心理学最新文献

The emotion socialization behaviors that caregivers engage in with their own children are influenced, in part, by their own emotional responses to situations. One theory of why caregivers' behaviors differ in response to different child emotions centers on variability in caregiver discomfort around these emotions. Further, this discomfort is postulated to stem from a caregivers' experience during their emotional expressions in childhood with their own caregivers (hereinafter called "remembered" caregiving). However, limited research exists on the interplay between caregivers' remembered caregiving experiences and their own discomfort in response to children's emotions. This study aimed to explore (a) the association between valence of children's emotions and caregiver discomfort, (b) differences across discrete emotions and caregiver discomfort, and (c) the potential influence of recalled emotion socialization experiences on caregiver discomfort. In a sample of 234 caregivers (136 mothers; 98 fathers; M_age = 35.62, SD = 4.14 years) of 146 preschool-aged children, child negative emotions were found to elicit more discomfort than positive emotions, but no emotion-level differences emerged within discrete negative emotions (i.e., anger, fear, and sadness). Caregivers who recalled that their own caregivers responded to their emotions in childhood with an outcome-oriented goal (e.g., walking away to stop the emotional display) reported more discomfort with their own children's negative emotions. These findings contribute to our understanding of intergenerational transmission of caregiving behaviors, emphasizing the role of negative caregiving experiences in shaping caregiver comfortability with their child's negative emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

High rates of trauma are documented among individuals convicted of a sex offense. Public attitudes toward these individuals tend to be negative and often shape legislative responses and policies regarding sex offending sentencing and treatment. However, less is known regarding whether public attitudes may consider trauma and its relevance as a potential treatment target for those convicted of a sex offense. This study explored community member attitudes toward individuals convicted of a sex offense with histories of trauma. 295 participants were recruited via Prolific and responded to qualitative questions assessing their attitudes about the link between trauma and sex offenses, and whether trauma should influence sentencing and treatment outcomes. Analyses revealed main themes, including (1) Role of Childhood Trauma; (2) Outcomes and Management; and (3) Differences Between Individuals Convicted of Sex Offenses with versus Without Trauma History. Findings underscore the complexity of public attitudes toward this population and suggest trauma-informed interventions for those who commit sex offenses may receive public support if they also include emphasis on accountability for criminal sex behaviors. Implications highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions and public education to reduce stigma and support sex offending rehabilitation.

It is well known that some youth are both victims and perpetrators of bullying. However, it remains unclear whether the victim-perpetrator overlap contains specific characteristics, such as bias. Using data from the United States Health Behavior among School-aged Children survey from 2009 to 2010 (N = 8,739), this study investigated the victim-perpetrator overlap for school bullying, with emphasis on assessing whether the perpetrators of biased (i.e., bias-motivated or prejudicial) bullying are also victims of biased bullying. The analyses employed predictive modeling using cross-sectional data and multinomial logistic regression to examine whether perpetrating biased bullying is associated with a higher risk of experiencing biased victimization than nonbiased victimization (and no victimization). It was then determined among which demographic subgroup of students, the biased bullying victim-perpetrator overlap is most prevalent. Results indicated evidence of a type-specific victim-perpetrator overlap for biased bullying. The biased bullying victim-perpetrator overlap was most prevalent among females, students whose families have financial difficulties, and students not born in the United States. These findings suggest that bullying perpetrators are not only at risk of being victims of bullying generally, but they are specifically more likely to be victims of the type of bullying they perpetrate. School programming to combat biased bullying should be designed with the understanding that there are some students in both the victim and perpetrator roles. Initiatives should focus on potential avenues for breaking the cycle of bias, especially among the group of students most likely to be involved.

Despite financial concerns representing of the most substantial sources of stress, the intersection between individual differences and financial stress has received sparce attention. Emphasizing the cognitive-appraisal process, our study reveals financial stress perceptions partly reflect a dispositional tendency to interpret financial information either more positively or negatively. Across two studies (N = 441; N = 348), we found that positive and negative affect predict subjective financial perceptions of income adequacy. Further, using Relative Weights Analysis, we demonstrate that in predicting financial stress perceptions, dispositional affect is as important as, or more important than, objective measures of financial stress (i.e., household income and debt). Lastly, using moderated mediation, we found that both current and future perceived income adequacy mediate the relationship between one's income and their experience of affective financial strain, and dispositional affect moderates this relationship. Our work informs current research and interventions seeking to understand individual differences in financial stress perceptions.

Enhanced educational attainment and intelligence are consistent correlates of socially liberal, nontraditional attitudes. However, it is unclear how such associations unfold developmentally. Here, we propose an interaction effect between college exposure and intelligence on the development of nontraditional attitudes. Our rationale builds from the fact that a desired learning outcome of college education is to challenge traditional dogma and encourage diverse perspectives. Those with higher intellectual ability should be particularly adept at understanding the intended lesson and to show attendant increases in nontraditional attitudes. Data on social attitudes were obtained in a large community sample of youth at age 17 and remeasured at two points in early adulthood (N = 2,769). Intelligence was linked with growth in nontraditional attitudes among those with higher educational attainment; no such association was observed among individuals who never attended college. Environments that encourage critical inquiry may thus steer brighter individuals toward the adoption of progressive worldviews.

Overdose deaths involving opioids and xylazine, a nonopioid adulterant with sedative, analgesic, and muscle-relaxant properties, have increased dramatically over the past decade. Anecdotal reports suggest xylazine enhances some effects of opioids; however, motivations for their co-use remain unclear. This study examined the reinforcing effects of fentanyl/xylazine mixtures in nonhuman primates responding under a food-versus-drug choice procedure. Rhesus monkeys ( n  = 4) responded under a concurrent schedule where responding on one lever delivered a sucrose pellet while responding on the other lever delivered an intravenous infusion of fentanyl (0.032-1.0 µg/kg/infusion) alone or in combination with xylazine (1.0-100 µg/kg/infusion). Unit dose of drug increased across blocks within each session, and the ratio of xylazine to fentanyl (10 : 1, 32 : 1, 100 : 1, and 320 : 1) varied across conditions. Choice of infusions increased and choice of food decreased with increasing unit dose of fentanyl, whether available alone or in combination with xylazine. Xylazine increased the choice of otherwise ineffective doses of fentanyl, resulting in a shift in the fentanyl dose-effect curve leftward 2- to 6-fold across monkeys. Combining xylazine with relatively small doses of fentanyl increased choice of infusions over food compared with fentanyl alone. These data suggest that xylazine enhanced the potency (and possibly effectiveness) of fentanyl to function as a reinforcer, which might contribute to increased potential for abuse.

This report leveraged the subsample of romantically involved participants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development at the most recent assessment of the cohort (n = 505; M_age = 28.6 years; 58.1% female; 81.7% White/non-Hispanic) to study the role of three theoretically salient childhood interpersonal experiences as potential antecedents of self-reported romantic relationship adjustment in early adulthood. Predictors were measured multiple times prospectively in childhood through adolescence and included (a) direct observations of maternal sensitivity in dyadic interactions with participants from age 1 month through 15 years, (b) participants' reports of the quality of their best friendships from Grade 3 to age 15 years, and (c) participants' primary caregivers' reports about the quality of their own romantic relationships when target participants were being reared. Composite assessments of these three childhood interpersonal exposures were each uniquely predictive of participants' romantic relationship adjustment in young adulthood after accounting for demographic covariates, though the overall effect size was modest (ΔR² = .05). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The family stress model (FSM) posits that socioeconomic status affects child developmental outcomes through parental mental health and parenting practices. Although the FSM has been validated in various contexts, there is limited research on its applicability across diverse family structures in the United States. This study uses multigroup structural equation modeling to test the FSM across three family types: biologically connected/adopted two-parent families (T-B/A), stepfamilies (ST), and single-parent families (SP) among a representative sample of children in the United States (N = 28,234; Mage = 12.5 years; 13,671 females and 14,563 males). The results show that family structure moderates three of the nine pathways in the FSM. Specifically, the association between socioeconomic status and parental mental health and the association between parental aggravation and children's grades are stronger in T-B/A families than in ST and SP families. The association between parental aggravation and children's mental health is similar between T-B/A families and ST but weaker for SP families. The remaining associations in the FSM are consistent across the three family structures. Overall, these findings confirm the theoretical utility of the FSM across common family structures and also highlight the need to incorporate family structure-related variables, such as stressors unique to ST and SP families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

As people get older, they often exhibit a relative preference for positive over negative information in attention, a phenomenon known as the positivity effect. Although this effect is well-documented, prior studies have typically required participants to view experimenter-selected stimuli. In daily life, however, people often choose their own emotional inputs, and these choices can be shaped by psychological inertia and status quo biases. Because psychological inertia increases with age, we tested how the presence of default options influences positivity effects. Across two studies (final Ns = 82 and 181), younger and older adults completed a proactive choice task where each trial began with a default image (negative, neutral, or positive). Participants could do nothing and continue viewing this default or press a key to switch to a known alternative (e.g., switch from negative to neutral). Older adults were more likely than younger adults to continue viewing defaults, regardless of valence. When defaults were positive, this produced an age-related positivity bias, with older adults viewing comparatively more positive images. Conversely, when defaults were negative, there was an age-related negativity bias, with older adults viewing comparatively more negative images. When defaults were neutral, older adults were less likely than younger adults to seek out negative or positive alternatives. Study 2 included a manipulation designed to reduce psychological inertia, and while this increased switching, older adults continued to stick with defaults more often than younger adults. These findings highlight the contextual nature of positivity effects, showing they vary with the default environment's valence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Evidence has shown that rights-claiming initiatives by disadvantaged groups can elicit negative (reactionary) responses from the advantaged. The present work analyzes the effect of rights-claiming initiatives of a disadvantaged minority group (Moroccan immigrants) on the stereotypes, emotions, behavioral intentions, and support for collective actions manifested by the advantaged majority group (Spaniards) toward them. Following a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design, one qualitative (Study 1) and two experimental studies (Study 2 and 3) were conducted. Furthermore, we examine the differential effect of rights-claiming initiatives and upward social mobility (Study 2; N = 683) and the influence of group membership and different levels of vindication on attitudes toward the rights-claiming group (Study 3; N = 402). The main results show that: (1) Moroccans were perceived as an active minority but also as a group engaged in upward mobility; (2) Perceiving Moroccans as an active minority compared to upwardly mobile led to less positive affective reactions and behavioral intentions due to perceiving Moroccans as more immoral and less sociable; (3) Only when both Spaniards and Moroccans were presented as active did Spanish participants perceive Moroccans compared to Spaniards as more immoral and, in turn, manifest less positive affective reactions and behavioral intentions toward the target group. Although the rights initiatives by the disadvantaged did not seem to undermine the attitudes of the advantaged group toward them, the findings suggest that these initiatives have a more negative impact on intergroup attitudes than other social change strategies and have the potential to induce intergroup bias.