环境科学与生态学最新文献_第4页

Exposure to ultrafine particles while bicycling in a residential area near Copenhagen International Airport, Denmark: A repeated measures study

IF 8.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Science of the Total Environment

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179474

Gonzalo B. Hevia-Ramos, Stéphane Tuffier, Marie L. Bergmann, Jiawei Zhang, Steffen Loft, Zorana J. Andersen, Youn-Hee Lim, Thomas Cole-Hunter

Airports are major sources of ultrafine particles (UFP), raising health concerns among people living in immediate proximity. However, little is known about UFP concentrations in residential areas around airports. In this study, we mapped UFP exposure concentrations in a residential area nearby Copenhagen International Airport (CPH).

Particle number concentrations (PNC) were measured using a portable device during 44 bicycling trips on a fixed route of 8.2 km, on weekdays in July and August 2024. The route was located in an area 4 km north of CPH and tracked using GPS. We investigated PNC spatial variation linking measured data to OpenStreetMap. To compare PNC across different times of the day and wind directions, we used Generalized Additive Models (GAM), adjusted for time trends, hourly flights and meteorological variables.

We found an overall mean PNC of 7620 pt/cm³ across 44 repeats, with no significant differences between morning and noon trips. Highest means PNC were observed during south wind (11,594 pt/cm³) compared to other wind directions (4189–7069 pt/cm³), showing an increasing gradient of PNC from north to south (∼10,000 to ∼13,000 pt/cm³, respectively) under south wind conditions. We also observed mean PNC of 8151 pt/cm³ across all traffic intersections along the route, with peaks at traffic lights on main roads under south wind, up to 16,442 pt/cm³.

Our findings suggest that airports, together with road traffic, are a significant source of UFPs near residential neighbourhoods. The diffusion of UFP is influenced primarily by wind direction with graduation by proximity to the airport.

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引用次数: 0

Carbon allocation shifts during fungal mycelial competition under the heat stress

IF 1.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Fungal Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2025.101435

Yu Fukasawa, Satsuki Kimura

Wood-decaying basidiomycetes play crucial roles in global carbon cycling. The relative dominance of brown rot and white rot fungi, which vary with temperature, is key to understanding carbon sequestration in a changing environment. In this study, we measured changes in carbon allocation between brown and white rot fungi under heat stress to assess the outcome of their competition. After 25 days of incubation in liquid media, heat stress reduced hyphal biomass and increased CO₂ emissions in both Neolentinus (brown rot) and Trichaptum (white rot) strains. However, carbon allocation to metabolite production and unknown fractions shifted markedly in Trichaptum strains under heat stress, whereas changes in Neolentinus strains were less pronounced. Competition between Neolentinus and Trichaptum shifted from a deadlock at optimal temperature to Neolentinus's dominance under heat stress. These findings suggest that Neolentinus is more heat-tolerant compared to Trichaptum, maintaining more stable metabolic activity under heat stress.

引用次数: 0

Open and FAIR data sharing are building blocks to bolster biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asia

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111192

Krizler C. Tanalgo

The tropical Southeast Asian region, with its unique geographical features, is home to a multitude of distinct species that are affected by various human and natural activities. The availability of biodiversity data is crucial for understanding species distribution and responses to environmental changes to develop effective conservation priorities. In this perspective paper, I examined the patterns and trends of biodiversity in Southeast Asia within the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and highlighted important gaps, priorities, and opportunities for the region. Thailand accounted for 28 % of GBIF occurrence records in Southeast Asia, followed by Indonesia (19 %), Malaysia (18 %), and the Philippines (13 %). A significant portion of biodiversity data comes from citizen science platforms, such as eBird (56 %) and iNaturalists (6 %), highligthing the significance of public in data mobilisation. Nonetheless, the biodiversity data for five of the 11 Southeast Asian countries are poorly represented by domestic researchers, with approximately 41 % of the region's GBIF occurrence data contributed by researchers or institutions from outside Southeast Asia. Furthermore, over the past 24 years (2000–2024), at least 30 % of terrestrial vertebrate occurrence records in Southeast Asia overlap with Protected Areas (PAs). In Southeast Asia, where species often span borders, I argue that open and FAIR data sharing should be considered standard practices in the biodiversity research community, integrated into biodiversity agendas, and funding policies. Consequently, I propose the open-NOTE steps (Normalise, Organise, Train, and Engage), as a practical framework to promote open and FAIR data sharing in Southeast Asia and beyond.

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引用次数: 0

Potential fence density in central and Western North America and implications for Bison (Bison bison) restoration

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111194

Eduarda M.O. Silveira , Sarah Olimb , Glenn E. Plumb , Jeff M. Martin , Dustin H. Ranglack , Dennis Jorgensen , Anastasia Kirilyuk , Haqiq Rahmani , Volker C. Radeloff

Fences serve multiple purposes, including livestock management, agriculture, property delineation, and conservation. However, fences often act as ecological barriers, limiting wildlife movement and access to resources, particularly for species like bison (Bison bison) in North America. Despite the substantial impacts of fencing, large-scale datasets on fence densities are lacking. Our goal was to create potential fence density maps for the western and central U.S. and Canada using GIS modelling and freely accessible data. Specifically, we aimed to: (1) map potential fence density and identify high density of fence, (2) contrast the potential fence density map with the patterns of high human influences, and (3) identify areas with high bison habitat suitability and low density of potential fences. Using GIS modelling, we generated potential fence density maps by integrating data on land parcels, croplands, roads, and railroads. Subsequently, we identified regions with high and low potential fence density and compared them with patterns of human influence and bison habitat suitability. We found high total potential fence density in central regions of Canada and the U.S., mainly due to agriculture and transportation corridors. Interestingly, areas with high potential density of fence in the western U.S., often had low other human influence, suggesting that human influence maps may underestimate impacts if they miss fences. We also identified large areas with high bison habitat suitability and low fence density, which are promising for bison restoration. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing fences for wildlife conservation and supporting bison restoration in the Great Plains.

{"title":"Potential fence density in central and Western North America and implications for Bison (Bison bison) restoration","authors":"Eduarda M.O. Silveira , Sarah Olimb , Glenn E. Plumb , Jeff M. Martin , Dustin H. Ranglack , Dennis Jorgensen , Anastasia Kirilyuk , Haqiq Rahmani , Volker C. Radeloff","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fences serve multiple purposes, including livestock management, agriculture, property delineation, and conservation. However, fences often act as ecological barriers, limiting wildlife movement and access to resources, particularly for species like bison (<em>Bison bison</em>) in North America. Despite the substantial impacts of fencing, large-scale datasets on fence densities are lacking. Our goal was to create potential fence density maps for the western and central U.S. and Canada using GIS modelling and freely accessible data. Specifically, we aimed to: (1) map potential fence density and identify high density of fence, (2) contrast the potential fence density map with the patterns of high human influences, and (3) identify areas with high bison habitat suitability and low density of potential fences. Using GIS modelling, we generated potential fence density maps by integrating data on land parcels, croplands, roads, and railroads. Subsequently, we identified regions with high and low potential fence density and compared them with patterns of human influence and bison habitat suitability. We found high total potential fence density in central regions of Canada and the U.S., mainly due to agriculture and transportation corridors. Interestingly, areas with high potential density of fence in the western U.S., often had low other human influence, suggesting that human influence maps may underestimate impacts if they miss fences. We also identified large areas with high bison habitat suitability and low fence density, which are promising for bison restoration. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing fences for wildlife conservation and supporting bison restoration in the Great Plains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 111194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reservoir impoundment alters surrounding plant physiological activities revealed by stable isotopes in tree rings

IF 7 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Ecological Indicators

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113519

Lian Sun , Yanpeng Cai , Yesi Zhao , Zixun Qi , Xinsheng Liu , Hongkai Gao , Lu Wang , Suyan Dai , Siyuan Lu , Jiejun Wang , Xijie Yin

Reservoir impoundment influences the growth of surrounding plants by altering the microclimate. However, the physiological mechanism of responses remains unclear. Due to the long tree-ring sequences and the distinct physiological mechanisms of stable isotopes in tree rings, we employed the technique of tree-ring carbon and oxygen isotopes to assess the physiological response to reservoir impoundment. We collected the tree rings of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. surrounding the Ertan Reservoir in southwestern China, and calculated the annual discrimination capabilities of ¹³C and ¹⁸O (i.e., Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁸O) in cellulose–α. Using moving window correlation analysis and a carbon–oxygen dual-isotope model, we identified shifts in the response patterns. The results indicate no significant difference in Δ¹⁸O across the impoundment timeline. Compared with before impoundment period (1980–1997), Δ¹³C increases during initial impoundment period (1998–2004), followed by a rapid decline and stabilization during stable impoundment period (2005–2020). The ¹⁸O enrichment in P. yunnanensis is mainly driven by the uptake of surface soil water in late-growing season (notably Sept.). Reservoir impoundment attenuates Sept. humidity declines, stabilizing surface soil moisture and stomatal conductance. In contrast, ¹³C discrimination correlates closely with environmental conditions in early growing season (especially Jun.). During the initial impoundment period, high humidity limits the stomatal conductance, while lower air temperature reduces photosynthetic activity. At the onset of the stable impoundment period, the regional climate changes reversely with reservoir microclimate unable to counteract the regional shifts. Under the interactive effects of temperature and humidity, the photosynthetic capacity increases markedly, leading to a decline in Δ¹³C. As environmental conditions stabilize in the stable impoundment period, Δ¹³C also remains unchanged. These findings will promote our ability to predict future impacts of large-scale engineering on terrestrial ecosystems under global climate change.

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引用次数: 0

The trophic interaction of freshwater chironomids using DNA metabarcoding and stable isotope analysis in stream ecosystem

IF 8 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of Environmental Management

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125479

Won-Seok Kim , Jae-Won Park , Cheol Hong , Bohyung Choi , Chang Woo Ji , Thodhal Yoganandham Suman , Ihn-Sil Kwak

Identifying the food sources of aquatic insects is crucial for understanding their ecological roles and ecosystem dynamics. However, obtaining direct information on food sources in freshwater ecosystems can be challenging. This study employed DNA metabarcoding and stable isotope analysis to identify the primary food sources of chironomids, the first dominant group of aquatic insects, and to monitor their response to water temperature changes. We conducted field sampling surveys to identify the most dominant taxonomy and analyze the gut contents of chironomids in the urban stream of Yeosu City Center, South Korea. DNA metabarcoding analysis of chironomid gut contents revealed that algae were the dominant food source, with a high relative abundance of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) and green algae (Chlorophyta). Stable isotope analysis of chironomid tissues and their habitat environment supported these findings, indicating that particulate organic matter and algae were the primary dietary components. We found that seasonal changes influenced chironomid community composition and food source preferences. The genus Cricotopus (Orthocladiinae) was dominant in cooler water temperatures, while Chironomus (Chironominae) became dominant as water temperatures increased. DNA metabarcoding analysis revealed that Cricotopus consumed a wider variety of algae, including diatoms and green algae, while Chironomus primarily consumed diatoms. This study highlights the importance of DNA metabarcoding and stable isotope analysis as effective tools to assess food source diversity and trophic levels in aquatic insects and their associated environmental conditions. The findings provide new insights into the trophic relationships within freshwater ecosystems and the potential impacts of environmental changes on aquatic insect communities.

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引用次数: 0

Multitemporal river flow discharge prediction: A new framework for integrated environmental management and flood control

IF 8 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of Environmental Management

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125372

Victor Joubier , Isa Ebtehaj , Afshin Amiri , Silvio Jose Gumiere , Hossein Bonakdari

Riverine flow estimation is critical for effective water resource management and mitigation planning. Traditional machine learning and deep learning models offer various advantages, but their effectiveness in multitemporal river flow discharge estimation has yet to be fully explored. This study introduces an advanced universal group method of data handling (AUGMDH) model to predict river flow discharge across various temporal scales. The accuracy of the proposed model is compared with that of convolutional neural network (CNN) models in terms of estimating daily, mean monthly, and maximum monthly flow discharge. The AUGMDH model consistently outperforms the CNN models across all major performance metrics, such as the coefficient of determination (R²), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), RMSE-observed standard deviation ratio (RSR), and percent bias (PBIAS), achieving an R² of 0.972 and an NSE of 0.972 for the daily flow, an R² of 0.810 and an NSE of 0.810 for the mean monthly flow, and an R² of 0.819 and an NSE of 0.818 for the maximum monthly flow. Additionally, compared to the CNN approach, the AUGMDH model yields lower AIC values across all the cases (AIC: 37,744 for daily, 2144 for mean monthly, and 2543 for maximum monthly), indicating a better balance between simplicity and accuracy. In terms of uncertainty analysis, the AUGMDH model exhibits lower uncertainty values (i.e., 2.77 for daily flow, 2.31 for mean monthly flow, and 2.46 for maximum monthly flow estimates) than the CNN models do (i.e., 2.78 for daily flow, 2.48 mean monthly flow, and 2.66 for maximum monthly flow estimates). The findings indicate that the AUGMDH model provides a more robust and reliable solution for riverine flood estimation, outperforming the CNN models across all major performance metrics, including accuracy, reliability, and computational efficiency.

{"title":"Multitemporal river flow discharge prediction: A new framework for integrated environmental management and flood control","authors":"Victor Joubier , Isa Ebtehaj , Afshin Amiri , Silvio Jose Gumiere , Hossein Bonakdari","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Riverine flow estimation is critical for effective water resource management and mitigation planning. Traditional machine learning and deep learning models offer various advantages, but their effectiveness in multitemporal river flow discharge estimation has yet to be fully explored. This study introduces an advanced universal group method of data handling (AUGMDH) model to predict river flow discharge across various temporal scales. The accuracy of the proposed model is compared with that of convolutional neural network (CNN) models in terms of estimating daily, mean monthly, and maximum monthly flow discharge. The AUGMDH model consistently outperforms the CNN models across all major performance metrics, such as the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), RMSE-observed standard deviation ratio (RSR), and percent bias (PBIAS), achieving an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.972 and an NSE of 0.972 for the daily flow, an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.810 and an NSE of 0.810 for the mean monthly flow, and an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.819 and an NSE of 0.818 for the maximum monthly flow. Additionally, compared to the CNN approach, the AUGMDH model yields lower AIC values across all the cases (AIC: 37,744 for daily, 2144 for mean monthly, and 2543 for maximum monthly), indicating a better balance between simplicity and accuracy. In terms of uncertainty analysis, the AUGMDH model exhibits lower uncertainty values (i.e., 2.77 for daily flow, 2.31 for mean monthly flow, and 2.46 for maximum monthly flow estimates) than the CNN models do (i.e., 2.78 for daily flow, 2.48 mean monthly flow, and 2.66 for maximum monthly flow estimates). The findings indicate that the AUGMDH model provides a more robust and reliable solution for riverine flood estimation, outperforming the CNN models across all major performance metrics, including accuracy, reliability, and computational efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 125372"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of ENSO on moisture provenance and stable isotope dynamics during the North American Monsoon

IF 2.6 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Arid Environments

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105395

Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo , Omar A. López-Mireles , Felipe A. Vázquez-Gálvez , Enrico A. Yépez , Kritan Subedi , Mark Stone , Elí R. Pérez-Ruiz , Yazmin G. Hernández-García , Juan Camacho-Puerto , David K. Adams

The North American Monsoon (NAM) moisture sources have long been debated. This study explores moisture sources and precipitation isotope variability across the North American Monsoon (NAM) region during La Niña (2022) and El Niño (2023). By integrating isotope data with meteorological conditions, air mass back trajectories, and atmospheric profiles at Ciudad Obregón, Ciudad Juárez, and Albuquerque, we identified clear differences in moisture provenance and isotopic response between years. During La Niña, inland and Gulf of Mexico-derived moisture played a larger role northeast of the Sierra Madre Occidental. In contrast, El Niño conditions favored westerly, Gulf of California, and nearby Pacific Ocean sources. The isotopic values reflected these changes, particularly in d-excess, which differentiated coastal and continental influences. Coastal sites were more sensitive to radiation and convective factors, whereas inland sites showed stronger control by air mass transport history. Multivariate and Random Forest analyses confirmed that isotopic variability was more predictable at inland locations, suggesting greater sensitivity to large-scale atmospheric dynamics. Our results highlight the dynamic interplay between oceanic and continental moisture pathways in shaping NAM precipitation. They also demonstrate how ENSO phases alter the dominant controls on precipitation isotopes, offering new insight into hydroclimatic variability in this critical monsoonal region.

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引用次数: 0

Corporate ESG performance and green innovation: moderating effect of shareholder activism

IF 8 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of Environmental Management

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125413

Lei Zhu , Tong Li , Chunyan Wang , Junhao Huang

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance are gaining momentum to corporate sustainable development. Based on non-financial listed enterprises in China from 2013 to 2023, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of ESG performance on green innovation and shareholder activism's moderating role. We find that ESG performance effectively promotes corporate green innovation. Shareholder activism, represented by institutional investors' field survey and appointing directors, will strengthen this impact. Further analysis reveals “the superstar effect” on industrial ESG performance disparity as well as a more significant effect in non-heavy pollution enterprises and industries with fierce competition. We also examine ESG performance's greenization effect, resulting in lowered carbon dioxide emission and waste pollutants. This study contributes to extant research on the correlation of ESG performance and corporate green innovation, and additionally provide insights into shareholder activism from the perspective of institutional investors' active intervention in corporate governance.

{"title":"Corporate ESG performance and green innovation: moderating effect of shareholder activism","authors":"Lei Zhu , Tong Li , Chunyan Wang , Junhao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance are gaining momentum to corporate sustainable development. Based on non-financial listed enterprises in China from 2013 to 2023, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of ESG performance on green innovation and shareholder activism's moderating role. We find that ESG performance effectively promotes corporate green innovation. Shareholder activism, represented by institutional investors' field survey and appointing directors, will strengthen this impact. Further analysis reveals “the superstar effect” on industrial ESG performance disparity as well as a more significant effect in non-heavy pollution enterprises and industries with fierce competition. We also examine ESG performance's greenization effect, resulting in lowered carbon dioxide emission and waste pollutants. This study contributes to extant research on the correlation of ESG performance and corporate green innovation, and additionally provide insights into shareholder activism from the perspective of institutional investors' active intervention in corporate governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 125413"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decoupling of the Organic and Inorganic Lacustrine Carbon Cycles on the Chinese Yunnan Plateau in Response to Human Activities

IF 3.7 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1029/2024JG008336

Aubrey L. Hillman, Daniel J. Bain, Duo Wu, Mark B. Abbott

As anthropogenic impacts to both climate and freshwater resources continue to intensify in coming decades, an increasing number of lakes will experience carbon cycle perturbations. An examination of lakes that have experienced such perturbations for millennia can clarify the nature and severity of carbon cycle disturbances. Lakes precipitating carbonate minerals provide an opportunity to use measurements of both inorganic and organic carbon isotopes to detect the relationship between the inorganic and organic carbon cycles. We examine these dynamics among three lakes in Yunnan, China, which have been impacted by human activities for the last 1,500 years. We compare the period impacted by people to drying conditions and lowering lake levels during the middle Holocene, and more stable hydrologic conditions during the later Holocene, both of which are characterized by minimal anthropogenic influence. From 5,500 to 3,500 years BP, decreased precipitation, increased evaporation, and changes in vegetation drove increases in sediment carbon isotope values. Despite continued weakening of the Indian monsoon from 3,500 to 1,500 years BP, carbon isotopes values stabilized. Following anthropogenic manipulation of lake levels after 1,500 years BP, and despite differences in the magnitude of activities in the three catchments, a decrease in inorganic carbon isotopes without a parallel change in organic carbon isotopes is a pervasive feature in each system and a clear signature of human activity. We suggest possible drivers are an influx of dissolved inorganic carbon from either oxidized organic matter or dissolved carbonates from the watershed and/or the respiration of lake sediment organic matter.

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引用次数: 0