心理学最新文献

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) represents a significant public and social health concern and may present particular complexities in military veteran relationships which are subject to unique stressors including separations, transition to civilian life and increased risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Public understanding is vital in terms of ensuring access to services and appropriate intervention. However, little is known about the public perception of IPV in this context. This study sought to assess how public recognition and discourse is affected by military veteran status and a diagnosis of PTSD. Community participants (N = 269) were randomly allocated to one of four conditions and presented with a story containing IPV in which the profession (military veteran/civilian worker) and diagnostic status (PTSD/No PTSD) were manipulated. All participants rated the extent to which they felt the story contained IPV; additionally, half (n = 123) took part in a story completion task designed to elicit qualitative data with regards to public discourse. The mean scores in all conditions were weighted towards IPV recognition. Results indicated a small interaction between job role and PTSD (F[1265] = 7.888, p < 0.01, partial n² = 0.029) meaning that the public are more likely to recognise IPV when it is perpetrated by a military veteran than a civilian with PTSD. Diagnostic status made no difference to recognising abuse perpetrated by a military veteran. However, the fit of the model was weak (r² = .040) meaning that the large majority of variance was due to factors not accounted for. Qualitative findings indicated that in a military population trauma may be assumed even where not indicated and the public appear less likely to consider current stressors or acknowledge that PTSD cannot justify abuse. Victims of IPV in military relationships may therefore be particularly vulnerable to discourses that prioritise the victim status of the perpetrator.

Improvisational behavior is an individual's spontaneous and creative behavior in the face of emergencies, using existing material and emotional resources to respond quickly and effectively to uncertain situations. Despite increasing interest in this behavior, its antecedents remain unclear, with particular ambiguity regarding the relationship between empowering leadership and employee improvisational behavior. The present article addresses this ambiguity with the theory of reasoned action to examine whether the impact of empowering leadership on employees' improvisational behavior is determined by employees' attitudes toward such behavior. In this study, a multi-source design was adopted, and data (339 valid samples) were collected from five Internet companies in China's Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Hierarchical regression and bootstrapping methods were used to test the hypotheses. The results reveal that (1) employees' promotion focus moderates the relationship between empowering leadership and improvisational behavior and (2) employees' willingness to take risks mediates the moderating effect of promotion focus. Our findings demonstrate employees' attitudinal utility in explaining when improvisational behavior is most likely to occur under empowering leadership.

The present article compares three CQT polygraph studies (Elaad et al., 1994; Ginton, 2019; Krapohl & Dutton, 2018), each indicating a different degree of the prior information effect in triggering confirmation bias while scoring polygraph examinations. The comparison led to the conclusion that the sample of the examiners who did the scoring in Krapohl and Dutton's study (2018) was a better representative of the examiners' population; however, the robust effect found in it is somewhat questionable since an unspecified part of it could be attributed to uncontrolled contamination of a conformity factor. So, we are left with the findings of the other two studies, which indicate a smaller effect. The comparison between the studies also raised the option that using the conservative inconclusive zone of +/-5 in the numerical scoring might mitigate the prior information impact by reducing the possibility that it may change results from Deception Indicated (DI) to No Deception Indicated (NDI) and vice versa. With such cut scores, at most, the effect would be shown in entering or leaving the Inconclusive zone, which is less problematic in increasing the number of potential errors. The danger of being affected by prior information is still there and should be paid attention to; however, as for now, research evidence indicates that it affects only a small percentage of the total volume of field CQT tests. That is compatible with Ginton's (2019) findings that the adverse effect in practice may concern less than 5% of the specific event-related CQT examinations.

The self is crucial in career development, and authenticity emerges when individuals live in accordance with their true selves. This true self includes a deep awareness of one's abilities, cognitive, physical, and emotional traits, and unbiased answers to "Who am I?". Given its importance in career development, originality can significantly impact one's professional journey. This study brings a new structure to the field of career counseling with the term career authenticity. Career authenticity is a condition that emerges when individuals manage external influences and make their career choices in accordance with their true selves, thus achieving a work life that contributes to the meaning and purpose of their lives. The Career Authenticity Scale (CAS) was developed and validated in two samples of university students. In Study 1 (n = 402), the CAS was developed, and a structure consisting of 12 items and three dimensions was obtained as a result of exploratory factor analysis. Calculations also included the internal reliability coefficients of the CAS. In Study 2 (n = 322), the structure confirming the factors obtained in the first study was confirmed. Analyses also included convergent and discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, measurement invariance across gender, and item discrimination power of the CAS. The results show that the CAS meets the conditions for convergent and discriminant validity. A positive relationship was detected between the CAS and vocational outcome expectations and career proactive behaviors. The CAS was found to provide measurement invariance at configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance levels according to gender. In conclusion, the CAS was proven to be a valid and reliable measurement tool.

The aim of this study was to examine the role played by the extroversion and social self-concept in the relationship between internet addiction and social media burnout. 200 individuals from the Brazilian general population between the ages of 18 and 45 participated and responded to the Compulsive Internet Use Scale, the Social Media Burnout Scale, the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale, and a scale of reduced markers for personality assessment. The data were analyzed with the SPSS software. Results showed positive and statistically significant correlations between internet addiction and social media burnout, as well as negative correlations between both variables with social self-concept and extroversion. Furthermore, social self-concept had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between Internet addiction and social media burnout by appearing to mediate this relationship. This study contributes to the endorsement of the literature on the subject and prompts consideration of interventions needed by psychologists to promote social skills and appropriate internet use.

By combining authors who hypothesized that modern technology has greatly increased people's ability and people's possibility to distance themselves from their embodied awareness and those who have shown that communication through social media is more congenial to people with a tendency towards perfectionistic self-presentation (PSP), this study analyses the influence of self-concept clarity (SCC) in bodily dissociation (BD) and hypothesizes that people with a low SCC are more prone to BD and that PSP and problematic Instagram use (PIU) may play a serial mediating role in this relationship. Two hundred and 19 women (M_age = 31.8 ± 11.25) completed an online survey that included the Italian-validated versions of the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, the Scale of Body Connection and the Bergen Facebook Scale modified for Instagram use. A Serial Mediation Model (Hayes's PROCESS Model 6) shows that both PSP and PIU significantly serially mediate the association between SCC and BD (β = -.025 SE = .011, 95% CI = [-.0498, -.0070]) and that there is a mediating effect of PIU between SCC and BD (β = -.04 SE = .020, 95% CI = [-.0865, -.0098]), but no mediating effect of PSP between SCC and BD was found (β = -.052 SE = .031, 95% CI = [-.1184, +.0039]). A possible explanation is that people with low SCC try to avoid others noticing their imperfections because they fail to integrate it into their self-concept and tend to use Instagram in a problematic way because this tool allows them to largely control the information they share. This use, in turn, alters their state of mind-body connection and this increases the disconnection from one's bodily sensations. The absence of mediation by the PSP between SCC and BD and the presence of PIU mediation between SCC and BD underlines the importance of technology in this relationship. The implications and limitations of this study will be discussed.

Background: Loneliness is a common public health problem that influences people's physical and mental health. There is a high incidence of loneliness in adolescents. Some research suggested that smartphone or Internet addiction (SA or IA) may be a factor. But the relationship between loneliness and SA or IA is not completely clear among adolescents. We aim to estimate the correlation coefficient r between them. Methods: Databases, consisting of PubMed and Web of Science, were retrieved systematically for studies of the association between adolescents' loneliness and SA or IA. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was chosen as an assessment tool in this analysis. We estimated the correlation coefficient r between loneliness and SA or IA and drew a forest plot. Moreover, moderator analyses were also conducted to explore what leads to heterogeneity in our study. Results: 21 studies were finally included in our analysis with 27,843 samples. The pooled correlation coefficient r was 0.252 (95% confidence interval: [0.173, 0.329]; p < 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I² = 0.000%; Q = 23.616; p < 0.001), indicating a moderate positive association. The funnel plot indicated small publication bias. A one-study removal sensitivity analysis indicated there was no significant difference between these studies. Meta-regression indicated no significant difference between the results and age (Q = 11.94, df = 18, p = 0.8504). Conclusions: Our analysis indicated a moderate positive association between loneliness and SA or IA. The results may attract the attention of some experts who study adolescent psychological problems and behavioral problems and may provide ideas for their research in the future.

Racial socioeconomic gaps are widened in periods of economic recession. Besides social and institutional factors, black people also struggle with many psychological factors. The literature reports racial-biased complex behaviors and high-level processes that are influenced by economic scarcity. A previous study found a bias at the perceptual level: an experimental manipulation of scarcity (a subliminal priming paradigm) lowered the black-white race categorization threshold. Here we present a conceptual replication in a higher ecological setup. In our main analysis we compared the categorization threshold of participants that received the Brazilian government's emergency economic aid in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 136) and participants that did not receive the economic aid (n = 135) in an online psychophysical task that presented faces in a black-white race continuum. Additionally, we analyzed the economic impact of COVID-19 on household income, and in cases of family unemployment. Our results do not support the claim that perception of race is influenced by economic scarcity. Interestingly, we found that when people differ greatly in terms of racial prejudice, they encode visual information related to race differently. People with higher scores on a prejudice scale needed more phenotypic traits of the black race to categorize a face as black. We discuss the results in terms of differences in method and sample.

Research supports an association between dissociation and elevations in feelings of shame. Yet, some work suggests this connection may be influenced by interpersonal relationship context, with shame heightened when dissociation is experienced with a close friend compared to when alone or with an acquaintance. The current studies sought to further clarify the relational context in which dissociation appears to maximize shame activation. Participants read stories depicting either dissociation or sadness in different relationship contexts, and subsequently responded on measures of emotions, state shame, shame explanations, and perceived behavioral responses. Study 1 (N = 328) revealed that shame feelings were common responses to dissociation, but did not differ when dissociation occurred with an old or new therapist. In Study 2 (N = 345), shame was again elevated in response to dissociation. Additionally, single-item shame ratings were heightened following dissociative experiences with a close friend and doctor compared to when alone, and in these former two contexts showed increased shame with dissociation compared to sadness. Shame appears to follow the experience of dissociation, and this relationship may strengthen when in the presence of another, suggesting that social relationships may be an important variable in the relationship between shame and dissociation.

Awe is an emotion defined by an experience of vastness and cognitive accommodation that is unique among other positive emotions in that its cognitive effects are more similar to those of negative emotions. The current study posits that because of its unique cognitive effects, awe may related to resilience to stressors introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was hypothesized that awe would significantly correlate with resilience to COVID-19 even when controlling for religiosity. Religiosity was included in the analyses because of strong support in previous research connecting it to both awe and resilience. Regression analyses revealed that awe and religiosity were both significant correlates of resilience but when placed in the same model, the relationship between religiosity and resilience disappeared. An exploratory mediation analysis was conducted to further explore this result. Implications for understanding resilience in the face of COVID-19 and directions for future research are discussed.