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Self-defeating and self-fulfilling reactivity 自我挫败和自我实现的反应

IF 1.5 1区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

European Journal for Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1007/s13194-026-00720-5

Yotam Harel

Theory-deduced predictions might change agents’ beliefs, and thus also agents’ behavior. Since agents react to their beliefs by modifying their behavior to obtain their goals, they might react to a belief inspired by a theory-deduced prediction by modifying their behavior to obtain their goals, and this may have implications for the theory and its predictive success. In this paper, I first theorize this phenomenon. I disqualify past formulations of so-called reflexive predictions and advocate my account of self-defeating and self-fulfilling reactivity. I then examine the implications of three kinds of self-defeating reactivity, weak, strong, and vicious, for predicting. I conclude that self-defeating reactivity makes it impossible to predict, at least in some cases. Finally, I rethink whether self-defeating and self-fulfilling reactivity is exclusive to the human/social sciences or to states of affairs where human beings/social actors are involved. Here, I conclude that while reactivity is not exclusive to the human/social sciences, it is exclusive to cases where agents are involved. Thus, it is exclusive to cases where human beings/social actors are involved only de facto .

理论推导的预测可能会改变代理人的信念，从而也会改变代理人的行为。由于主体通过调整行为来实现目标，从而对自己的信念做出反应，他们也可能通过调整行为来实现由理论推导的预测所激发的信念，这可能会对理论及其预测的成功产生影响。在本文中，我首先将这一现象理论化。我取消了过去所谓的反射性预测公式，并主张我对自我挫败和自我实现的反应性的描述。然后，我研究了三种自我挫败的反应，弱、强和恶性，对预测的影响。我的结论是，自我挫败的反应使预测变得不可能，至少在某些情况下是这样。最后，我重新思考自我挫败和自我实现的反应是人类/社会科学所独有的，还是涉及人类/社会行动者的事务状态所独有的。在这里，我的结论是，虽然反应性不是人类/社会科学所独有的，但它只存在于涉及代理人的情况下。因此，它只适用于人类/社会行动者事实上参与的情况。

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引用次数: 0

Children interpret simple disjunction conjunctively: evidence from Mandarin Chinese 儿童用连词解释简单的析词：来自普通话的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2026.104116

Shiqi Zhu, Li Chen

It has been proposed that children often exhibit non-adult-like interpretations of simple disjunction. However, their precise comprehension of simple disjunction remains controversial. Early studies found that children interpret simple disjunction as conjunction. Conversely, later studies argued that this conjunctive interpretation arises from experimental artifacts, suggesting that children actually interpret simple disjunction inclusively when experiments incorporate prediction statements and additional objects. This study investigated Mandarin-speaking children’s comprehension of the simple disjunction huò ‘or’ through two experiments. Experiment 1 replicated the inclusive-result experiment, incorporating a conjunction control group. The results revealed an experimental artifact that led children to interpret both conjunction and disjunction inclusively. Experiment 2 introduced a new paradigm featuring three reward conditions, each corresponding to conjunctive, exclusive, and inclusive interpretations, thereby operationalizing the inclusive interpretation as an independent condition. The results indicated that children interpret the Mandarin Chinese simple disjunction huò conjunctively rather than inclusively. Furthermore, we proposed four accounts for children’s conjunctive interpretation: phonological similarity, conjunctive default, pre-exhaustification, and Innocent Inclusion.

有人提出，儿童经常表现出对简单分离的非成人式解释。然而，他们对简单析取的精确理解仍然存在争议。早期的研究发现，儿童将简单的分离理解为连接。相反，后来的研究认为，这种联合解释源于实验人工制品，这表明，当实验包含预测陈述和额外的物体时，儿童实际上会包容性地解释简单的分离。本研究通过两个实验考察了普通话儿童对huò“或”的理解。实验1重复包容结果实验，加入联合对照组。结果揭示了一个实验伪影，导致儿童解释包括连接和分离。实验2引入了一个新的范式，其中包含三个奖励条件，每个条件对应于连接解释、排他性解释和包容性解释，从而将包容性解释作为一个独立的条件进行操作。结果表明，儿童对汉语简单析词huò的解释是连词性的，而不是包涵性的。此外，我们提出了儿童连词解释的四种解释：语音相似性、连词默认、预耗尽和无辜包容。

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引用次数: 0

Benefits and Risks of Using AI Agents in Research 在研究中使用人工智能代理的好处和风险。

IF 2.3 3区哲学 Q1 ETHICS

Hastings Center Report

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1002/hast.70025

Mohammad Hosseini, Maya Murad, David B. Resnik

Scientists have begun using AI agents in tasks such as reviewing the published literature, formulating hypotheses and subjecting them to virtual tests, modeling complex phenomena, and conducting experiments. Although AI agents are likely to enhance the productivity and efficiency of scientific inquiry, their deployment also creates risks for the research enterprise and society, including poor policy decisions based on erroneous, inaccurate, or biased AI works or products; responsibility gaps in scientific research; loss of research jobs, especially entry-level ones; the deskilling of researchers; AI agents’ engagement in unethical research; AI-generated knowledge that is unverifiable by or incomprehensible to humans; and the loss of the insights and courage needed to challenge or critique AI and to engage in whistleblowing. Here, we discuss these risks and argue that, for responsible management of them, reflection on which research tasks should and should not be automated is urgently needed. To ensure responsible use of AI agents in research, institutions should train researchers in AI and algorithmic literacy, bias identification, and output verification, and should encourage understanding of the risks and limitations of AI agents. Research teams may benefit from designating an AI-specific role, such as an AI validator expert or AI guarantor, to oversee and take responsibility for the integrity of AI-assisted contributions.

科学家们已经开始在审查已发表的文献、提出假设并对其进行虚拟测试、为复杂现象建模以及进行实验等任务中使用人工智能代理。尽管人工智能代理可能会提高科学探究的生产力和效率，但它们的部署也会给研究企业和社会带来风险，包括基于错误、不准确或有偏见的人工智能作品或产品的糟糕政策决策；科学研究中的责任缺口；失去研究工作，尤其是初级研究工作；研究人员的去技能化；人工智能代理参与不道德的研究；人工智能产生的、人类无法验证或无法理解的知识；以及失去挑战或批评人工智能以及进行举报所需的洞察力和勇气。在这里，我们讨论了这些风险，并认为，为了对它们进行负责任的管理，迫切需要反思哪些研究任务应该和不应该自动化。为了确保在研究中负责任地使用人工智能代理，机构应在人工智能和算法素养、偏见识别和输出验证方面培训研究人员，并应鼓励对人工智能代理的风险和局限性的理解。研究团队可能会受益于指定一个特定的人工智能角色，例如人工智能验证专家或人工智能担保人，以监督并对人工智能辅助贡献的完整性负责。

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引用次数: 0

On Old Age: A Relational Account of Agency and Meaning in Later Life 论老年：对晚年的能动性和意义的关系解释。

IF 2.3 3区哲学 Q1 ETHICS

Hastings Center Report

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1002/hast.5022

Xavier Symons, Julian Savulescu

Cicero's treatise On Old Age offers an optimistic account of aging and responds to the prejudiced arguments of those who might otherwise ridicule older members of Roman society. While Cicero's rhetoric is, at times, scientifically naive and moralistic, this article argues that there are important insights that can be gained from carefully theorizing later life as a distinct and valuable stage of human existence—a stage of life that ought not be reduced to a mere proxy for health risk. A careful analysis provides insight into the conditions for flourishing in later life notwithstanding a more pronounced expression of the aging process. Some scholars downplay possibilities for agency and meaning in later life and foreground dignity as an overarching value for old age. We argue, however, that agency and meaning are not only possible but also central in later life but must be supported by social relationships that enhance well-being and the pursuit and realization of life goals.

西塞罗的论文《老年论》提供了一种对衰老的乐观描述，并回应了那些可能嘲笑罗马社会老年人的偏见论点。虽然西塞罗的修辞有时在科学上是幼稚的和道德主义的，但这篇文章认为，通过仔细地将晚年作为人类存在的一个独特而有价值的阶段进行理论化，可以获得重要的见解——这个阶段不应该被简化为仅仅是健康风险的代表。仔细的分析提供了对晚年繁荣的条件的洞察，尽管衰老过程的表现更为明显。一些学者淡化了在晚年生活中能动性和意义的可能性，并将尊严作为老年的首要价值。然而，我们认为，能动性和意义不仅是可能的，而且是晚年生活的中心，而且必须得到社会关系的支持，这些社会关系可以增强幸福感，追求和实现生活目标。

引用次数: 0

- ly adverbs in fictional speech presentation: Functions and patterns 虚构言语表达中的- ly副词：功能与模式

IF 0.7 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Language and Literature

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/09639470261419881

Lorenzo Mastropierro, Pablo Ruano San Segundo

This paper explores - ly adverbs in fictional reported speech. Specifically, it combines quantitative, corpus-based perspectives to qualitative analysis to investigate the co-occurrence of - ly adverbs and reporting verbs in 225 English novels (26M words). With an evidential basis significantly larger than what was taken into account by previous research, this paper offers both an overview of the frequency of usage of - ly adverbs in fictional reported speech and a detailed investigation of the most frequent patterns of co-occurrence between these adverbs and verbs. Moreover, building on the quantitative data, we propose a classification model of - ly adverbs that shows the main functions these items enact when used with reporting verbs. Overall, this paper contributes importantly to further our understanding of the stylistic role - ly adverbs play in fictional speech presentation, shedding light on both the patterns they create and the functions they enact.

本文探讨了虚构间接引语中的间接副词。具体而言，本文将定量、基于语料库的视角与定性分析相结合，对225部英语小说（2600万字）中- ly副词和转述动词的共现现象进行了研究。本文以比以往研究更充分的证据为基础，对虚构间接引语中- ly副词的使用频率进行了概述，并对这些副词与动词共现的最常见模式进行了详细调查。此外，在定量数据的基础上，我们提出了一个非直接副词的分类模型，该模型显示了这些词与转述动词一起使用时的主要功能。总的来说，本文的研究有助于我们进一步了解副词在虚构演讲中的文体作用，揭示它们所创造的模式和所发挥的功能。

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引用次数: 0

Neural Effects of Suspense and Surprise in Sports Media 悬念与惊喜在体育媒体中的神经效应

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/21674795261422138

Travis Richardson, Grant Chesbro, Lisa De Stefano, Rebecca Larson, Michael Wenger, Daniel J. Larson

Studies focusing on brain imaging (EEG), neuromarketing, sports, and suspense and surprise have all been executed in limited combinations; however, no apparent studies combine all these aspects with sport media viewing. This study used EEG to measure brain activity stimulated by suspense and surprise in sports entertainment. Twenty-one subjects (mean age, 21.8 yr) viewed a stratified random selection of 8 out of 32 suspenseful and/or surprising sports video clips, 2 each of 4 categories: High Suspense and High Surprise (HH), High Suspense and Low Surprise (HL), Low Suspense and High Surprise (LH), and Low Suspense and Low Surprise (LL). EEG frequency bands (θ, α, β, and γ) and the α asymmetry index in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were examined. Across video classifications, main effects were found for α activity in the Left-PFC and for PFC α asymmetry (F 3,60 = 5.298, p = 0.003). Further factorial analyses suggest that suspense and surprise have independent influences on brain activity and there were no apparent interactions between the factors. This provides evidence of the distinct effects that suspense and surprise, anticipatory versus outcome-driven emotions, have on a sports viewer’s brain and offers early insights into the impact of potentially modifiable elements of media for practitioners.

专注于脑成像（EEG）、神经营销、体育、悬念和惊喜的研究都以有限的组合进行；然而，没有明显的研究将所有这些方面与体育媒体观看结合起来。本研究利用脑电图测量体育娱乐中悬念和惊喜刺激的脑活动。21名受试者（平均年龄21.8岁）观看了分层随机选择的32个悬疑和/或令人惊讶的体育视频片段中的8个，每2个类别：高悬念和高惊喜（HH），高悬念和低惊喜（HL），低悬念和高惊喜（LH），低悬念和低惊喜（LL）。观察脑电θ、α、β、γ频带和前额叶皮层α不对称指数。在视频分类中，主要影响因素是左PFC的α活性和PFC α不对称（f3,60 = 5.298, p = 0.003）。进一步的因子分析表明，悬念和惊喜对大脑活动有独立的影响，因素之间没有明显的相互作用。这为悬念和惊喜、预期情绪和结果驱动情绪对体育观众大脑的不同影响提供了证据，并为从业者提供了关于媒体潜在可修改元素影响的早期见解。

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引用次数: 0

The look of “Aww”: Emotional transcoding in GIF repositories on digital media platforms “哇”的表情：在数字媒体平台的GIF存储库中进行情感转码

IF 5 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

New Media & Society

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251413708

Sara Kopelman

While GIFs (Graphics Interchange Format) have been studied as digital communication tools, their repositories – these databases of visual expressions – remain largely unexamined as sites that generate emotional expressions across different modes of communication. This research introduces the concept of “emotional transcoding,” examining how it operates in major repositories Giphy and Tenor through the conversion of paralinguistic vocal expressions – auditory reactions like “aww,” “duh,” and “wow” – into visual representations within silent GIF formats. Through multimodal analysis, this study documents the semiotic strategies involved in emotional transcoding, revealing systematic patterns for visually encoding auditory emotional expressions. Using qualitative content analysis of 1000 GIFs, this study identifies the visual techniques used in cross-modal conversion and analyzes the demographic patterns among performers who represent these expressions. The findings reveal how emotional transcoding operates through specific representational conventions and highlight questions about whose bodies become available as vehicles for emotional communication in digital platforms.

虽然gif（图形交换格式）作为数字交流工具已经被研究过，但它们的存储库——这些视觉表达的数据库——在很大程度上仍然没有被研究过，因为它们是在不同的交流模式中产生情感表达的网站。这项研究引入了“情感转码”的概念，研究了它是如何在主要的信息库Giphy和Tenor中通过将副语言的声音表达（如“aww”、“duh”和“wow”等听觉反应）转换成无声GIF格式的视觉表示来运行的。通过多模态分析，本研究记录了情绪转码过程中涉及的符号学策略，揭示了听觉情绪表达的视觉编码系统模式。通过对1000张动图的定性内容分析，本研究确定了跨模态转换中使用的视觉技术，并分析了代表这些表情的表演者的人口统计模式。研究结果揭示了情感转码是如何通过特定的表征惯例运作的，并突出了关于谁的身体可以作为数字平台上情感交流的载体的问题。

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引用次数: 0

Leveling up: How users perceive, understand, and experience gamified elements in dating apps and how it shapes their dating scripts 升级：用户如何感知、理解和体验约会应用中的游戏化元素，以及它如何塑造他们的约会脚本

IF 5 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

New Media & Society

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251413709

Veronica Valente, Rita Sepúlveda, Jorge Vieira

Dating apps employ gamified structures (e.g., swipes, likes, matches) that reshape dating scripts by blending game-like elements into social interactions. This study explores users’ conceptualization of gamification, its impact on experiences, and dating scripts. Thirty-one semi-structured interviews (17 cisgender women, 14 cisgender men) were conducted in Portugal. Participants were current and former users with different sexual orientations and a diverse age range (18–34 years old), and predominantly Portuguese. The thematic analysis presented how users likened their dating app interactions to games, identifying specific gamified features, and describing their adaptation and engagement in strategic practices to enhance appeal. Despite the uniform platform system and rules, traditional gender scripts endure and dictate a binary dynamic where men are seen as initiators and women as selectors. The findings reveal tensions between gamification’s homogenizing effect and enduring socio-cultural scripts, illustrating how platform design affordances and social norms structure dating experiences.

约会应用采用游戏化的结构（游戏邦注：例如，滑动、点赞、匹配），通过将游戏元素融入社交互动，重塑约会脚本。本研究探讨了用户对游戏化的概念、对体验的影响以及约会脚本。在葡萄牙进行了31次半结构化访谈（17名顺性女性，14名顺性男性）。参与者是不同性取向和年龄范围（18-34岁）的当前和以前的使用者，主要是葡萄牙人。主题分析展示了用户如何将他们的约会应用互动比作游戏，识别特定的游戏化功能，并描述他们在提高吸引力的战略实践中的适应和参与。尽管有统一的平台系统和规则，传统的性别脚本仍然存在，并决定了一种二元动态，即男性被视为发起者，女性被视为选择者。研究结果揭示了游戏化的同质化效应和持久的社会文化脚本之间的紧张关系，说明了平台设计的功能和社会规范如何构建约会体验。

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引用次数: 0

Basketball Without Borders: Comparative Media Analysis of Joel Embiid’s Choice to Represent Team USA at the 2024 Olympic Games 篮球无国界：乔尔·恩比德选择代表美国队参加2024年奥运会的比较媒体分析

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/21674795261423074

Kelsey Slater, Noah Backes, Timothy Ford Bryson

Joel Embiid, the 2023 National Basketball Association (NBA) Most Valuable Player, born in Yaoundé, Cameroon, competed and won a gold medal at the 2024 Olympics with Team USA. However, his decision to play for Team USA was not without controversy. Embiid also became a naturalized French citizen in 2022, meaning he could have played for the host nation at the Olympics. He also always had the option to compete for Cameroon, his country of birth. This article examined how media in Cameroon, the United States, and France framed Embiid’s naturalization and national identity. Although Embiid’s status as a native Cameroonian was highlighted across the three different national press samples, his decision to embrace his American citizenship for the Olympics was characterized as primarily athletically motivated. The media also focused on his connection to the U.S., noting his migration to America at 16 and his subsequent residence in the country as an NBA player. Additional implications related to his citizenship and national identity are discussed.

乔尔·恩比德是2023年NBA最有价值球员，出生于喀麦隆雅温德瓦尔，他代表美国队参加了2024年奥运会，并获得了金牌。然而，他为美国队效力的决定并非没有争议。恩比德也在2022年加入了法国国籍，这意味着他本可以代表法国参加奥运会。他还可以选择代表喀麦隆参赛，喀麦隆是他的出生地。本文检视喀麦隆、美国和法国的媒体如何建构恩比德的入籍和国家认同。虽然恩比德作为喀麦隆本土人的身份在三家不同的国家媒体样本中都得到了强调，但他决定接受他的美国公民身份参加奥运会主要是出于运动动机。媒体还关注了他与美国的关系，注意到他16岁时移民美国，后来以NBA球员的身份居住在美国。还讨论了与他的公民身份和国民身份有关的其他影响。

引用次数: 0

From clicktivism to outsourced activism: Spectacle, dual outsourcing, and the connective logic in platform philanthropy 从点击行动主义到外包行动主义：奇观、双重外包和平台慈善中的关联逻辑

IF 5 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

New Media & Society

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251413710

Weiman Chen, Zhouyi Yao, Huilin Tan

In the digital age, philanthropy is increasingly mediated by platform microcelebrities who mobilize audiences for social good. This study examines the novel philanthropic model of YouTube creator Jimmy Donaldson as a case of outsourced activism , characterized by a dual-outsourcing structure: audiences transfer charitable intent and contributions (via attention-as-currency) to Donaldson, who acts as a central agent and then outsources execution to NGOs and collaborators. Using a mixed-methods design combining a walkthrough, multimodal discourse analysis of 101 videos, and topic modeling of 11,208 comments, we demonstrate how sentimental and digital spectacles sustain this process as tools for activism. The mechanism forms a new connective practice, creating a network of moral delegation and affective investment among audiences, creators, sponsors, and NGOs. Yet, it raises ethical concerns, including depoliticizing social issues and reinforcing unequal power relations. The study advances theories of media activism, connective action, and digital philanthropy by identifying a replicable logic that redefines agency, accountability, and civic participation in platform societies.

在数字时代，慈善事业越来越多地由平台微名人作为媒介，他们动员观众为社会公益而努力。本研究将YouTube创始人Jimmy Donaldson的新型慈善模式作为外包行动主义的一个案例，其特点是双重外包结构：观众将慈善意图和捐款（通过关注作为货币）转移给Donaldson， Donaldson作为中心代理，然后将执行外包给非政府组织和合作者。使用混合方法设计，结合演练，101个视频的多模态话语分析和11,208个评论的主题建模，我们展示了情感和数字眼镜如何维持这一过程作为行动主义的工具。这种机制形成了一种新的联系实践，在观众、创作者、赞助商和非政府组织之间建立了一个道德委托和情感投资的网络。然而，它引发了伦理问题，包括社会问题的非政治化和加强不平等的权力关系。该研究通过确定一个可复制的逻辑来重新定义平台社会中的机构、问责制和公民参与，从而推进了媒体行动主义、关联行动和数字慈善的理论。

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引用次数: 0

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