ABSTRACT: Bio-indicators are organisms, that can be used to determine the state of health and biogeographic changes in the environment. Microalgae, are also used as bioindicators to assess the health of natural ecosystems such as pond water and are utilized to evaluate the media in which a biological system operates, as well as the molecules within it. They serve as a symbol of the high quality of their surroundings. Microalgae respond quickly to changes in the environment, making them an excellent biomarker for evaluating the quality of ponds and water pollutants. This work was designed to monitor the onset of pond water toxicity using Selanastrum capricornutum. During the present study, fish were grown in a pond, with old water being replaced every five days or more. The hazardous metabolites in the pond water were examined for the beginning or build-up of harmful metabolites. The Algaltoxkit approach was used for five days. Selanastrum capricornutum, a microalga, was grown as a bio-indicator of pond toxicity. The pond water was collected without dilution from day one to 5th day. The microalgae test was conducted for 72 hours, with minor deviations from ISO guideline 8692. Microalgae growth inhibition varied among the days monitored, according to the results, findings imply that pond water poisoning begins on 2nd to 5th day. Findings shows that hazardous compounds in the pond water at 5th day may be affecting the fish's ability to grow and develop normally. The Algaltoxkit kit could also be a useful, quick test instrument for detecting the beginning of hazardous metabolites in a fish pond.
{"title":"Monitoring of Microalgae (Selenastrum Capricornutum) Growth Inhibition Following Exposure to Pond Water: Monitoring Pond Toxicity","authors":"","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Bio-indicators are organisms, that can be used to determine the state of health and biogeographic changes in the environment. Microalgae, are also used as bioindicators to assess the health of natural ecosystems such as pond water and are utilized to evaluate the media in which a biological system operates, as well as the molecules within it. They serve as a symbol of the high quality of their surroundings. Microalgae respond quickly to changes in the environment, making them an excellent biomarker for evaluating the quality of ponds and water pollutants. This work was designed to monitor the onset of pond water toxicity using Selanastrum capricornutum. During the present study, fish were grown in a pond, with old water being replaced every five days or more. The hazardous metabolites in the pond water were examined for the beginning or build-up of harmful metabolites. The Algaltoxkit approach was used for five days. Selanastrum capricornutum, a microalga, was grown as a bio-indicator of pond toxicity. The pond water was collected without dilution from day one to 5th day. The microalgae test was conducted for 72 hours, with minor deviations from ISO guideline 8692. Microalgae growth inhibition varied among the days monitored, according to the results, findings imply that pond water poisoning begins on 2nd to 5th day. Findings shows that hazardous compounds in the pond water at 5th day may be affecting the fish's ability to grow and develop normally. The Algaltoxkit kit could also be a useful, quick test instrument for detecting the beginning of hazardous metabolites in a fish pond.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90855859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: The human respiratory system is a collection of organs and tissues that regulate gas exchange in the body. There are millions of alveoli in the lungs surrounded by tiny blood capillaries. By breathing, the body inhales oxygen which moves from the alveoli to the blood capillary, and then exhales carbon dioxide in the air that diffuses across the pulmonary membrane of the blood capillary to the alveoli. We aim to develop a mathematical model of respiratory gas exchange that can handle various situations. A Model should be capable of finding the diffusion rate of oxygen that enters into the capillary from the lungs and dissolves into a different level of hemoglobin. It is also able to give the relationship between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration with time. Numerical simulation helps us to predict the responses of the cardiorespiratory system during a heavy workout, usual activity, and inactive situations. It also considered the various factors that affect the gas exchange relation between partial pressure and saturation.
{"title":"Estimation of Pulmonary Gas Exchange in the Human Respiratory System Under Normal and Abnormal Conditions","authors":"Nirali Patel, Kaushal Patel","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3086","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The human respiratory system is a collection of organs and tissues that regulate gas exchange in the body. There are millions of alveoli in the lungs surrounded by tiny blood capillaries. By breathing, the body inhales oxygen which moves from the alveoli to the blood capillary, and then exhales carbon dioxide in the air that diffuses across the pulmonary membrane of the blood capillary to the alveoli. We aim to develop a mathematical model of respiratory gas exchange that can handle various situations. A Model should be capable of finding the diffusion rate of oxygen that enters into the capillary from the lungs and dissolves into a different level of hemoglobin. It is also able to give the relationship between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration with time. Numerical simulation helps us to predict the responses of the cardiorespiratory system during a heavy workout, usual activity, and inactive situations. It also considered the various factors that affect the gas exchange relation between partial pressure and saturation.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87394588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: The soil sample was acquired from a heavily metal polluted site on the Tapi River in Surat, Gujarat, India, diluted serially, and dispersed over an actinomycetes isolation medium. Isolates were cultured in 100 ml of starch-casein broth at 300 C for 72 hours in an incubator with shaking. The cell-free filtrate was added to a final solution of 1 mM silver nitrate, which was then dried at 2500 C. Using a spectrophotometer, silver nanoparticles were quantified, data on size distribution and zeta potential were acquired from Malvern, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified in a PCR mixture. As a result of the addition of silver nitrate to the S. atacamensis strain AK3 filtrate, the reducers altered the broth's color from yellow to light brown. The highest absorbance was measured at 420 nm, and the 0.25 polydispersity index was below the agglomeration threshold. The TEM indicated their spherical to ellipsoidal shape and 20 nm size. The NJ approach to sequence alignment revealed that the strain was 99.42% similar to S. atacamensis C60. Zones of inhibition of S. epidermidis, A. baumanni, N. gonorrhoeae, and L. monocytogenes were found to be 18±1 mm, 19±1 mm, 20±1 mm, and 14±1 mm respectively, at 35 μg/ml AgNPs, proving the efficiency of AgNPs synthesized by the strain.
{"title":"Investigating the Antibacterial Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Acquired using Streptomyces strain AK3 from Riverbank Soil","authors":"Arun Kumar Kulshrestha, P. Patel","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3094","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The soil sample was acquired from a heavily metal polluted site on the Tapi River in Surat, Gujarat, India, diluted serially, and dispersed over an actinomycetes isolation medium. Isolates were cultured in 100 ml of starch-casein broth at 300 C for 72 hours in an incubator with shaking. The cell-free filtrate was added to a final solution of 1 mM silver nitrate, which was then dried at 2500 C. Using a spectrophotometer, silver nanoparticles were quantified, data on size distribution and zeta potential were acquired from Malvern, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified in a PCR mixture. As a result of the addition of silver nitrate to the S. atacamensis strain AK3 filtrate, the reducers altered the broth's color from yellow to light brown. The highest absorbance was measured at 420 nm, and the 0.25 polydispersity index was below the agglomeration threshold. The TEM indicated their spherical to ellipsoidal shape and 20 nm size. The NJ approach to sequence alignment revealed that the strain was 99.42% similar to S. atacamensis C60. Zones of inhibition of S. epidermidis, A. baumanni, N. gonorrhoeae, and L. monocytogenes were found to be 18±1 mm, 19±1 mm, 20±1 mm, and 14±1 mm respectively, at 35 μg/ml AgNPs, proving the efficiency of AgNPs synthesized by the strain.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"2009 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88202638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Muradov, K. Bakshaliyeva, S. G. Gulahmedov, Mehriban Y. Mammadova, Gunay E. Ismayilova, Anaghanim A. Yusifova
Were investigated aquatic extracts and essential oils obtained from some plants (Agropyrum repens L, Apium graveolens L., Artemisia absinthium L., Mentha piperita L.) included in the flora of Azerbaijan on the growth of toxigenic fungi. It was determined that both materials obtained from the studied plants affects on the growth of toxigenic fungi. Although the effects of aqueous extract are fungistatic, the effects of essential oils are characterized as fungicidal activity. In the case of adding 0.01% of essential oil obtained from the Mentha piperita L. to the medium, the growth of all toxigenic fungi stops. This allowed us to note that the use of preparation obtained from same plant against of toxigenic fungi in the future is respectively.
{"title":"Influence of Aquatic Extracts and Essential Oils Obtained from Some Plants to the Growth of Toxigenic Fungi","authors":"P. Muradov, K. Bakshaliyeva, S. G. Gulahmedov, Mehriban Y. Mammadova, Gunay E. Ismayilova, Anaghanim A. Yusifova","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3083","url":null,"abstract":"Were investigated aquatic extracts and essential oils obtained from some plants (Agropyrum repens L, Apium graveolens L., Artemisia absinthium L., Mentha piperita L.) included in the flora of Azerbaijan on the growth of toxigenic fungi. It was determined that both materials obtained from the studied plants affects on the growth of toxigenic fungi. Although the effects of aqueous extract are fungistatic, the effects of essential oils are characterized as fungicidal activity. In the case of adding 0.01% of essential oil obtained from the Mentha piperita L. to the medium, the growth of all toxigenic fungi stops. This allowed us to note that the use of preparation obtained from same plant against of toxigenic fungi in the future is respectively.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80255651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: The genetic improvement of a plant to produce high-yielding varieties depends on genetic variability. It is widely known that the mangosteen plant (Garcinia mangostana L.) does not have genetic variability because it has an apomictic reproductive mechanism. Analysis of genetic diversity can be carried out by analysis of similarities and clusters between accessions of plants or with their close relatives of the Garcinia genus. This research was carried out to analyze the genetic diversity of 50 mangosteen accessions at mangosteen production centers in four provinces in Java, Indonesia (Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java provinces) using RAPD-based primers. RAPD-based amplification revealed a total of 30 amplicons, 28 as polymorphic and two as monomorphic, with an average percentage of polymorphism of 72.22%. The results of PCR-RAPD visualization produce bands measuring 300 bp - 1500 bp. The dendrogram shows the grouping of all types of G. mangostana L. in general. The primer used can amplify the samples properly. Genetic variation occurs with coefficient values ranging from 25% to 100%. This study also explains the pattern of the spread of G. mangostana L. in Java for the first time. These results can be used as a reference for conserving G. mangostana L. and future breeding.
{"title":"Deciphering the Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) from Various Regions of Origin in Java, Indonesia","authors":"S. Susilo","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3078","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The genetic improvement of a plant to produce high-yielding varieties depends on genetic variability. It is widely known that the mangosteen plant (Garcinia mangostana L.) does not have genetic variability because it has an apomictic reproductive mechanism. Analysis of genetic diversity can be carried out by analysis of similarities and clusters between accessions of plants or with their close relatives of the Garcinia genus. This research was carried out to analyze the genetic diversity of 50 mangosteen accessions at mangosteen production centers in four provinces in Java, Indonesia (Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java provinces) using RAPD-based primers. RAPD-based amplification revealed a total of 30 amplicons, 28 as polymorphic and two as monomorphic, with an average percentage of polymorphism of 72.22%. The results of PCR-RAPD visualization produce bands measuring 300 bp - 1500 bp. The dendrogram shows the grouping of all types of G. mangostana L. in general. The primer used can amplify the samples properly. Genetic variation occurs with coefficient values ranging from 25% to 100%. This study also explains the pattern of the spread of G. mangostana L. in Java for the first time. These results can be used as a reference for conserving G. mangostana L. and future breeding.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84795172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer after breast cancer. The risk factors associated with this dreaded yet preventable cancer is age at sexual debut, parity, multiple sexual partners, use of contraceptives and smoking etc. Fortunately, the cervical cancer are preventable because of the early detection of precancerous lesions. This is made possible by the screening procedures routinely in practice such as Pap smear, visual inspection and HPV. Methodology: The study was conducted to evaluate cervical cytological abnormalities, through pap smear reported as inflammatory lesions, precancerous (CIN1/ CIN2/CIN3) and carcinoma in situ, in women who underwent pap smear screening at the hospital. Discussion and Conclusion: This was a prospective study of pap smears received in the cytopathology laboratory from January 2019 to July 2019. A total of 202 Papanicolaou smears were sent to the cytology laboratory during the 6month time period. There were 112 (55.4%) abnormal pap smears (epithelial cell abnormalities, infections and inflammatory smears). 14 (6.9%) smears were inadequate or unsatisfactory for evaluation. 89 (44%) cases had inflammatory changes whereas epithelial abnormality was seen in 23 (11%). These findings corroborate with the fact that Papanicolaou (Pap) test is an important screening tool and is a simple technique to detect precancerous cervical lesions.
{"title":"Papanicolaou Smear screening in Aligarh: A Review of the Cases","authors":"A. A. Khan, S. Naaz, D. I. Khan, M. A. M. Anas","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3065","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer after breast cancer. The risk factors associated with this dreaded yet preventable cancer is age at sexual debut, parity, multiple sexual partners, use of contraceptives and smoking etc. Fortunately, the cervical cancer are preventable because of the early detection of precancerous lesions. This is made possible by the screening procedures routinely in practice such as Pap smear, visual inspection and HPV. Methodology: The study was conducted to evaluate cervical cytological abnormalities, through pap smear reported as inflammatory lesions, precancerous (CIN1/ CIN2/CIN3) and carcinoma in situ, in women who underwent pap smear screening at the hospital. Discussion and Conclusion: This was a prospective study of pap smears received in the cytopathology laboratory from January 2019 to July 2019. A total of 202 Papanicolaou smears were sent to the cytology laboratory during the 6month time period. There were 112 (55.4%) abnormal pap smears (epithelial cell abnormalities, infections and inflammatory smears). 14 (6.9%) smears were inadequate or unsatisfactory for evaluation. 89 (44%) cases had inflammatory changes whereas epithelial abnormality was seen in 23 (11%). These findings corroborate with the fact that Papanicolaou (Pap) test is an important screening tool and is a simple technique to detect precancerous cervical lesions.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91133547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. D. Kumar, J. V. J. Vigneshwari, A. G. A. Gnanasekaran, V. S. V. Selvamani, P. Senthilkumar
ABSTRACT: Actinomycetes are one of the important secondary metabolite producers. Researchers focused on the exclusive marine areas for isolation and identification of marine actinomycetes. The present study focused on the isolation and identification of Nocardiopsis dassonovillei (ON627850) from TS Pettai region. The potential strainTSP1 showed effective antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenza. TSP1 isolates showed IC50 value of 75.22 μg/ml effective antioxidant activity determined by DPPH assay. Cytotoxicity assay results were noted for the ethyl acetate extract of TSP1 screened against oral cancer cell lines (KB). The spectral characterization studies of UV, FT-IR and GC-MS results identified the compound 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The multi-potential 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol compound finally docked with KB cell lines protein for drug discoveries.
{"title":"Multipotential Secondary Metabolites from Nocardiopsis dassonovillei of Marine Actinomycetes and their In Silico studies","authors":"K. D. Kumar, J. V. J. Vigneshwari, A. G. A. Gnanasekaran, V. S. V. Selvamani, P. Senthilkumar","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3079","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Actinomycetes are one of the important secondary metabolite producers. Researchers focused on the exclusive marine areas for isolation and identification of marine actinomycetes. The present study focused on the isolation and identification of Nocardiopsis dassonovillei (ON627850) from TS Pettai region. The potential strainTSP1 showed effective antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenza. TSP1 isolates showed IC50 value of 75.22 μg/ml effective antioxidant activity determined by DPPH assay. Cytotoxicity assay results were noted for the ethyl acetate extract of TSP1 screened against oral cancer cell lines (KB). The spectral characterization studies of UV, FT-IR and GC-MS results identified the compound 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The multi-potential 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol compound finally docked with KB cell lines protein for drug discoveries.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78632776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: Immune homeostasis is crucial in a normal physiological, diseased, or pathogenic state and is mediated by numerous biological molecules. Certain pairs of costimulatory molecules, such as CD40-CD154 play major roles in many different situations. The functions of CD40-CD154 are pivotal for the maintenance of the immune system, cancer prevention, promotion of autoimmune disorders, and fighting against many pathogens. Since the discovery of CD40-CD154, numerous approaches have been taken to dissect this pathway favoring the interest of the host. Ranging from generating small peptides to mutated CD40L to agonistic or antagonistic antibodies have been tested in different models with varying levels of success. This review focuses on the various strategies that have been employed to manipulate CD40-CD154 dyad. Comprehensive knowledge of the understanding of different manipulation strategies of the CD40-CD154 pathway could be important for therapeutic purposes.
{"title":"Advances in the CD40-mediated Manipulation Strategies","authors":"Syamdas Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3067","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Immune homeostasis is crucial in a normal physiological, diseased, or pathogenic state and is mediated by numerous biological molecules. Certain pairs of costimulatory molecules, such as CD40-CD154 play major roles in many different situations. The functions of CD40-CD154 are pivotal for the maintenance of the immune system, cancer prevention, promotion of autoimmune disorders, and fighting against many pathogens. Since the discovery of CD40-CD154, numerous approaches have been taken to dissect this pathway favoring the interest of the host. Ranging from generating small peptides to mutated CD40L to agonistic or antagonistic antibodies have been tested in different models with varying levels of success. This review focuses on the various strategies that have been employed to manipulate CD40-CD154 dyad. Comprehensive knowledge of the understanding of different manipulation strategies of the CD40-CD154 pathway could be important for therapeutic purposes.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75444341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple crop. Rice is a source of essential vitamins such as vitamin C and B6, carbohydrates and other nutrients such as selenium and phosphorous. About 90% of world’s rice are cultivated in Asia and Africa. China is the leading producer. It fulfills 70% income and nutrition needs of Asian population. Rice can be the potential solution to hunger and malnutrition, especially in poor, developing countries. The methods of rice growth are transplanting and cultivation media, grow in hydroponic condition and grow in soil. The production of rice is impacted by biotic stressors, which are present in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions around the world. Multiple diseases can be brought on by biotic pressures caused by climate change. To mitigate the impact of climate change and enhance rice cultivation unique germplasms are being cultivated. This review presents unique germplasm of rice and their cultivators, methods of rice cultivation, disadvantages of rice cultivation for research purpose and diseases that affect rice.
{"title":"A Review: Growing Rice in the Controlled Environments","authors":"Abdulrahman M. Al-hashimi","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3064","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple crop. Rice is a source of essential vitamins such as vitamin C and B6, carbohydrates and other nutrients such as selenium and phosphorous. About 90% of world’s rice are cultivated in Asia and Africa. China is the leading producer. It fulfills 70% income and nutrition needs of Asian population. Rice can be the potential solution to hunger and malnutrition, especially in poor, developing countries. The methods of rice growth are transplanting and cultivation media, grow in hydroponic condition and grow in soil. The production of rice is impacted by biotic stressors, which are present in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions around the world. Multiple diseases can be brought on by biotic pressures caused by climate change. To mitigate the impact of climate change and enhance rice cultivation unique germplasms are being cultivated. This review presents unique germplasm of rice and their cultivators, methods of rice cultivation, disadvantages of rice cultivation for research purpose and diseases that affect rice.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84473709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanisha R Hanisha R, Udayakumar R Udayakumar R, Selvayogesh S Selvayogesh S, Keerthivasan P Keerthivasan P, Gnanasekaran R Gnanasekaran R
Plant-mediated nano-fabrication is a new area of nanotechnology that is preferred to traditional methods due to its advantages in terms of safety, cost efficiency, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. In the current study, copper chloride and copper sulphate are used as precursor materials to examine the effectiveness of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using the plants Bryophyllum pinnatum (lam.) and Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) . Comparative study on the efficiency of the synthesized Copper oxide nanoparticles against each precursor has been studied. Different spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques such as UV- Visible spectrophotometer, X- ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were performed to confirm the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. UV –vis spectrophotometer results confirmed the existence of copper oxide nanoparticles using Copper chloride and Copper sulphate precursor showed absorption at 235nm and 575nm respectively. X- Ray Diffraction results showed crystalline structure of the particles with three peaks at (111), (200) & (220) which confirmed the presence of copper oxide nanoparticle for both the precursors. FTIR results supported the existence of several functional groups involved in capping, reducing, and stabilizing copper oxide nanoparticles. The SEM image showed that the copper oxide nanoparticles were spherical in shape and ranged in size from 40 to 90 nm. Further, the Anti-fungal and Anti-bacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticle for both the copper chloride and copper sulphate precursor were studied. The Study shown maximum zone of inhibition at 100µg/ml as 18mm and 25mm respectively against Galactomyces geotrichum. As a result of the high biological potentials and powerful Antifungal activity, the green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles can be exploited in phytopathology to combat plant infections.
{"title":"Anti Fungal Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (Lam.) and Polyalthia Longifolia (Sonn.) \u0000R","authors":"Hanisha R Hanisha R, Udayakumar R Udayakumar R, Selvayogesh S Selvayogesh S, Keerthivasan P Keerthivasan P, Gnanasekaran R Gnanasekaran R","doi":"10.13005/bbra/3091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3091","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-mediated nano-fabrication is a new area of nanotechnology that is preferred to traditional methods due to its advantages in terms of safety, cost efficiency, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. In the current study, copper chloride and copper sulphate are used as precursor materials to examine the effectiveness of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using the plants Bryophyllum pinnatum (lam.) and Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) . Comparative study on the efficiency of the synthesized Copper oxide nanoparticles against each precursor has been studied. Different spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques such as UV- Visible spectrophotometer, X- ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were performed to confirm the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. UV –vis spectrophotometer results confirmed the existence of copper oxide nanoparticles using Copper chloride and Copper sulphate precursor showed absorption at 235nm and 575nm respectively. X- Ray Diffraction results showed crystalline structure of the particles with three peaks at (111), (200) & (220) which confirmed the presence of copper oxide nanoparticle for both the precursors. FTIR results supported the existence of several functional groups involved in capping, reducing, and stabilizing copper oxide nanoparticles. The SEM image showed that the copper oxide nanoparticles were spherical in shape and ranged in size from 40 to 90 nm. Further, the Anti-fungal and Anti-bacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticle for both the copper chloride and copper sulphate precursor were studied. The Study shown maximum zone of inhibition at 100µg/ml as 18mm and 25mm respectively against Galactomyces geotrichum. As a result of the high biological potentials and powerful Antifungal activity, the green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles can be exploited in phytopathology to combat plant infections.","PeriodicalId":9032,"journal":{"name":"Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78455729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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