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Esports and VR: how does it change EEG spectral dynamics of attention shift and maintenance? 电子竞技和VR：它如何改变注意力转移和维持的脑电图频谱动态？

IF 8.9 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Computers in Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2026.108947

Alena Ovakimian, Ekaterina Karimova

The rapid expansion of technology is raising new questions about changes in attention skills in virtual reality (VR) and video games. In this study, we compared attention shifting and maintenance in a gamified Posner cueing task performed in virtual reality (VR) versus a traditional desktop (DT) setting, and between professional esports players and control participants. 69 healthy people took part in the study. EEG spectral markers (event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) of attentional shift and maintenance were analyzed in the dorsal attention network (DAN) areas. Peak amplitudes and latencies were compared for the attention shift vs maintenance, VR vs DT demonstration and eSports athletes vs 2 groups of controls (amateurs and control group). Behaviorally, participants showed a pseudoneglect (faster responses to left targets) effect.

slower RT in VR. A reduced degree of alpha ERD amplitude and an earlier beta ERD peak in the VR environment was shown. This is associated with a reduced requirement for visual processing and earlier attentional control in VR.

The eSports players showed faster RT, attentional resources balance (theta ERS results) and flexible attentional control/policy and motor preparation strategy adaptation in DT after attentional shift and maintenance (beta ERD results), compared to the controls. Our results underscore the importance of considering environment and expertise when evaluating attentional processes.

科技的快速发展引发了关于虚拟现实（VR）和视频游戏中注意力技能变化的新问题。在这项研究中，我们比较了在虚拟现实（VR）和传统桌面（DT）环境下进行的游戏化波斯纳提示任务中的注意力转移和维持，以及专业电子竞技选手和对照组参与者之间的注意力转移和维持。69名健康的人参加了这项研究。分析了背侧注意网络（DAN）区注意转移和维持的脑电谱标记（事件相关去同步/同步（ERD/ERS））。比较了注意转移与维持、VR与DT演示、电子竞技运动员与两组对照组（业余爱好者和对照组）的峰值振幅和延迟。在行为上，参与者表现出一种伪忽略效应（对左侧目标的反应更快）。VR中的慢速RT。在虚拟现实环境中，α ERD幅度减小，β ERD峰值提前。这与VR对视觉处理和早期注意力控制的要求降低有关。与对照组相比，电子竞技选手在注意转移和维持后的DT中表现出更快的RT、注意资源平衡（theta ERS结果）和灵活的注意控制/策略和运动准备策略适应（beta ERD结果）。我们的研究结果强调了在评估注意力过程时考虑环境和专业知识的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Offended by the algorithm: The hidden interpersonal costs of clients seeking AI second opinion 被算法冒犯：客户寻求人工智能第二意见的隐藏人际成本

IF 8.9 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Computers in Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2026.108934

Gerri Spassova , Mauricio Palmeira

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence have enabled the rise of AI-enabled advisory tools. While these tools benefit decision-makers, they also introduce new competitive pressures for human advisors whose expertise they may complement or replace. Prior research shows that advisors react negatively when clients approach other advisors, feeling offended and becoming less willing to maintain the relationship. Yet little is known about how advisors respond when the other advisor is an AI system rather than a human. Across four studies, we examine how professionals perceive and react to clients who consult AI-enabled (vs. other human) advisors. We find that learning a client has also sought AI (vs. other human) advice decreases focal advisors' motivation to work with that client. This effect persists even when clients use AI only for background information or as a complementary resource. We propose that advisors view AI as substantially inferior to themselves; thus, being placed in the same category as an AI system feels insulting and signals disrespect, undermining advisors' willingness to engage. We also show that consulting AI may change perceptions of the client, making them appear less competent and warm. Our work contributes to emerging research on the advisor perspective and extends the literature on human responses to AI by shifting attention from AI users to service providers. Practically, the findings suggest that clients’ seemingly innocuous use of AI tools may unintentionally erode their relationships with human advisors.

人工智能的快速发展使得支持人工智能的咨询工具得以兴起。虽然这些工具有利于决策者，但它们也给人类顾问带来了新的竞争压力，这些顾问的专业知识可能会被它们补充或取代。先前的研究表明，当客户接近其他顾问时，顾问的反应是消极的，感觉被冒犯了，不太愿意维持这种关系。然而，当另一个顾问是人工智能系统而不是人类时，我们对顾问的反应知之甚少。在四项研究中，我们研究了专业人士如何看待和应对咨询人工智能（与其他人类）顾问的客户。我们发现，了解到客户也寻求人工智能（相对于其他人类）建议，会降低焦点顾问与该客户合作的动机。即使客户仅将人工智能用于背景信息或作为补充资源，这种影响也会持续存在。我们建议顾问们认为人工智能在本质上不如他们自己；因此，被放在与人工智能系统相同的类别中会让人感觉受到侮辱，并发出不尊重的信号，从而削弱顾问参与的意愿。我们还表明，咨询人工智能可能会改变客户的看法，使他们看起来不那么称职和热情。我们的工作有助于对顾问视角的新兴研究，并通过将注意力从人工智能用户转移到服务提供商，扩展了关于人类对人工智能反应的文献。实际上，研究结果表明，客户对人工智能工具看似无害的使用可能会无意中破坏他们与人类顾问的关系。

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引用次数: 0

The Corporate Bullshit Receptivity Scale: Development, validation, and associations with workplace outcomes 公司屁话接受度量表：发展、验证及与工作结果的关联

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113699

Shane Littrell

From boardrooms and brown bags to emails and earnings calls, business culture often seems overrun by “corporate bullshit,” a semantically empty and often confusing style of communication in organizational contexts that leverages abstruse corporate buzzwords and jargon in a functionally misleading way. At best, corporate bullshit can sometimes seem harmless. At worst, it can disrupt organizational and employee effectiveness in numerous ways including obstructing clear communication, increasing employee disengagement, tarnishing a company's reputation, and exposing businesses to potential financial and legal risks. Here, results from four studies (total N = 1018) report the construction and validation of the Corporate Bullshit Receptivity Scale (CBSR), a novel measure of individual differences in susceptibility to corporate bullshit. Results show that corporate bullshit receptivity is distinct from a general affinity for corporate speech, negatively associated with measures of analytic thinking, and positively related with other bullshit-related constructs in theoretically-consistent ways. Importantly, corporate bullshit receptivity is positively associated with several workplace perception variables and is a robust negative predictor of work-related decision-making. Overall, the findings establish the CBSR as a valid and reliable tool to aid researchers and practitioners in examining the causes, correlates, and consequences of receptivity to bullshit in organizations.

从董事会和棕色袋子到电子邮件和收益电话会议，商业文化似乎经常被“公司废话”所淹没，这是一种在组织环境中语义空洞且经常令人困惑的沟通方式，利用深奥的公司流行语和行话以一种功能误导的方式。往好了说，公司的废话有时看起来是无害的。在最坏的情况下，它会以多种方式破坏组织和员工的效率，包括阻碍清晰的沟通，增加员工的敬业度，损害公司的声誉，并使企业面临潜在的财务和法律风险。在这里，四项研究（共N = 1018）的结果报告了企业屁话接受度量表（CBSR）的构建和验证，这是一种衡量个人对企业屁话敏感性差异的新方法。结果表明，企业的胡扯接受度与企业言论的一般亲和力不同，与分析思维的测量呈负相关，与其他与胡扯相关的构念呈正相关，其方式与理论一致。重要的是，公司的胡扯接受度与几个工作场所感知变量呈正相关，并且是与工作相关的决策的一个强有力的负面预测因子。总的来说，这些发现确立了CBSR作为一个有效和可靠的工具来帮助研究人员和实践者检查组织中接受胡扯的原因、相关性和后果。

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引用次数: 0

Examining measurement invariance across gender in the BFAS-40 检验BFAS-40中不同性别的测量不变性

IF 2.6 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113695

Andrew Samo, Brent A. Stevenor, Samuel T. McAbee

This study examined the measurement invariance across gender of a recently developed short form of the Big Five Aspects Scale (BFAS-40; Gallagher et al., 2023) in a large sample (N = 1468). A modern item response theory (IRT) method was used to identify anchor items, and measurement invariance (MI) was examined using multi-group exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). ESEM MI analyses demonstrated strict invariance across genders for the BFAS-40. Moreover, findings for practical significance of measurement invariance testing, indexed by d_MACS (Nye & Drasgow, 2011), indicated trivial differences between genders across items, with the strongest (though still trivial to small) effects observed for the Withdrawal, Compassion, and Politeness Aspects. Implications as well as limitations and future directions are discussed. Overall, this provides further evidence that the BFAS-40 is a valid and fair tool for measuring the Big Five Aspects.

本研究在一个大样本（N = 1468）中检验了最近开发的大五方面量表（BFAS-40; Gallagher et al., 2023）在性别上的测量不变性。采用现代项目反应理论（IRT）识别锚项目，采用多组探索性结构方程模型（ESEM）检验测量不变性（MI）。ESEM MI分析表明，BFAS-40在不同性别之间具有严格的不变性。此外，由dMACS （Nye &; draggow, 2011）索引的测量不变性测试的实际意义的发现表明，性别之间在项目上的差异微不足道，在退缩、同情和礼貌方面观察到的影响最强（尽管仍然微不足道）。讨论了影响、限制和未来的发展方向。总的来说，这进一步证明了BFAS-40是衡量五大方面的有效和公平的工具。

引用次数: 0

Delaying reward feedback does not increase the influence of information on attentional priority in visual search 延迟奖励反馈不会增加视觉搜索中信息对注意优先级的影响

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106447

Julie Y.L. Chow , Kelly G. Garner , Daniel Pearson , Jan Theeuwes , Mike E. Le Pelley

Demonstrations of information-seeking behaviour suggest that attention often acts in an exploitative way, prioritising stimuli that provide diagnostic information about upcoming events over stimuli associated with uncertainty. However, recent evidence from studies of attentional capture in visual search show an opposite pattern: automatic prioritisation of items associated with reward uncertainty over diagnostic stimuli. We hypothesise that this uncertainty-modulated attentional capture (UMAC) effect reflects ‘attention for learning’: that is, exploration of potential sources of new information. Here we investigated whether UMAC arises because immediate provision of reward feedback in prior studies rendered advance information redundant, attenuating exploitation of diagnostic items and promoting exploration. Accordingly, increasing the duration of anticipated uncertainty (and hence the value of advance information that allows us to escape uncertainty earlier) should promote prioritisation of diagnostic cues and lead to patterns of attentional exploitation. In two eye-tracking experiments, we compared attentional capture by a cue providing diagnostic reward information and a cue signalling uncertain reward, while manipulating the delay between response and feedback (i.e., the duration of anticipated uncertainty that advance information could forestall). We found a UMAC effect in all conditions: regardless of response–feedback delay, uncertain stimuli were more likely to capture attention than diagnostic stimuli. These results suggest that prioritisation of uncertainty is a robust pattern of behaviour in this task. Synthesising current and previous findings, we suggest that different modes of attentional information-seeking may reflect qualitative task differences, with exploration operating at an implicit, automatic level, and exploitation resulting from top-down, volitional processes.

信息寻求行为的表现表明，注意力往往以一种剥削性的方式发挥作用，优先考虑提供有关即将发生事件的诊断信息的刺激，而不是与不确定性相关的刺激。然而，最近来自视觉搜索中注意力捕获的研究证据显示了相反的模式：与奖励不确定性相关的项目自动优先于诊断刺激。我们假设这种不确定性调节的注意力捕获（UMAC）效应反映了“学习的注意力”：即探索新信息的潜在来源。在这里，我们调查了UMAC的产生是否因为在先前的研究中，即时提供奖励反馈使预先信息冗余，减少了对诊断项目的利用并促进了探索。因此，增加预期不确定性的持续时间（因此，提前信息的价值使我们能够更早地逃避不确定性）应该促进诊断线索的优先级，并导致注意力开发的模式。在两个眼球追踪实验中，我们比较了提供诊断性奖励信息的线索和发出不确定奖励信号的线索的注意力捕获，同时操纵了反应和反馈之间的延迟（即预先信息可以预先阻止的预期不确定性的持续时间）。我们发现在所有条件下都存在UMAC效应：无论反应反馈延迟如何，不确定刺激比诊断刺激更容易引起注意。这些结果表明，在这项任务中，不确定性的优先级是一种强大的行为模式。综合目前和以前的研究结果，我们认为不同的注意信息寻求模式可能反映了定性任务的差异，其中探索是在隐性的、自动的水平上进行的，而利用是自上而下的、意志的过程。

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引用次数: 0

A novel task for measuring numerical bias among adults 一项测量成人数值偏差的新任务

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106439

Shachar Hochman , Mattan S. Ben-Shachar , Roi Cohen Kadosh , Avishai Henik

Numerical bias is the spontaneous tendency to base decisions on numerical rather than equally available non-numerical information. We introduce the Congruent Learning–Incongruent Probe (CLIP) task, a computerised paradigm for indexing numerical bias in adults. The task presents digit pairs that vary in numerical value and physical size, organised into blocks. In feedback-based learning trials, digits are congruent (larger number in larger font) and participants learn which stimulus is “correct” for that block. In subsequent no-feedback probe trials (test trials), the same pairs are presented incongruently, revealing whether choices are spontaneously driven by numerical or physical dimensions. A sample of 129 adults completed a multi-day battery to validate the CLIP task. Drift–diffusion modelling indicated substantial individual differences in numerical bias. Higher numerical bias correlated positively with maths fluency and quantitative reasoning, paralleling child findings on spontaneous focus on numerosity (SFON) and maths competence. To establish convergent validity, we also administered a numerical Stroop task that requires suppressing numerical information; individuals with stronger numerical bias showed larger interference and facilitation effects. These findings validate the CLIP task as a reliable measure of numerical bias and, more broadly, highlight how variability in spontaneous numerical processing shapes cognitive-control demands, illuminating the interplay between domain-specific biases and executive function.

数值偏差是一种自发的倾向，即基于数值而不是同等可用的非数值信息来做决定。我们介绍了一致学习-不一致探针（CLIP）任务，这是一个用于索引成人数值偏差的计算机化范例。该任务呈现不同数值和物理大小的数字对，组织成块。在基于反馈的学习试验中，数字是一致的（更大的数字，更大的字体），参与者学习哪一个刺激对那个块是“正确的”。在随后的无反馈探针试验（测试试验）中，相同的配对被不一致地呈现，揭示了选择是由数字维度还是物理维度自发驱动的。129名成年人的样本完成了多天的电池测试，以验证CLIP任务。漂移扩散模型表明数值偏差存在显著的个体差异。较高的数字偏见与数学流畅性和定量推理呈正相关，与儿童自发关注数字（SFON）和数学能力的研究结果相似。为了建立收敛效度，我们还执行了一个需要抑制数值信息的数值Stroop任务；数值偏见越强的个体，其干扰和促进作用越大。这些发现验证了CLIP任务作为数字偏差的可靠测量，更广泛地说，强调了自发数字处理的可变性如何塑造认知控制需求，阐明了特定领域偏差与执行功能之间的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Is a linguistic model needed to build abstract event representations? 是否需要语言模型来构建抽象事件表示？

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106474

Irene Canudas-Grabolosa , Madeline Quam , Marie Coppola , Jesse Snedeker , Annemarie Kocab

A central question in cognitive development is whether language simply expresses pre-existing event concepts or plays a critical role in their construction and use. Recent findings from studies with infants, preschoolers and adults have raised the possibility that generic two-place relations (e.g., cats push rabbits) can only be represented when people have access to the transitive sentences that express them. This suggests that these concepts could be constructed as we acquire a pre-existing, external language that expresses them. To explore this hypothesis, we tested whether adult homesigners—individuals without exposure to a pre-existing language—could construct such concepts in a nonverbal imitation task. Participants viewed three instances of a given generic event (with either one or two participants), then they were given new exemplars of the same kinds (e.g., new rabbit and cat) and prompted to act. Their performance was compared to English-speaking five-year-olds. Both groups performed well in the critical two-participant condition, consistently mapping figurines of the right kind to each role. There were no group or event-type differences. Thus, homesigners have the representational resources needed to support role binding. These findings demonstrate that abstract representations of generic two-place relations can emerge without exposure to a language that models these constructions or a set of shared linguistic conventions.

认知发展的一个核心问题是，语言是仅仅表达预先存在的事件概念，还是在事件概念的构建和使用中起着关键作用。最近对婴儿、学龄前儿童和成人的研究发现提出了一种可能性，即一般的两地关系（例如，猫推兔子）只有在人们能够获得表达它们的及物句时才能被表征。这表明，当我们获得一种预先存在的外部语言来表达这些概念时，就可以构建这些概念。为了探索这一假设，我们测试了成年的家庭制造者——没有接触到预先存在的语言的个体——是否可以在非语言模仿任务中构建这些概念。参与者观看给定的一般事件的三个实例（有一个或两个参与者），然后给他们相同类型的新实例（例如，新的兔子和猫），并提示他们采取行动。他们的表现与说英语的五岁孩子进行了比较。在关键的双参与者条件下，两组都表现良好，始终如一地为每个角色映射出正确类型的小雕像。没有组或事件类型差异。因此，设计师拥有支持角色绑定所需的代表性资源。这些发现表明，一般的两地关系的抽象表示可以在不接触以这些结构为模型的语言或一组共享的语言惯例的情况下出现。

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引用次数: 0

Dissociations and interactions between attention guidance from negative templates maintained in visual working memory and long-term memory 消极模板在视觉工作记忆和长时记忆中的注意引导分离及相互作用。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106455

Aditya Prakash, Andrew Hollingworth

Visual attention can be guided away from objects known to be irrelevant to the current task. These negative templates (specifying distractor features) can be maintained in visual working memory (VWM) and in long-term memory (LTM). LTM-based negative templates allow for direct suppression of to-be-avoided feature values, observable in the earliest selective operations during search (i.e., implemented proactively). However, there is mixed evidence regarding whether VWM-based negative templates are likewise implemented directly and proactively. Here, we contrasted LTM- and VWM-based negative guidance within the same visual search experiment. There were two broad lines of findings. First, the two sources of guidance dissociated on several measures of oculomotor orienting during visual search, including: a) the polarity of initial guidance, b) the latency of initial orienting, and c) the pattern of guidance across an extended search trial. We conclude that the two forms of guidance are implemented by fundamentally different mechanisms. Second, we created conditions in which the two forms of guidance were potentially operational within the same trial, testing their interaction. Both were expressed within a trial when they specified different sets of objects. However, VWM-based biases dominated when the two biases were placed in competition, indicating that online attentional sets tend to overshadow learned biases in the computation of priority.

视觉注意力可以被引导远离与当前任务无关的物体。这些负面模板（指定干扰特征）可以在视觉工作记忆（VWM）和长期记忆（LTM）中保持。基于ltm的负面模板允许直接抑制要避免的特征值，在搜索过程中最早的选择操作中可以观察到（即主动实现）。然而，关于基于vwm的负面模板是否同样直接和主动地实施，证据不一。在同一视觉搜索实验中，我们对比了基于LTM和基于vwm的负面引导。有两大发现。首先，在视觉搜索过程中，两种引导源在眼动定向的几个测量上分离，包括：a)初始引导的极性，b)初始定向的潜伏期，以及c)扩展搜索试验中的引导模式。我们得出结论，这两种形式的指导是通过根本不同的机制实施的。其次，我们创造了条件，使两种形式的指导在同一试验中可能起作用，测试它们的相互作用。当他们指定不同的对象集时，两者都在一次试验中表达出来。然而，当两种偏见竞争时，基于vwm的偏见占主导地位，这表明在线注意集在优先级计算中往往掩盖了学习偏见。

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引用次数: 0

Computational models reveal intuitive physics and statistical cues separately contribute to the visual perception of liquids 计算模型揭示了直观的物理和统计线索分别有助于液体的视觉感知。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106469

Yuting Zhang , Wenyan Bi , Yuyang Miao , Ilker Yildirim

We are intimately familiar with liquids in our visual experience, yet the computational basis of liquid perception remains underexplored. This is an important knowledge gap because liquids, with their mutable shapes and complex intrinsic dynamics, differ remarkably from the commonly studied categories in computational vision, such as rigid objects or non-rigid solids. To understand the computational basis of liquid perception, we implemented different models of this ability and tested them in a new behavioral study. The models realize two distinct theoretical possibilities for the visual perception of liquid viscosity. The first possibility, and the focus of most existing work, explains the representation of liquid viscosity as a consequence of high-level image and motion statistics discriminative of the gradations of this physical property. A second, much different possibility is that the perceptual representations of liquids functionally map the physical processes of how viscosity and external forces (e.g., gravity, rigid surfaces) shape the way liquids move. We task these models and humans in a new behavioral task: making similarity judgments of liquid viscosity across pairs of animations depicting qualitatively different scenarios — e.g., a metal ball falling into a liquid container vs. liquid pouring over a non-flat surface. We find that a new model, Ripple, which builds and manipulates physics-based representations of liquid viscosity from sensory inputs, explains substantial variance in human judgments beyond powerful, previously behaviorally validated, statistical representations of viscosity. Moreover, statistical representations of viscosity across vastly different model architectures — a task-specific DNN and a general video foundation model — converge with one another, while remaining equally differentiated from Ripple. These results suggest that liquid perception extends beyond image statistics to also involve simulation-based intuitive physics.

在我们的视觉体验中，我们非常熟悉液体，但液体感知的计算基础仍未得到充分探索。这是一个重要的知识缺口，因为液体具有可变形状和复杂的内在动力学，与计算视觉中常见的研究类别（如刚性物体或非刚性固体）有很大不同。为了了解液体感知的计算基础，我们实现了这种能力的不同模型，并在一项新的行为研究中对它们进行了测试。这些模型实现了液体粘度视觉感知的两种不同的理论可能性。第一种可能性，也是大多数现有工作的重点，将液体粘度的表示解释为这种物理性质的分级判别的高级图像和运动统计的结果。第二种截然不同的可能性是，液体的感知表征在功能上映射了粘度和外力（如重力、刚性表面）如何塑造液体运动方式的物理过程。我们让这些模型和人类完成一项新的行为任务：在描绘不同场景的动画中对液体粘度进行相似性判断——例如，一个金属球落入液体容器与液体倒在非平坦表面上。我们发现了一个新的模型，Ripple，它从感官输入中构建和操纵基于物理的液体粘度表示，解释了人类判断中的实质性差异，而不是强大的，先前经过行为验证的，粘度的统计表示。此外，粘度的统计表示跨越截然不同的模型架构——特定任务的DNN和一般的视频基础模型——彼此收敛，同时与Ripple保持相同的区别。这些结果表明，液体感知超越了图像统计，还涉及基于模拟的直观物理。

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引用次数: 0

Mental cost of simple(st) physical exertion 简单体力消耗的精神消耗。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106481

Weizhen Xie , Yoojeong Choo , Weiwei Zhang

Simple physical actions, such as hand gripping, impose measurable mental costs, impairing attention, memory, and decision-making. However, the mechanisms underlying this action-cognition trade-off remain elusive. A resource-sharing account posits that action and cognition draw resources from a common pool; thus, engaging the muscular system may reduce one's ability to actively retain information in mind, resulting in a working memory (WM) retention cost. In contrast, a control-cost account suggests that physical exertion primarily increases demands on control-related processes such as distractor inhibition without reducing overall WM retention. We tested these different accounts across two experiments, both of which consistently showed that concurrent physical load impaired visual WM performance at the behavioral level, especially in the presence of task-irrelevant distractors. In Experiment 1, EEG recordings revealed that stronger concurrent handgrip force did not reduce the contralateral delay activity (CDA), a neural marker of WM retention. Instead, higher physical load increased CDA amplitude when more distractors were present, consistent with increased retention of task-irrelevant information during concurrent physical exertion. In Experiment 2, fMRI revealed that this interaction was preferentially expressed within a frontoparietal network, encompassing the bilateral inferior frontal and posterior parietal cortices, rather than sensory and motor cortices associated with visual input and physical action. Together, these findings indicate that the cognitive cost of physical exertion arises not from an overall reduction in WM retention, but from increased demands on control-related processes that regulate which information gains access to memory, leading to greater inclusion of task-irrelevant content under elevated physical load.

简单的身体动作，如握紧手，会造成可测量的精神成本，损害注意力、记忆力和决策能力。然而，这种行为-认知权衡背后的机制仍然难以捉摸。资源共享理论认为，行动和认知从一个共同的资源池中汲取资源；因此，参与肌肉系统可能会降低一个人在脑海中积极保留信息的能力，导致工作记忆（WM）保留成本。相比之下，控制成本账户表明，体力消耗主要增加了对控制相关过程（如干扰物抑制）的需求，而不会减少总体的WM保留。我们通过两个实验测试了这些不同的说法，这两个实验都一致表明，并发的物理负荷会损害视觉WM在行为水平上的表现，特别是在任务无关的干扰物存在时。在实验1中，脑电图记录显示，更强的并发握力并没有降低对侧延迟活动（CDA），这是WM保留的神经标志。相反，当更多的干扰物存在时，更高的体力负荷会增加CDA振幅，这与同时体力消耗时任务无关信息的保留增加是一致的。在实验2中，fMRI显示这种相互作用优先在额顶叶网络中表达，该网络包括双侧额下皮层和后顶叶皮层，而不是与视觉输入和身体动作相关的感觉和运动皮层。综上所述，这些研究结果表明，体力消耗的认知成本并非来自WM保留的总体减少，而是来自对控制相关过程的需求增加，这些过程调节着哪些信息可以进入记忆，从而导致在体力负荷增加的情况下，更多地包含与任务无关的内容。

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全部 Child Dev. Perspect. J NEUROPSYCHOL Acta Psychologica Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition American journal of community psychology Annals of Behavioral Medicine Annu. Rev. Psychol. APPL NEUROPSYCH-CHIL Applied psychology. Health and well-being ARCH CLIN NEUROPSYCH Assessment Attachment & Human Development Behav. Brain Sci. Behav. Res. Methods Autism BEHAV BRAIN FUNCT Behav Sci (Basel) Behav. Brain Res. Behav. Pharmacol. Australian Journal of Psychology BRAIN BEHAV Br J Psychol British Journal of Guidance & Counselling Chem. Senses CHILD NEUROPSYCHOL Child development Clin Psychol (New York) Clinical psychology & psychotherapy Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Contemporary Educational Psychology CORTEX Current Directions in Psychological Science Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking Dev. Psychobiol. Development and Psychopathology Diagnostica Discourse Processes EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS Experimental psychology Front. Psychol. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences Intelligence International Journal of Behavioral Development Int J Clin Exp Hypn Journal of abnormal psychology Journal of applied behavior analysis J Appl Psychol Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC Journal of Clinical Psychology Journal of consulting and clinical psychology Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings Journal of community psychology Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice Journal of Happiness Studies Journal of Interpersonal Violence Journal of marital and family therapy J MEM LANG Journal of personality and social psychology Journal of personality assessment Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Journal of Research on Adolescence Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy J EXP ANAL BEHAV Journal of Youth and Adolescence Legal and Criminological Psychology Methodology (Gott) Memory Mil Psychol Nat. Hum. Behav. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA Perspect Psychol Sci Pers Soc Psychol Bull Perceptual and Motor Skills PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE Psychological Science Psychological Services Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Psychological Assessment Psychological methods PsyCh journal PSYCHOL BULL Q J EXP PSYCHOL Psychological Science in the Public Interest Psychotherapy (Chic) PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY Psychology Research and Behavior Management Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy PSYCHOL REV Psychological Reports Scandinavian journal of psychology School Psychology Review Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment Social Psychological and Personality Science STRUCT EQU MODELING Vision Res.

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