心理学最新文献

Persons with severe non-fluent aphasia would benefit from using gestures to substitute for their absent powers of speech. The use of gestures, however, is challenging for persons with aphasia and concomitant limb apraxia. Research on the long-term recovery of gestures is scant, and it is unclear whether gesture performance can show recovery over time. This study evaluated the recovery of emblems and tool use pantomimes of persons with severe non-fluent aphasia and limb apraxia after a left hemisphere stroke. The Florida Apraxia Screening Test-Revised (FAST-R) was used for measurements. The test includes 30 gestures to be performed (i) after an oral request, (ii) with the aid of a pictorial cue, or (iii) as an imitation. The gestures were rated on their degree of comprehensibility. The comprehensibility of gestures after an oral request improved significantly in five out of seven participants between the first (1-3 months after the stroke) and the last (3 years after) examination. Improvement continued for all five in the period between six months and three years. The imitation model did improve the comprehensibility of gestures for all participants, whereas the pictorial cue did so just slightly. The skill of producing gestures can improve even in the late phase post-stroke. Because of this potential, we suggest that gesture training should be systematically included in the rehabilitation of communication for persons with severe non-fluent aphasia.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are defined as stressful or traumatic events occurring within a child's family environment during their first 18 years of life. Research examining the associations between exposure to ACEs in childhood and bullying experiences in adolescence is sparse. To address this gap, data from the first 10 sweeps of the Growing Up in Scotland prospective cohort study was used to evaluate the relationship between 6 different ACEs and the risk of being bullied or engaging in bullying others at age 14 among a sample of 2,669 adolescents. Multiple univariable logistic regression models were fitted to explore independent associations between each of the six ACEs measured, 1+ ACE and 3+ ACEs and bullying perpetration and victimization, respectively. Results showed that a high proportion of young people in Scotland experience bullying victimization (31%) and a very high percentage reported exposure to at least one type of adversity (73.6%). Young people whose parents reported drug or alcohol misuse and females whose parents had divorced or separated had higher odds of engaging in bullying others. Having a parent who had mental health problems was the only ACE that predicted higher odds of experiencing bullying. Substance misuse in the family predicted a higher risk of bullying victimization for females. Logistic regression analyses further showed that females with greater exposure to ACEs were more likely to engage in bullying in mid-adolescence. Our findings underscore the importance of understanding bullying perpetration as a maladaptive way to manage life stressors.

Distinguishing factors between pedohebephebophilic actors and non-actors remain a critical area of research for understanding offending behavior and developing targeted interventions. This meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on motivating, facilitating, situational, and other factors that differentiate individuals who have committed sexual offenses against children from those who have not. Following PRISMA guidelines, systematic searches were conducted across PsycNet, ProQuest, Web of Science, PubMed, and PSYNDEX, supplemented by manual searches. Data were analyzed using fixed and random effects models. From 2,185 records screened, 34 studies from 22 datasets met inclusion criteria. We conducted meta-analyses for 50 potential distinguishing factors. The strongest effect sizes were discovered for intelligence (g = -.86), stigma (g = .61), male sex (g = .51), age (g = .48), therapy attendance (g = .43) and interest (g = .43), and sexual (g = .38) and non-sexual (g = .38) adverse childhood experiences. The average quality score was 11.13 (SD = 1.82) out of maximum score of 16. Findings provide support for some motivating, facilitating, situational, and other factors distinguishing pedohebephilic actors from non-actors. These findings offer opportunities for improved risk assessment, prevention strategies, and therapeutic interventions, however, they are limited by the cross-sectional nature of the results.

In the current literature on compulsivity, it is unclear whether this construct is best conceptualized as an internalizing disorder, a fear disorder, a thought disorder, or some combination of the three. The Compulsivity (CMP) scale introduced with the MMPI-3 assesses compulsive behaviors. To address the question of compulsivity's placement within a hierarchical psychopathology structure, the current study examined the degree to which CMP scores share variance with internalizing, fear, and thought dysfunction factors using confirmatory factor analyses. Results indicated that a model in which CMP scores cross-loaded onto latent fear and thought dysfunction factors exhibited preferential fit compared to a model in which CMP scores cross-loaded onto a higher-order internalizing factor and a thought dysfunction factor. Constraining equality in the cross-loading of CMP scores onto fear and thought dysfunction factors caused no significant decrement in fit. These findings indicate that the MMPI-3 CMP scale measures both fear and thought dysfunction. Implications and limitations of these findings and future research directions are discussed.

The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; PCL-5) was designed and validated to track symptoms over the past month (PCL-5-M), yet an untested ad hoc weekly version (PCL-5-W) is commonly used to track changes during treatment. We used archival data of clinical trials for the treatment of PTSD in veterans to assess the construct validity of PCL-5-W. Both PCL-5-M and PCL-5-W were found to have configural measurement invariance across four consecutive administrations. The results also indicated at least partial metric and scalar invariance for each version. The reliability estimates of PCL-5-M and PCL-5-W at each time point were equivalent. However, we found a discrepancy with regard to concurrent validity; correlations with the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire may be meaningfully different between PCL-5-M and PCL-5-W. Nevertheless, overall, the results suggest that PCL-5-W can be validly used to assess PTSD symptoms over time, but factor scores may need to be tracked alongside total scores to address validity concerns.

Male sexual victimization is more commonly examined in the context of child sexual abuse (CSA) rather than adult sexual assault (ASA). This qualitative study examines the meaning-making of ASA among men who have been sexually assaulted in adulthood (after age 18) by analyzing the ways they experience and narrate adult age and masculinity in this context. To gain a comprehensive understanding of male sexual victimization in adulthood, data were gathered through 40 in-depth interviews with 19 Israeli male ASA survivors and 21 sexual trauma therapists. This study found that survivors perceived the sexual assaults they experienced as adults through the dual lenses of adulthood and masculinity, which resulted in an identity where expectations of being an adult and being male became intertwined. This perspective deepened their sense of loneliness, driven by the belief that adult men should be self-reliant, and distinguished the meaning-making of ASA from that of CSA. In addition, ASA survivors negotiated the narrative of being an adult male survivor of sexual assault using three strategies: detachment from the experience, minimization of the experience, and hypersexuality. Accordingly, we conclude that the perception of the assault by ASA survivors is shaped by both their masculinity and their maturity.

Women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) report multiple and diverse traumas. Exposure to community violence may be important to consider when examining the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative and unique associations between PTSD symptom clusters and witnessing and experiencing community violence among women experiencing IPV. Participants were 171 community women experiencing IPV (M_age = 40.56; 40.3% white, 31.5% Black, and 17.5% Hispanic or Latina). Experiencing and witnessing community violence were significantly and positively correlated with overall PTSD symptoms and with each PTSD symptom cluster. The PTSD symptom cluster of arousal and reactivity was uniquely associated with experiencing and witnessing community violence above and beyond other PTSD symptom clusters. Findings indicate the relevance of assessing-and intervening-on arousal and reactivity PTSD symptoms in this population.

Sexual minority youth (e.g., lesbian, queer, bisexual) encounter higher rates of abuse compared to their heterosexual peers. Similarly, Black youth are disproportionately affected by adverse experiences, including abuse. Seeking help after experiencing abuse has been shown to improve both mental and physical health outcomes. There is a lack of research on how the intersection of these identities affects help-seeking behaviors when experiencing different types of abuse. To address this gap, our study analyzed national data from 716 Black cisgender sexual minority women (SMW) aged 18 to 21 (M_age = 19.5) who participated in the Healthy Minds Study and examined the likelihood of seeking formal and informal support based on past year emotional, physical, and sexual abuse experiences. Formal help-seeking was assessed by whether participants received counseling or therapy, and informal help-seeking was defined as seeking support from a non-professional source (e.g., family member, friend, and significant other). We found participants who reported abuse experiences, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, or combined abuse experiences, were significantly more likely to seek informal support, with odds ratios of 2.20, 1.66, 2.77, and 2.38, respectively. However, there was no difference in formal help-seeking compared to participants without abuse experiences. Specific sources of informal support sought were explored descriptively by participants with and without abuse experiences, showing that participants who experienced abuse primarily sought informal support from friends, family members, significant others, and roommates. This trend was consistent among participants who did not report any abuse experiences. Overall, findings suggest that there were no significant differences in the likelihood of seeking formal support regardless of participants' abuse history. However, those who experienced abuse were significantly more likely to seek informal support compared to those who did not. Findings suggest Black adolescent SMW who have endured abuse may face barriers accessing formal support networks; therefore, targeted interventions are needed.

This study investigated the nature of the association between spatial ability and prosocial behaviour in middle childhood. We used a general-population longitudinal survey from the United Kingdom, which allowed us to control for a wide range of area, family and child covariates, including early verbal ability and parenting, in a large sample (N = 13,355, 51% male). The study's primary aim was to determine whether intrinsic-dynamic spatial skills predicted prosocial behaviour and vice versa across ages 5 and 7 years. The results from cross-lagged panel models with various levels of adjustment indicated that both paths were significant and equally strong. However, when also controlling for verbal ability and parenting practices, verbal ability (but not parenting) confounded the path from prosocial behaviour at age 5 to spatial ability at age 7. Therefore, only the path from spatial to social skills remained significant after adjustment for all confounders. Sex-stratified analyses did not reveal significant differences between the paths for males and females. The present study contributes to our understanding of social and cognitive development in children, highlighting the impact of spatial skills across the social domain. The findings have implications for educational curricula in the early years and primary school.

Extensive research has examined empathy in autistic people; this has largely been conducted by asking autistic participants to complete measures and engage in experimental procedures or by consulting with close relatives. To the best of our knowledge, this study is one of the first to seek the views of autistic participants on their self-perceived empathic capacity. In this case, empathy was explored within a wider context of self-concept. The study recruited 100 participants who were asked to complete 10 statements about themselves. Subsequently, participants were asked to rate their self-perceived empathy on a scale of 1-10, providing justification for this. Autistic and non-autistic participants made a comparable proportion of references to numerous psychological traits. However, non-autistic participants made a higher proportion of references to being happy, friendly and caring. Autistic participants gave lower self-ratings of empathy compared to non-autistic participants; however, the thematic analysis showed that both groups felt they had cognitive and affective empathic capacity, with nuanced differences between the groups. This paper highlights the importance of involving autistic voices in research about their empathic capacity and self-concept, identifying nuance in the autistic experience that has been generally overlooked in previous research.