% and an average energy fulfillment exceeding 98%.

电动汽车具有不同的充电特性，其多样性要求负载管理策略的发展。为了确保符合电网要求，这些策略必须考虑到每辆电动汽车的充电类型（单相或三相）和功率。本文提出了一种最优负载管理方法，在满足功率和相位不平衡约束的情况下，在容量有限的系统中分配充电功率。该算法辅以充电类型识别方法，该方法在连接时确定每辆电动汽车的特性。基于希腊雅典的真实充电数据的案例研究，研究了不同份额的单相和三相电动汽车以及不同的相位不平衡限制的影响。该方法利用电网规定的允许不平衡水平，在保证电动汽车停车场符合电网运行的同时，最大限度地提高用户满意度，使不平衡极限违规率低于1%，平均能量完成率超过98%。

引用次数: 0

Advancing the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: Perspective on the affordable hydrogen production cost 推进质子交换膜电解：从可负担的制氢成本的角度

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100481

Junyu Zhang , Mingye Yang , Gongquan Wang , Jian Dang , Xu Hao , Depeng Kong , Fuyuan Yang , Minggao Ouyang

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis demonstrates critical advantages for renewable-integrated hydrogen production, including rapid dynamic response (<1s), high current density (>3 A cm⁻²), and pressurized output (≥350 bar) to reduce compression costs. However, high material costs (Ir-based catalysts, Ti bipolar plates, membranes) and durability challenges under harsh conditions (pH 2–4, 60–90 °C, O₂ saturation) hinder commercialization. Recent advances propose multi-level optimizations: 1) Material innovations (low-iridium catalysts, corrosion-resistant porous transport layers, etc.); 2) Interface engineering to enhance triple-phase boundaries and mitigate catalyst isolation; 3) Component integration (one-piece electrode assembly, artificial intelligence-driven optimized configuration). Techno-economic projections indicate 50–60 % cost reduction through scaled production and efficiency gains, potentially achieving <2.5 USD/kg H₂ by 2030. Through AI-driven configuration parameters of components and system control strategy optimization, the realization of inexpensive hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles can be further accelerated.

质子交换膜水电解在可再生集成制氢方面具有关键优势，包括快速动态响应（<1s）、高电流密度（>3 A cm - 2）和加压输出（≥350 bar），以降低压缩成本。然而，高昂的材料成本（ir基催化剂、Ti双极板、膜）和恶劣条件下（pH 2-4、60-90°C、O2饱和度）的耐久性挑战阻碍了商业化。最近的进展提出了多层次的优化：1)材料创新（低铱催化剂，耐腐蚀多孔传输层等）；2)界面工程，增强三相边界，减轻催化剂隔离；3)组件集成（一体式电极组装，人工智能驱动优化配置）。技术经济预测表明，通过规模化生产和提高效率，成本将降低50 - 60%，到2030年可能达到2.5美元/公斤氢气。通过人工智能驱动的部件配置参数和系统控制策略优化，可以进一步加快氢燃料电池汽车廉价化的实现。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal dispatch of an electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid for zero-carbon airport operations with electric and hydrogen aircraft 电力和氢飞机零碳机场运营的电-热-氢微电网优化调度

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100485

Bozheng Li , Jinning Zhang , Xin Zhang

Achieving net-zero aviation requires airport energy infrastructure that delivers an efficient, reliable, and diversified energy supply to support the parallel operations of emerging battery-electric, hybrid hydrogen-electric, and hydrogen-powered aircraft. This study assesses how airport energy systems can support the transition to zero-carbon aviation. We propose an integrated electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid that incorporates photovoltaics, hydrogen fuel cells, and multiple energy storage systems to reduce reliance on the power grid and external energy sources. Firstly, a refined statistical method utilizing surrogate models is developed to estimate aircraft charging and refuelling demands. A stochastic optimization model that exploits load shifting potential is then formulated to minimize total economic costs while reducing operational risks and enhancing grid support flexibility. The resulting optimal energy dispatch ensures that flight schedules and multi-energy demands are met across electricity, thermal, and hydrogen networks. Case studies based on real flight schedules from Manchester airport evaluate five energy dispatch scenarios with varying optimization priorities. The results demonstrate a 29.4 % increase in grid flexibility and a 63.2 % reduction in operational risks through the proposed multi-energy dispatch strategy. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses examine the impacts of electricity and hydrogen price fluctuations, as well as different aircraft integration ratios, identifying the optimal electricity-to-hydrogen energy demand ratio for efficient airport energy system operation. These findings provide practical insights for airport operators and policymakers in developing resilient and sustainable airport energy infrastructure, and in implementing effective energy strategies for zero-carbon airport operations.

实现净零航空需要机场能源基础设施提供高效、可靠和多样化的能源供应，以支持新兴的电池电动、混合氢电动和氢动力飞机的并行运行。本研究评估了机场能源系统如何支持向零碳航空的过渡。我们提出了一个集成了光伏、氢燃料电池和多种储能系统的电-热-氢微电网，以减少对电网和外部能源的依赖。首先，提出了一种利用代理模型的改进统计方法来估计飞机的充电和加油需求。然后制定了一个利用负荷转移潜力的随机优化模型，以最大限度地降低总经济成本，同时降低运营风险并增强电网支持的灵活性。由此产生的最佳能源调度确保了航班时刻表和多种能源需求在电力、热力和氢网络中得到满足。基于曼彻斯特机场真实航班时刻表的案例研究评估了具有不同优化优先级的五种能源调度方案。结果表明，通过提出的多能调度策略，电网的灵活性提高了29.4%，运行风险降低了63.2%。此外，敏感性分析考察了电力和氢价格波动以及不同飞机集成比的影响，确定了机场能源系统高效运行的最佳电力-氢能源需求比。这些研究结果为机场运营商和政策制定者提供了实用的见解，以发展有弹性和可持续的机场能源基础设施，并实施有效的能源战略，以实现零碳机场运营。

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引用次数: 0

Cathode with a temperature-switchable interlayer for thermally self-regulating smart lithium-ion batteries 具有温度可切换中间层的阴极，用于热自动调节智能锂离子电池

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100483

Kehan Le , Chunchun Sang , Qijun Luo , Hui Li , Yongjin Fang , Xinping Ai

Thermal safety is crucial for the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles and energy storage stations. To boost thermal safety of LIBs, we propose herein a reversible temperature-responsive membrane (RTRM) and use this membrane as surface-modification layer of current collector to develop temperature-responsive cathodes. The RTRM is fabricated by uniformly dispersing conductive fillers of short-cut carbon fibers (CCFs) in a blended plastic matrix of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) through solution casting. Benefiting from the large thermal expansion provided by LDPE and good structural reproducibility given rise by the ultra-high melt viscosity of UHMWPE, the as-fabricated RTRM exhibits a strong and reversible positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect, with its resistivity increasing sharply by 7.1 orders of magnitude at 110–120 °C and returning to the initial value reversibly upon cooling down even after 30 thermal cycles. As a result, the LiFePO₄ cathode with the RTRM demonstrates a reversible temperature-switching behavior by spontaneously halting the electrode reaction at elevated temperatures and resuming the electrode reaction upon cooling, thereby providing reversible thermal protection for LIBs. Notably, such a temperature-switchable cathode maintains normal charge-discharge performance even after 28 thermal on/off cycles. This study offers a promising strategy for developing temperature-responsive cathode and thermally self-regulating smart LIBs.

热安全对于锂离子电池在电动汽车和储能站的大规模应用至关重要。为了提高锂离子电池的热安全性，我们提出了一种可逆的温度响应膜（RTRM），并将该膜作为集流器的表面修饰层来制备温度响应阴极。RTRM是在低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）和超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）混合塑料基体中均匀分散导电短切碳纤维（CCFs），通过溶液浇铸法制备的。得益于LDPE的大热膨胀和超高熔体粘度带来的良好结构再现性，制备的RTRM表现出强烈的可逆正温度系数（PTC）效应，其电阻率在110-120℃时急剧增加7.1个数量级，即使在30个热循环后冷却后也能可逆地恢复到初始值。结果表明，具有RTRM的LiFePO4阴极具有可逆的温度开关行为，在高温下自发停止电极反应，冷却后恢复电极反应，从而为锂离子电池提供可逆的热保护。值得注意的是，这种温度可切换阴极即使在28次热开/关循环后也能保持正常的充放电性能。该研究为开发温度响应阴极和热自调节智能锂离子电池提供了一种有前途的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Online generation of full-frequency electrochemical impedance spectra for Lithium-ion batteries using early-stage partial relaxation voltage curve 利用早期部分弛豫电压曲线在线生成锂离子电池全频率电化学阻抗谱

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100482

Jiajun Zhu , Xin Lai , Zhicheng Zhu , Penghui Ke , Yuejiu Zheng , Xiaopeng Tang , Xiang Li , Ye Yuan , Haoyu Chong , Chenhui Yan , Ying Wang , Yanke Lin , Xiaolei Zhou , Yingjie Chen

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) serves as a powerful non-destructive tool for lithium-ion battery state assessment, yet its real-time application faces significant challenges including expensive hardware requirements, time-consuming measurements, and stringent data quality demands. This study develops a hardware-free online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using only relaxation voltage, achieved through a physics-informed neural network (PINN) that predicts full-frequency EIS from early-stage partial relaxation curves. The proposed approach exhibits remarkable insensitivity to battery state of charge and state of health, as validated by a comprehensive dataset containing over 300 impedance spectra from four batteries under various aging conditions. Experimental results demonstrate accurate EIS prediction with relative errors (RE) below 5.6 % and mean absolute errors (MAE) below 1.12 mΩ when using complete relaxation curves. Crucially, the method maintains reliability under practical constraints, achieving maximum RE of 6.1 % and MAE of 1.29 mΩ even with limited sampling data and shortened relaxation curves. By enabling online full-frequency EIS acquisition through relaxation voltage signals without hardware requirements, this work establishes a new paradigm for real-time battery diagnostics, providing valuable insights for state estimation and fault detection in battery management systems.

电化学阻抗谱（EIS）是锂离子电池状态评估的一种强大的非破坏性工具，但其实时应用面临着巨大的挑战，包括昂贵的硬件要求、耗时的测量和严格的数据质量要求。本研究开发了一种仅使用弛豫电压的无硬件在线电化学阻抗谱，通过物理信息神经网络（PINN）实现，该网络可以从早期部分弛豫曲线预测全频率EIS。通过包含4个电池在不同老化条件下的300多个阻抗谱的综合数据集验证了该方法对电池充电状态和健康状态的不敏感性。实验结果表明，使用完全松弛曲线预测EIS的相对误差（RE）小于5.6%，平均绝对误差（MAE）小于1.12 mΩ。至关重要的是，该方法在实际约束下保持了可靠性，即使在有限的采样数据和缩短的松弛曲线下，也实现了最大的6.1%的RE和1.29 mΩ的MAE。通过在没有硬件要求的情况下通过松弛电压信号实现在线全频率EIS采集，这项工作为实时电池诊断建立了一个新的范例，为电池管理系统的状态估计和故障检测提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

A state-of-the-art review on eVTOL thermal management: system architectures, key components and emerging technologies eVTOL热管理的最新研究综述：系统架构、关键组件和新兴技术

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100480

Zhe Li , Peng Xie , Cheng Lin , Guoyu Liu

Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) represent a transformative solution for modern transportation, offering high speed, low noise, and operational flexibility. However, the performance of their powertrains is highly temperature-sensitive, and their operating scenarios and mission profiles differ significantly from those of ground-based electric vehicles (EVs). In addition, cabin thermal regulation significantly affects energy consumption, thereby influencing the flight range. Consequently, an efficient thermal management system (TMS) is essential for eVTOL applications. This paper first reviews eVTOL powertrain architectures, followed by a systematic examination of the corresponding TMS architectures, including their operating principles, characteristics, and limitations. The thermal management requirements of key powertrain components are then analyzed, along with the review of relevant thermal management technologies. Moreover, emerging technologies applicable to eVTOLs are discussed, with an emphasis on their potential to enhance system performance. Finally, current research gaps are identified, and directions for future investigation are proposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dedicated review of thermal management technologies for eVTOLs, aiming to clarify the state of the art, identify existing challenges, and provide valuable insights for researchers and industry practitioners.

电动垂直起降飞机（eVTOL）代表了现代交通运输的变革性解决方案，具有高速度、低噪音和操作灵活性。然而，它们的动力系统性能对温度高度敏感，并且它们的运行场景和任务剖面与地面电动汽车（ev）有很大不同。此外，客舱热调节显著影响能量消耗，从而影响飞行距离。因此，高效的热管理系统（TMS）对于eVTOL应用至关重要。本文首先回顾了eVTOL动力系统架构，然后系统地研究了相应的TMS架构，包括它们的工作原理、特点和局限性。然后分析了关键动力总成部件的热管理要求，并对相关热管理技术进行了综述。此外，还讨论了适用于evtol的新兴技术，重点是它们提高系统性能的潜力。最后，指出了当前研究的不足，并提出了未来研究的方向。据我们所知，这是eVTOLs热管理技术的第一次专门审查，旨在澄清最新技术，确定存在的挑战，并为研究人员和行业从业者提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional modeling with experimental validation of non-PGM polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells 非pgm聚合物电解质膜燃料电池的三维建模与实验验证

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100479

Yiheng Pang , Rui Gao , Yujiang Song , Hui Xu , Yun Wang

High catalyst cost impedes PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) commercialization, making the development of high-performance non-platinum(Pt) group metal (PGM) cathode catalyst layers (CLs) critical for advancing fuel cell technology. CLs contribute to a major portion of PEMFCs cost due to the use of PGM catalysts. To reduce the cost, non-PGM catalysts offer a viable alternative to low-Pt loading. In this study, we develop a three-dimensional (3-D) model to investigate the reaction rate, oxygen, and liquid water distributions in PEMFCs with a focus on the non-PGM cathode catalyst layer, which provides unique insights into electrochemically coupled transport processes that cannot be resolved by reduced-dimension or experimental approaches. Experiments were conducted using two types of non-PGM catalysts, including Fe-N-C and Mn-N-C based materials, to validate the 3-D model predictions. It is shown that CL properties such as catalyst materials, porosity, and ionomer content can play important roles in PEMFCs voltage gain, highlighting the performance impact of non-PGM catalysts. Large variations in the liquid water and oxygen contents occur in the gas diffusion layer from the land to channel under 1 A/cm². The through-plane distributions under the channel show large spatial variations across the non-PGM CLs in oxygen and the electrolyte phase potential. Liquid water shows little change across the catalyst layer based on the 3-D model prediction. These findings advance PEMFC development by informing the design of durable, high-performance non-PGM CLs to reduce fuel cell cost for transportation applications.

高昂的催化剂成本阻碍了PEM燃料电池（PEMFC）的商业化，因此开发高性能的非铂族金属（Pt）阴极催化剂层（CLs）对于推进燃料电池技术至关重要。由于使用了PGM催化剂，CLs占了pemfc成本的很大一部分。为了降低成本，非pgm催化剂为低铂负载提供了可行的替代方案。在这项研究中，我们开发了一个三维（3-D）模型来研究pemfc中的反应速率、氧和液态水分布，重点研究了非pgm阴极催化剂层，这为电化学耦合输运过程提供了独特的见解，这些过程无法通过降维或实验方法来解决。实验使用了两种非pgm催化剂，包括Fe-N-C和Mn-N-C基材料，以验证三维模型的预测。结果表明，催化剂材料、孔隙度和离聚体含量等CL性质对pemfc的电压增益有重要影响，突出了非pgm催化剂对性能的影响。液态水和氧含量在1 A/cm2以下从陆地到通道的气体扩散层中发生较大变化。通道下的通平面分布在氧和电解质相电位中显示出较大的空间差异。根据三维模型预测，液态水在催化剂层上的变化不大。这些发现推动了PEMFC的发展，为设计耐用、高性能的非pgm CLs提供了信息，从而降低了运输应用中燃料电池的成本。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing SOC estimation in LiFePO4 batteries: Enhanced dQ/dV curve and short-pulse methods LiFePO4电池SOC预估：改进的dQ/dV曲线和短脉冲方法

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100466

Yizhao Gao, Simona Onori

Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation for lithium iron phosphate (

{LiFePO}_{4}

) batteries remains challenging due to their inherently flat open-circuit voltage (OCV)–SOC characteristics, which impair observability for conventional voltage-based and equivalent circuit model (ECM) methods. To address this limitation, we propose a DQV-based SOC estimation framework that uses short-duration current pulses to extract informative voltage features. Complete DQV–SOC reference curves are constructed offline across multiple C-rates (

\pm

1/30C,

\pm

0.2C,

\pm

0.5C,

\pm

1C, and

\pm

2C). During operation, voltage responses from brief current pulses are processed via exponential fitting to generate smooth, noise-resilient DQV segments. These segments are fused with the reference data within an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), enabling closed-loop SOC estimation with low computational overhead. Experimental results highlight the significant influence of C-rates on the DQV-based SOC estimator. We observe that pulse currents significantly enhance SOC estimation convergence across the full SOC range [0, 1]. However, employing a single C-rate pulse may not ensure robustness across diverse SOC ranges, emphasizing the importance of carefully selecting C-rates to achieve SOC estimation convergence throughout the entire SOC range of [0, 1]. This research contributes to advancing reliable management practices for

{LiFePO}_{4}

batteries in electric vehicles.

由于磷酸铁锂（LiFePO4）电池固有的平坦开路电压(OCV) -SOC特性，影响了传统基于电压和等效电路模型（ECM）方法的可观察性，因此对其进行准确的荷电状态（SOC）估计仍然具有挑战性。为了解决这一限制，我们提出了一种基于dqv的SOC估计框架，该框架使用短持续时间电流脉冲提取信息电压特征。完整的DQV-SOC参考曲线在多种c -rate（±1/30C，±0.2C，±0.5C，±1C和±2C）下离线构建。在运行过程中，通过指数拟合处理短电流脉冲的电压响应，生成平滑、抗噪声的DQV段。这些片段与Unscented卡尔曼滤波器（UKF）中的参考数据融合，以低计算开销实现闭环SOC估计。实验结果表明，c率对基于dqv的SOC估计器有显著影响。我们观察到脉冲电流显著增强了整个SOC范围内SOC估计的收敛性[0,1]。然而，采用单一c -速率脉冲可能无法确保在不同SOC范围内的鲁棒性，这强调了在整个SOC范围内仔细选择c -速率以实现SOC估计收敛的重要性[0,1]。该研究有助于推进电动汽车磷酸铁锂电池的可靠管理实践。

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引用次数: 0

A reconfigurable battery system for a Tesla Model Y: Package and efficiency analysis 特斯拉Y型可重构电池系统：封装与效率分析

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100464

Andreas Wiedenmann , Julian Estaller , Johannes Buberger , Wolfgang Grupp , Manuel Kuder , Antje Neve , Thomas Weyh

This study investigates the integration of a modular multilevel inverter-based reconfigurable battery system into an existing electric vehicle. The aim is to evaluate how such systems can replace conventional traction inverters, battery management systems, and on-board chargers. To this end, a classification of the different topology levels and possible forms of integration of power electronics, control logic, and driver electronics is performed. A Tesla Model Y’s traction battery is redesigned, retaining its structural properties and the 4680 cell format. A package analysis shows that the multilevel system occupies a volume comparable to the conventional battery pack, while the volume previously reserved for dedicated power electronics becomes available. Efficiency simulations demonstrate that the multilevel inverter can increase the overall vehicle efficiency, especially in situations with low driving speeds and high torque requirements. As a result, WLTP energy consumption is reduced from 14.9 kWh/100km to 14.5 kWh/100km. However, the battery efficiency is reduced at higher speeds due to higher cell currents. In addition, the system enables bidirectional charging at full system power, including supply to external loads or the grid, and a more integrated vehicle architecture.

本研究探讨了一种基于多电平逆变器的模块化可重构电池系统与现有电动汽车的集成。目的是评估这种系统如何取代传统的牵引逆变器、电池管理系统和车载充电器。为此，对电力电子器件、控制逻辑和驱动电子器件的不同拓扑级别和可能的集成形式进行了分类。特斯拉Y型的牵引电池进行了重新设计，保留了其结构特性和4680电池格式。封装分析表明，多电平系统占用的体积与传统电池组相当，而以前为专用电力电子设备保留的体积变得可用。效率仿真结果表明，多电平逆变器可以提高整车效率，特别是在低速和高转矩要求的情况下。因此，WLTP能耗从14.9千瓦时/100公里降低到14.5千瓦时/100公里。然而，由于更高的电池电流，电池效率在更高的速度下会降低。此外，该系统还可以在全系统功率下进行双向充电，包括向外部负载或电网供电，以及更集成的车辆架构。

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引用次数: 0