Abstract Eighty-two species are recognized in the present revision of South American Draba L., of which D. humbertii Al-Shehbaz, D. quearaensis Al-Shehbaz, and D. yungayensis Al-Shehbaz are described as new from Venezuela, Bolivia, and Peru, respectively. The generic limits and current knowledge of molecular, cytological, breeding systems, and distributional data are briefly discussed primarily in connection with the South American representatives. Lectotypes are designated for Nesodraba Greene and 32 species and infraspecific taxa, including D. aretioides Humb. & Bonpl., D. aretioides var. leiocarpa O. E. Schulz, D. atuelica Chodat & Wilczek, D. atuelica var. histutior O. E. Schulz, D. benthamiana Gilg, D. brackenridgei A. Gray, D. cheiranthoides Hook. f., D. cheiranthoides var. leiocarpa O. E. Schulz, D. chodatii O. E. Schulz var. subtorta O. E. Schulz, D. cryptantha Hook. f., D. depressa Hook. f., D. discoidea Wedd., D. extensa Wedd., D. farsetioides Linden & Planch., D. gilliesii Hook. & Arn., D. grandiflora Hook. & Arn., D. hemsleyana Gilg, D. herzogii O. E. Schulz, D. obovata Benth. var. dasycarpa O. E. Schulz, D. pachythyrsa Triana & Planch., D. pamplonensis Planch. & Linden, D. pickeringii A. Gray, D. pseudoeuryops Linden & Planch., D. pulvinata Turcz., D. rosularis Chodat & Wilczek, D. schoenleinii F. Meigen, D. scopulorum Wedd., D. scopulorum var. elongata Wedd., D. siliquosa Hook. f. var. antisana Hook. f., D. splendens Gilg, D. thlaspiformis (Phil.) Al-Shehbaz, and D. violacea Humb. & Bonpl. Two other taxa are synonymized here under what follows in parentheses: D.macleaniiHook. f. var. stylosa A. Gray (=D. pickeringii) and D. solitaria O. E. Schulz (=D. ochropetala O. E. Schulz). Draba confertifolia Turcz. and D. pycnophylla Turcz. are reported here for the first time as new to Colombia, D. discoidea and D. soratensis Wedd. as new to Peru, and D. cuzcoensis O. E. Schulz as new to Bolivia.
{"title":"A Monograph of the South American Species of Draba (Brassicaceae)","authors":"I. Al‐Shehbaz","doi":"10.3417/2018184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2018184","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Eighty-two species are recognized in the present revision of South American Draba L., of which D. humbertii Al-Shehbaz, D. quearaensis Al-Shehbaz, and D. yungayensis Al-Shehbaz are described as new from Venezuela, Bolivia, and Peru, respectively. The generic limits and current knowledge of molecular, cytological, breeding systems, and distributional data are briefly discussed primarily in connection with the South American representatives. Lectotypes are designated for Nesodraba Greene and 32 species and infraspecific taxa, including D. aretioides Humb. & Bonpl., D. aretioides var. leiocarpa O. E. Schulz, D. atuelica Chodat & Wilczek, D. atuelica var. histutior O. E. Schulz, D. benthamiana Gilg, D. brackenridgei A. Gray, D. cheiranthoides Hook. f., D. cheiranthoides var. leiocarpa O. E. Schulz, D. chodatii O. E. Schulz var. subtorta O. E. Schulz, D. cryptantha Hook. f., D. depressa Hook. f., D. discoidea Wedd., D. extensa Wedd., D. farsetioides Linden & Planch., D. gilliesii Hook. & Arn., D. grandiflora Hook. & Arn., D. hemsleyana Gilg, D. herzogii O. E. Schulz, D. obovata Benth. var. dasycarpa O. E. Schulz, D. pachythyrsa Triana & Planch., D. pamplonensis Planch. & Linden, D. pickeringii A. Gray, D. pseudoeuryops Linden & Planch., D. pulvinata Turcz., D. rosularis Chodat & Wilczek, D. schoenleinii F. Meigen, D. scopulorum Wedd., D. scopulorum var. elongata Wedd., D. siliquosa Hook. f. var. antisana Hook. f., D. splendens Gilg, D. thlaspiformis (Phil.) Al-Shehbaz, and D. violacea Humb. & Bonpl. Two other taxa are synonymized here under what follows in parentheses: D.macleaniiHook. f. var. stylosa A. Gray (=D. pickeringii) and D. solitaria O. E. Schulz (=D. ochropetala O. E. Schulz). Draba confertifolia Turcz. and D. pycnophylla Turcz. are reported here for the first time as new to Colombia, D. discoidea and D. soratensis Wedd. as new to Peru, and D. cuzcoensis O. E. Schulz as new to Bolivia.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"463 - 590"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2018184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49610155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract All Onagraceae for which data are available have vestured pits on vessel-to-vessel pit pairs. Vestures may also be present in some species on the vessel side of vessel-to-ray pit pairs. Herbaceous Onagraceae do not have fewer vestures, although woods with lower density (Circaea L. and Oenothera L.) have fewer vestures. Some Onagraceae from drier areas tend to have smaller vessel pits, and on that account may have fewer vestures (Epilobium L. and Megacorax S. González & W. L. Wagner). Pit apertures as seen on the lumen side of vessel walls are elliptical, occasionally oval, throughout the family. Vestures are predominantly attached to pit aperture margins. As seen from the outer surfaces of vessels, vestures may extend across the pit cavities. Vestures are usually absent or smaller on the distal portions of pit borders (except for Ludwigia L., which grows consistently in wet areas). Distinctive vesture patterns were observed in the several species of Lopezia Cav. and in Xylonagra Donn. Sm. & Rose. Vestures spread onto the lumen-facing vessel walls of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven. Although the genera are presented here in the sequence of a recent molecular phylogeny of Onagraceae, ecology and growth forms are more important than evolutionary relationships with respect to abundance, degree of grouping, and morphology of vestured pits. Designation of vesture types is not warranted based on the distribution of named types in Onagraceae and descriptive adjectives seem more useful, although more data on vesturing in the family are needed before patterns of diversity and their extent can be fully ascertained. Vestures are less common and may have a more complicated genetic basis than helical thickenings in vessels, but may be a more effective form of water column maintenance.
{"title":"Vestured Pits in Wood of Onagraceae: Correlations with Ecology, Habit, and Phylogeny1","authors":"S. Carlquist, P. Raven","doi":"10.3417/D1700001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/D1700001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 All Onagraceae for which data are available have vestured pits on vessel-to-vessel pit pairs. Vestures may also be present in some species on the vessel side of vessel-to-ray pit pairs. Herbaceous Onagraceae do not have fewer vestures, although woods with lower density (Circaea L. and Oenothera L.) have fewer vestures. Some Onagraceae from drier areas tend to have smaller vessel pits, and on that account may have fewer vestures (Epilobium L. and Megacorax S. González & W. L. Wagner). Pit apertures as seen on the lumen side of vessel walls are elliptical, occasionally oval, throughout the family. Vestures are predominantly attached to pit aperture margins. As seen from the outer surfaces of vessels, vestures may extend across the pit cavities. Vestures are usually absent or smaller on the distal portions of pit borders (except for Ludwigia L., which grows consistently in wet areas). Distinctive vesture patterns were observed in the several species of Lopezia Cav. and in Xylonagra Donn. Sm. & Rose. Vestures spread onto the lumen-facing vessel walls of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven. Although the genera are presented here in the sequence of a recent molecular phylogeny of Onagraceae, ecology and growth forms are more important than evolutionary relationships with respect to abundance, degree of grouping, and morphology of vestured pits. Designation of vesture types is not warranted based on the distribution of named types in Onagraceae and descriptive adjectives seem more useful, although more data on vesturing in the family are needed before patterns of diversity and their extent can be fully ascertained. Vestures are less common and may have a more complicated genetic basis than helical thickenings in vessels, but may be a more effective form of water column maintenance.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"443 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/D1700001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47121698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhibin Tao, A. Wortley, Lu Lu, De‐Zhu Li, Hong Wang, S. Blackmore
Abstract Analyzing pollen morphological data on a contemporary phylogenetic framework can enhance our understanding of the distribution, diversity, and evolution of palynological characters. In this paper, the sixth in a series detailing pollen morphological characters across angiosperms, we focus on the Celastrales, Oxalidales, and Malpighiales (COM) clade and Zygophyllales, together comprising ca. 20,000 species in 47 families within fabids. We first examined pollen grains from 21 species with light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, to illustrate pollen diversity within the COM clade and Zygophyllales. Second, based on a reexamination of previously published pollen data and our new observations, we optimized 21 pollen characters on a maximum likelihood (ML) tree of 169 genera in 45 families representing all four orders, using Fitch parsimony, ML, and hierarchical Bayesian inference. The pollen morphology of this group displays great diversity, particularly in size, aperture number, supratectal element shape, and tectum sculpture. Plesiomorphic states for 18 characters were inferred unambiguously under all methods for the COM clade, and over 300 character state changes were hypothesized by each analysis on lineages at different levels within the group. Changes of state were found to occur most frequently in the characters outline in polar view, pollen size, and tectum sculpture; changes of state occurred least frequently in the characters dispersal unit, symmetry, and tectum presence/absence. We identified diagnostic character states for several monophyletic clades and explored palynological evidence to shed light on some unresolved relationships. For example, the previously poorly resolved Malpighiales were found to be distinguished by a single pollen character state change (from annulus absent to present). Patterns of evolutionary change in several notable pollen characters, such as the number of pollen apertures (from three to other states) and tectum sculpture (from perforate to reticulate), were further confirmed, and their possible adaptive functions are proposed. Reflecting current interest in the relationship between pollen morphology and pollination syndrome, we conducted tests of correlated evolution between pollen morphology and pollination syndrome, with results demonstrating significant correlations between a thin exine and anemophily and, unexpectedly, between presence of supratectal elements and anemophily. Evidence for previously postulated evolutionary trends in aperture number (increasing), tectum sculpture (from perforate to reticulate), and infratectum structure (from columellate to granulate) is discussed. The relatively high frequency of state changes in presence or absence of supratectal elements may be linked to switches in pollination syndrome within this group.
{"title":"Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 6. The Celastrales, Oxalidales, and Malpighiales (Com) Clade and Zygophyllales1","authors":"Zhibin Tao, A. Wortley, Lu Lu, De‐Zhu Li, Hong Wang, S. Blackmore","doi":"10.3417/2018074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2018074","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 Analyzing pollen morphological data on a contemporary phylogenetic framework can enhance our understanding of the distribution, diversity, and evolution of palynological characters. In this paper, the sixth in a series detailing pollen morphological characters across angiosperms, we focus on the Celastrales, Oxalidales, and Malpighiales (COM) clade and Zygophyllales, together comprising ca. 20,000 species in 47 families within fabids. We first examined pollen grains from 21 species with light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, to illustrate pollen diversity within the COM clade and Zygophyllales. Second, based on a reexamination of previously published pollen data and our new observations, we optimized 21 pollen characters on a maximum likelihood (ML) tree of 169 genera in 45 families representing all four orders, using Fitch parsimony, ML, and hierarchical Bayesian inference. The pollen morphology of this group displays great diversity, particularly in size, aperture number, supratectal element shape, and tectum sculpture. Plesiomorphic states for 18 characters were inferred unambiguously under all methods for the COM clade, and over 300 character state changes were hypothesized by each analysis on lineages at different levels within the group. Changes of state were found to occur most frequently in the characters outline in polar view, pollen size, and tectum sculpture; changes of state occurred least frequently in the characters dispersal unit, symmetry, and tectum presence/absence. We identified diagnostic character states for several monophyletic clades and explored palynological evidence to shed light on some unresolved relationships. For example, the previously poorly resolved Malpighiales were found to be distinguished by a single pollen character state change (from annulus absent to present). Patterns of evolutionary change in several notable pollen characters, such as the number of pollen apertures (from three to other states) and tectum sculpture (from perforate to reticulate), were further confirmed, and their possible adaptive functions are proposed. Reflecting current interest in the relationship between pollen morphology and pollination syndrome, we conducted tests of correlated evolution between pollen morphology and pollination syndrome, with results demonstrating significant correlations between a thin exine and anemophily and, unexpectedly, between presence of supratectal elements and anemophily. Evidence for previously postulated evolutionary trends in aperture number (increasing), tectum sculpture (from perforate to reticulate), and infratectum structure (from columellate to granulate) is discussed. The relatively high frequency of state changes in presence or absence of supratectal elements may be linked to switches in pollination syndrome within this group.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"393 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2018074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42255096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A taxonomic revision of Trisetum Pers. sect. Trisetum is presented. We include descriptions and synonyms of each taxon from a study of 894 vouchers from 45 herbaria. Detailed morphometric descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, an identification key, and habitat data are given for each taxon. Morphometric variation of the main characters is shown by box plots. Thirty-one names are lectotypified. Two neotypes are designated. We recognize eight species of Trisetum in the section: T. alpestre (Host) P. Beauv., T. altaicum Stephan ex Roshev., T. bertolonii Jonsell, T. flavescens (L.) P. Beauv., T. fuscum Schult., T. glaciale (Bory) Boiss., T. gracile (Moris) Boiss., and T. laconicum Boiss. & Orph. Two infraspecific taxa of T. flavescens are recognized (T. flavescens subsp. flavescens and T. flavescens subsp. griseovirens (H. Lindb.) Dobignard). Six of the eight species of Trisetum sect. Trisetum are endemic to the different European mountain ranges, while T. altaicum grows in the Altai and Tian Shan Mountains, and in the mountains of northern Mongolia and southern Russia, and T. flavescens is widespread in temperate regions of Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Vegetative propagation by pseudoviviparism is observed for the first time in specimens of T. flavescens subsp. flavescens.
文章摘要：植物三柱门的一个分类学修订。呈现Trisetum。我们对来自45个植物标本馆的894个凭证进行了研究，其中包括每个分类单元的描述和同义词。每个分类单元都有详细的形态计量描述、插图、分布图、识别密钥和栖息地数据。主要性状的形态变异以箱型图表示。31个名字被选为典型。指定了两种新型。我们在该节中识别出八种Trisetum：T.alpestre（宿主）P.Beauv。，T.altaicum Stephan ex Roshev。，T.bertolonii-Jonsell、T.flavescens（L.）P.Beauv。，T.fuscum-Schult。，T.glaciale（Bory）Boiss。，T.gracile（Moris）Boiss。，和T.laconicum Boiss。&孤儿。已识别出两个黄曲霉的亚种分类群（黄曲霉黄亚种和黄曲霉灰绿病毒亚种（H.Lindb.）Dobignard）。Trisetum教派八个物种中的六个。Trisetum是欧洲不同山脉的特有植物，而T.altaium生长在阿尔泰和天山山脉，以及蒙古北部和俄罗斯南部的山区，而T.flavescens广泛分布在欧洲、西亚和北非的温带地区。首次在苦参亚种标本中观察到假活体繁殖的营养繁殖。黄。
{"title":"Taxonomic Revision of Trisetum Sect. Trisetum (Poaceae: Pooideae: Aveninae) from Eurasia and North Africa1","authors":"P. Barberá, C. Romero-Zarco, C. Aedo","doi":"10.3417/2018067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2018067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 A taxonomic revision of Trisetum Pers. sect. Trisetum is presented. We include descriptions and synonyms of each taxon from a study of 894 vouchers from 45 herbaria. Detailed morphometric descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, an identification key, and habitat data are given for each taxon. Morphometric variation of the main characters is shown by box plots. Thirty-one names are lectotypified. Two neotypes are designated. We recognize eight species of Trisetum in the section: T. alpestre (Host) P. Beauv., T. altaicum Stephan ex Roshev., T. bertolonii Jonsell, T. flavescens (L.) P. Beauv., T. fuscum Schult., T. glaciale (Bory) Boiss., T. gracile (Moris) Boiss., and T. laconicum Boiss. & Orph. Two infraspecific taxa of T. flavescens are recognized (T. flavescens subsp. flavescens and T. flavescens subsp. griseovirens (H. Lindb.) Dobignard). Six of the eight species of Trisetum sect. Trisetum are endemic to the different European mountain ranges, while T. altaicum grows in the Altai and Tian Shan Mountains, and in the mountains of northern Mongolia and southern Russia, and T. flavescens is widespread in temperate regions of Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Vegetative propagation by pseudoviviparism is observed for the first time in specimens of T. flavescens subsp. flavescens.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"350 - 392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2018067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46707110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Riina, P. Berry, R. S. Secco, Winfried Meier, M. B. Caruzo
Abstract Ongoing studies of Neotropical Euphorbiaceae have uncovered a surprising number of new species belonging to Croton L. sect. Cleodora (Klotzsch) Baill., one of the better studied clades in the genus. Here we describe six new species and reclassify three others that were either misplaced to section or regarded as species of unknown phylogenetic affinity in previous studies. The new species are all from South America, and five of them are restricted to the Amazon region. We update the most recent taxonomic revision of Croton sect. Cleodora by providing a new taxon list and an identification key for the 27 currently recognized species. Sixteen species occur in lowland forested areas of the Amazon basin. Our finding calls attention to the Neotropics, and the Amazon region in particular, where information about the flora and species geographic ranges is still incomplete, even for relatively well-studied plant groups.
{"title":"Reassessment of Croton sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae) Points to the Amazon Basin as Its Main Center of Diversity1","authors":"R. Riina, P. Berry, R. S. Secco, Winfried Meier, M. B. Caruzo","doi":"10.3417/2018131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2018131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ongoing studies of Neotropical Euphorbiaceae have uncovered a surprising number of new species belonging to Croton L. sect. Cleodora (Klotzsch) Baill., one of the better studied clades in the genus. Here we describe six new species and reclassify three others that were either misplaced to section or regarded as species of unknown phylogenetic affinity in previous studies. The new species are all from South America, and five of them are restricted to the Amazon region. We update the most recent taxonomic revision of Croton sect. Cleodora by providing a new taxon list and an identification key for the 27 currently recognized species. Sixteen species occur in lowland forested areas of the Amazon basin. Our finding calls attention to the Neotropics, and the Amazon region in particular, where information about the flora and species geographic ranges is still incomplete, even for relatively well-studied plant groups.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"330 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2018131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43860675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Plant geography seeks to describe the patterns of species distributions and understand the underlying mechanisms. The foundation of the field is attributed to Alexander von Humboldt following the broad-scale insights he gained on his explorations of the New World two centuries ago. Today, in the age of “Big Data,” advances in methods and data availability allow us to better assess the complex drivers of species distributions. In this essay, we give an overview of the relevant legacy of Humboldt in the field of plant geography. Comparing the foremost insights and approaches of Humboldt's time and of today, we highlight areas in which major changes have taken place and areas in which Humboldt's approach is still relevant. We present advances in the description and understanding of plant geography, which have changed our entire worldview to a much more dynamic one. Further, we present some of the outstanding challenges of the field, and how solving them requires going back to the “Humboldtian” approach to science, i.e., combining precise, quantitative empirical studies with a holistic approach. Finally, we discuss how our recognition of the planetary impact of humans in the Anthropocene means that much of our research is no longer exclusively driven by curiosity, but also by the societal need to make predictions of ecosystem responses to environmental change. There is thus a strong need for combining quantitative empiricism with a holistic perspective to address the complex challenges of the current epoch.
{"title":"Geography of Plants in the New World: Humboldt's Relevance in the Age of Big Data 1","authors":"N. Morueta‐Holme, J. Svenning","doi":"10.3417/2018110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2018110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000 Plant geography seeks to describe the patterns of species distributions and understand the underlying mechanisms. The foundation of the field is attributed to Alexander von Humboldt following the broad-scale insights he gained on his explorations of the New World two centuries ago. Today, in the age of “Big Data,” advances in methods and data availability allow us to better assess the complex drivers of species distributions. In this essay, we give an overview of the relevant legacy of Humboldt in the field of plant geography. Comparing the foremost insights and approaches of Humboldt's time and of today, we highlight areas in which major changes have taken place and areas in which Humboldt's approach is still relevant. We present advances in the description and understanding of plant geography, which have changed our entire worldview to a much more dynamic one. Further, we present some of the outstanding challenges of the field, and how solving them requires going back to the “Humboldtian” approach to science, i.e., combining precise, quantitative empirical studies with a holistic approach. Finally, we discuss how our recognition of the planetary impact of humans in the Anthropocene means that much of our research is no longer exclusively driven by curiosity, but also by the societal need to make predictions of ecosystem responses to environmental change. There is thus a strong need for combining quantitative empiricism with a holistic perspective to address the complex challenges of the current epoch.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"315 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2018110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41576894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. of Passiflora L., the section Xerogona (Raf.) Killip (Passifloraceae) is a group of herbaceous vines found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas. Primarily distributed in Central America, with a few also found in the West Indies and South America, the species of Passiflora sect. Xerogona are recognized by their unusual dehiscent capsular fruit, the absence of bracts and laminar nectaries, and their transversely grooved seeds. Passiflora tenella Killip is the only species included in Passiflora sect. Xerogona with a fruit that does not appear to be a capsule, but the shape of the leaves and the absence of floral bracts and laminar nectaries suggest affiliation with this section. Fifteen species, including two subspecies, are recognized within Passiflora sect. Xerogona. Passiflora cobanensis Killip is distinguished as two subspecies, P. cobanensis subsp. cobanensis and P. cobanensis subsp. brevipes (Killip) T. Boza, with the latter subspecies transferred from P. brevipes Killip. From previous species circumscriptions, this section contains two problematic species complexes for P. capsularis L. and P. rubra L. The morphological variation between and within these two species complexes was examined in this study, using Principal Component Analysis and correlation matrices of morphological characters, and this variation was studied throughout their distributional ranges. Passiflora capsularis is recognized as a single variable species. Two species are recognized within the P. rubra complex, based primarily on floral characters, as P. cisnana Harms and P. rubra. Passiflora cisnana is lectotypified.
Decaloba亚属(DC.)Rchb。西番莲属植物，干果科(Raf.)Killip(西番莲科)是一组草本藤本植物，发现于美洲的亚热带和热带地区。西番莲科的西番莲主要分布在中美洲，在西印度群岛和南美洲也发现了一些，西番莲科的西番莲以其不寻常的开裂的蒴果，没有苞片和层状蜜腺，以及它们的横槽种子而被识别。西番莲(Passiflora tenella Killip)是西番莲科(Xerogona)中唯一的一种，其果实看起来不像蒴果，但其叶子的形状和没有花苞片和层状蜜腺表明其与该科有关。在西番莲科中有15种，包括2个亚种。西番莲(pasflora cobanensis Killip)分为两个亚种。cobanensis和cobanensis亚种。brevipes (Killip) T. Boza，后者亚种是从P. brevipes Killip转移过来的。从以往的物种划分中，本节包含了荚膜紫檀和紫檀两个有问题的物种复合体。本研究利用主成分分析和形态特征相关矩阵分析了这两个物种复合体之间和内部的形态变化，并研究了这种变化在它们的整个分布范围内。荚膜西番莲是公认的单变种。两种被认为是在紫霞复合体内，主要基于花的特征，作为紫霞和紫霞。西番莲是典型的。
{"title":"A Taxonomic Revision of Passiflora sect. Xerogona (Passifloraceae) Using Principal Component Analysis1","authors":"T. E. B. Espinoza, P. M. Jørgensen, J. MacDougal","doi":"10.3417/2017055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2017055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. of Passiflora L., the section Xerogona (Raf.) Killip (Passifloraceae) is a group of herbaceous vines found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas. Primarily distributed in Central America, with a few also found in the West Indies and South America, the species of Passiflora sect. Xerogona are recognized by their unusual dehiscent capsular fruit, the absence of bracts and laminar nectaries, and their transversely grooved seeds. Passiflora tenella Killip is the only species included in Passiflora sect. Xerogona with a fruit that does not appear to be a capsule, but the shape of the leaves and the absence of floral bracts and laminar nectaries suggest affiliation with this section. Fifteen species, including two subspecies, are recognized within Passiflora sect. Xerogona. Passiflora cobanensis Killip is distinguished as two subspecies, P. cobanensis subsp. cobanensis and P. cobanensis subsp. brevipes (Killip) T. Boza, with the latter subspecies transferred from P. brevipes Killip. From previous species circumscriptions, this section contains two problematic species complexes for P. capsularis L. and P. rubra L. The morphological variation between and within these two species complexes was examined in this study, using Principal Component Analysis and correlation matrices of morphological characters, and this variation was studied throughout their distributional ranges. Passiflora capsularis is recognized as a single variable species. Two species are recognized within the P. rubra complex, based primarily on floral characters, as P. cisnana Harms and P. rubra. Passiflora cisnana is lectotypified.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"258 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2017055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42655807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae) includes approximately 60 species of which 43 occur in Mexico, with 32 endemic to the country. Through morphological and molecular investigations, the species of the genus are taxonomically revised. A broad generic circumscription is recognized and includes species traditionally recognized as members of Lithospermum as well as other New World Lithospermeae. Three new species are described from northern Mexico—Lithospermum chihuahuanum J. I. Cohen, Lithospermum kelloggianum J. I. Cohen, and Lithospermum tenerum J. I. Cohen—and each is known from only its type specimen. Lasiarrhenum confundum B. L. Turner is transferred to Lithospermum confundum (B. L. Turner) J. I. Cohen on the basis of flowers similar to those of Lithospermum trinervium (Lehm.) J. I. Cohen. The type for Pentalophus A. DC. is designated. Lectotypes are designated for Lithospermum albicans Greene [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm.], Lithospermum approximatum Brand [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], Lithospermum breviflorum Engelm. & A. Gray [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm.], Lithospermum cobrense Greene, Lithospermum cognatum Greene ex Spengle [= Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A. Gray], Lithospermum euryphyllum Brand [= Lithospermum oblongifolium Greenm.], Lithospermum galeottii Brand [= Lithospermum calycosum (J. F. Macbr.) I. M. Johnst.], Lithospermum gentianoides Brand [= Lithospermum obovatum J. F. Macbr.], Lithospermum hoyasense Brand [= Lithospermum calcicola B. L. Rob.], Lithospermum laevigatum Sessé & Moc. [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], Lithospermum madrense Brand [= Lithospermum calcicola B. L. Rob.], Lithospermum matamorense DC., Lithospermum nelsonii Greenm., Lithospermum obtusiflorum Sessé & Moc. [= Lithospermum discolor M. Martens & Galeotti], Lithospermum sordidum Brand [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], and Lithospermum spathulatum M. Martens & Galeotti [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega]. Lithospermum viride Greene is neotypified.
摘要紫草属植物(Boraginaceae)约60种，其中43种产自墨西哥，32种为墨西哥特有。通过形态学和分子学的研究，对该属的种进行了分类修正。广泛的属界已被确认，包括传统上被认为是石芋科成员的物种以及其他新世界石芋科。在墨西哥北部描述了三个新种——chihuahuaum J. I. Cohen, Lithospermum kelloggianum J. I. Cohen和Lithospermum tenerum J. I. Cohen，每一种都仅从其模式标本中已知。由于花与紫花草(Lithospermum trintervium, Lehm)的花相似，因此将Lasiarrhenum conundum b.l. Turner改为Lithospermum conundum (b.l. Turner) j.i. Cohen。j·i·科恩。五足鼠的类型。是指定的。选型指定为白色石精草(Lithospermum albicans Greene) [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm]。]，紫草[=紫草]，短草[=紫草]。& A. Gray [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm]。[=何首乌，何首乌[=何首乌];[A. Gray]，紫草[=紫草];[j]; [c]; [c]约翰。[j]，龙胆草品牌[=倒卵黄草J. F. Macbr。[=紫草草calcicola b.l. Rob.];[a]; [c];[= Lithospermum distichum Ortega]， Lithospermum madrense Brand [= Lithospermum calcicola b.l. Rob.][英文];Lithospermum matamorense DC。;紫草;，紫穗草;[= Lithospermum discolor M. Martens & Galeotti]， Lithospermum sordidum Brand [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega]，以及spathulatum M. Martens & Galeotti [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega]。绿蕨属新类型。
{"title":"A Revision of the Mexican Species of Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) 1","authors":"J. Cohen","doi":"10.3417/2011067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2011067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae) includes approximately 60 species of which 43 occur in Mexico, with 32 endemic to the country. Through morphological and molecular investigations, the species of the genus are taxonomically revised. A broad generic circumscription is recognized and includes species traditionally recognized as members of Lithospermum as well as other New World Lithospermeae. Three new species are described from northern Mexico—Lithospermum chihuahuanum J. I. Cohen, Lithospermum kelloggianum J. I. Cohen, and Lithospermum tenerum J. I. Cohen—and each is known from only its type specimen. Lasiarrhenum confundum B. L. Turner is transferred to Lithospermum confundum (B. L. Turner) J. I. Cohen on the basis of flowers similar to those of Lithospermum trinervium (Lehm.) J. I. Cohen. The type for Pentalophus A. DC. is designated. Lectotypes are designated for Lithospermum albicans Greene [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm.], Lithospermum approximatum Brand [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], Lithospermum breviflorum Engelm. & A. Gray [= Lithospermum incisum Lehm.], Lithospermum cobrense Greene, Lithospermum cognatum Greene ex Spengle [= Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A. Gray], Lithospermum euryphyllum Brand [= Lithospermum oblongifolium Greenm.], Lithospermum galeottii Brand [= Lithospermum calycosum (J. F. Macbr.) I. M. Johnst.], Lithospermum gentianoides Brand [= Lithospermum obovatum J. F. Macbr.], Lithospermum hoyasense Brand [= Lithospermum calcicola B. L. Rob.], Lithospermum laevigatum Sessé & Moc. [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], Lithospermum madrense Brand [= Lithospermum calcicola B. L. Rob.], Lithospermum matamorense DC., Lithospermum nelsonii Greenm., Lithospermum obtusiflorum Sessé & Moc. [= Lithospermum discolor M. Martens & Galeotti], Lithospermum sordidum Brand [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega], and Lithospermum spathulatum M. Martens & Galeotti [= Lithospermum distichum Ortega]. Lithospermum viride Greene is neotypified.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"200 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2011067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41980698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The pantropical genus Tectaria Cav. (Tectariaceae) is one of the largest fern genera. It has been estimated to contain ca. 210 mostly tropical species in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean islands. Tectaria had perhaps been the most confusing fern genus in terms of its circumscription and phylogeny. Recent studies have recircumscribed Tectaria and resolved the relationships within the genus. However, no efforts have been made to propose an infrageneric classification of the genus based on molecular and morphological evidence. In the present study, we synthesize chloroplast and nuclear DNA evidence, morphology, and/or distribution information and divide Tectaria into four subgenera: Tectaria subg. Ctenitopsis (Ching ex Tardieu & C. Chr.) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (comb. & stat. nov.), Tectaria subg. Phlebiogonium (Fée) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (comb. & stat. nov.), Tectaria subg. Tectaria, and Tectaria subg. Tectaridium (Copel.) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (comb. & stat. nov.). The latter three are further divided into seven, two, and two sections, respectively. Sixteen generic names are synonymized to individual infrageneric taxa, while four generic names are only synonymized to Tectaria because of inadequate data. A key to the infrageneric taxa is given. A nomenclatural account of each infrageneric taxon is provided.
泛热带仙人掌属。是最大的蕨类植物属之一。据估计，在非洲、美洲、亚洲、印度洋和太平洋岛屿上大约有210种，主要是热带物种。就其界限和系统发育而言，木蕨可能是最令人困惑的蕨类属。最近的研究重新界定了茶树属，并解决了属内的关系。然而，没有人根据分子和形态证据提出该属的近属分类。在本研究中，我们综合了叶绿体和细胞核的DNA证据、形态和/或分布信息，并将其划分为四个亚属:栉水母(Ching ex Tardieu & C. Chr.)张李兵和张亮(梳)。& stat. 11)，浙江分公司。静脉导管(f)张李兵张亮(梳)& stat. 11)，浙江分公司。泰克塔利亚和泰克塔利亚。Tectaridium(科普尔铜镍合金)。张李兵和张亮(梳)。&统计11月)。后三部分又分别分为七节、二节和二节。有16个属名与单属分类群具有同义性，而4个属名由于资料不足，仅与赤藓属有同义性。本文还给出了亚属分类群的钥匙。对每一个属内分类单元都作了命名说明。
{"title":"A Classification of the Fern Genus Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiales) Based on Molecular and Morphological Evidence1","authors":"Liang Zhang, Li‐Bing Zhang","doi":"10.3417/2017007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2017007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The pantropical genus Tectaria Cav. (Tectariaceae) is one of the largest fern genera. It has been estimated to contain ca. 210 mostly tropical species in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean islands. Tectaria had perhaps been the most confusing fern genus in terms of its circumscription and phylogeny. Recent studies have recircumscribed Tectaria and resolved the relationships within the genus. However, no efforts have been made to propose an infrageneric classification of the genus based on molecular and morphological evidence. In the present study, we synthesize chloroplast and nuclear DNA evidence, morphology, and/or distribution information and divide Tectaria into four subgenera: Tectaria subg. Ctenitopsis (Ching ex Tardieu & C. Chr.) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (comb. & stat. nov.), Tectaria subg. Phlebiogonium (Fée) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (comb. & stat. nov.), Tectaria subg. Tectaria, and Tectaria subg. Tectaridium (Copel.) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (comb. & stat. nov.). The latter three are further divided into seven, two, and two sections, respectively. Sixteen generic names are synonymized to individual infrageneric taxa, while four generic names are only synonymized to Tectaria because of inadequate data. A key to the infrageneric taxa is given. A nomenclatural account of each infrageneric taxon is provided.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"188 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2017007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44773579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resumen Tristagma Poepp. (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae) se caracteriza morfológicamente por la combinación de una espata compuesta por dos brcteas connadas en la base, un tubo floral que siempre cubre al ovario y filamentos estaminales dispuestos en dos series. Tanto la circunscripción genérica, como la de las especies de Tristagma ha sido fuente de confusión, principalmente debido a la dificultad de encontrar ejemplares de herbario completos, la floración temprana, la abundancia de taxones descritos o transferidos a Tristagma y la falta de una clave para las especies. Sobre la base de una exhaustiva revisión bibliogrfica y estudios morfológicos, se presenta una breve historia taxonómica del género, una descripción del mismo y se reconocen 12 especies, incluyendo su distribución geográfica, fenología, nuevas ilustraciones y una clave para las especies. Nuestra revisión incluye el estudio de ca. de 500 especímenes, la visita a 42 herbarios y la designación de un neotipo.
{"title":"Revisión Taxonómica de las Especies del Género Sudamericano Tristagma (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)1","authors":"A. Sassone, S. Arroyo‐Leuenberger","doi":"10.3417/2018069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2018069","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen Tristagma Poepp. (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae) se caracteriza morfológicamente por la combinación de una espata compuesta por dos brcteas connadas en la base, un tubo floral que siempre cubre al ovario y filamentos estaminales dispuestos en dos series. Tanto la circunscripción genérica, como la de las especies de Tristagma ha sido fuente de confusión, principalmente debido a la dificultad de encontrar ejemplares de herbario completos, la floración temprana, la abundancia de taxones descritos o transferidos a Tristagma y la falta de una clave para las especies. Sobre la base de una exhaustiva revisión bibliogrfica y estudios morfológicos, se presenta una breve historia taxonómica del género, una descripción del mismo y se reconocen 12 especies, incluyendo su distribución geográfica, fenología, nuevas ilustraciones y una clave para las especies. Nuestra revisión incluye el estudio de ca. de 500 especímenes, la visita a 42 herbarios y la designación de un neotipo.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"103 1","pages":"163 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2018069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47023422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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