心理学最新文献

In four experiments covering three different life domains, participants made future predictions in what they considered the most realistic scenario, an optimistic best-case scenario, or a pessimistic worst-case scenario (N = 2,900 Americans). Consistent with a best-case heuristic, participants made "realistic" predictions that were much closer to their best-case scenario than to their worst-case scenario. We found the same best-case asymmetry in health-related predictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, for romantic relationships, and a future presidential election. In a fully between-subject design (Experiment 4), realistic and best-case predictions were practically identical, and they were naturally made faster than the worst-case predictions. At least in the current study domains, the findings suggest that people generate "realistic" predictions by leaning toward their best-case scenario and largely ignoring their worst-case scenario. Although political conservatism was correlated with lower covid-related risk perception and lower support of early public-health interventions, the best-case prediction heuristic was ideologically symmetric.

To whom do we turn for support in times of need, and what does the support from close others convey? The present research investigated how the structure and function of attachment differ for individuals in East Asian and Western cultures. In three studies, using survey and daily diary data, we examined the role of the romantic partner as an attachment figure, and the consequences of receiving responsive support in close relationships among individuals in Korea and the United States. As expected, the role of the romantic partner as an attachment figure was less emphasized for Koreans compared with U.S. participants. Also, responsive support from close others was more strongly linked to affiliation-related end states (i.e., in-group agency) for Koreans than U.S. individuals. The present research demonstrates the need to consider nuanced cultural influences in the attachment literature for the broader application of the theory.

This study aimed to determine whether the second-generation cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB 1 ) antagonist, monlunabant - designed to treat obesity by targeting peripheral receptors - might actually exert its effects through CB 1 receptors in the central nervous system. In adult male mice, both monlunabant and rimonabant reduced appetite and antagonized CB 1 agonist-induced hypothermia. Monlunabant was consistently less potent than rimonabant in both appetite suppression and blocking hypothermia. The cannabinoid agonist HU-210 produced profound hypothermia, which was significantly attenuated by 10 mg/kg of either drug and by 3 mg/kg of rimonabant. Similarly, both drugs reduced appetite in food-deprived mice with limited access to preferred food at the same doses that were effective in the hypothermia assay. Lower doses of monlunabant, which likely saturated peripheral receptors, had no effect on appetite. These findings suggest that monlunabant suppresses appetite mainly through antagonism of central CB 1 receptors. Consequently, monlunabant and other second-generation CB 1 antagonists being developed for obesity may carry a similar risk of adverse psychiatric effects, as previously observed with rimonabant.

Hesperidin treatments reduce depressive symptoms in mouse models of depression, but the mechanism that mediates its antidepressant effects is unclear. This study shows that hesperidin exerts its antidepressant effects by activating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor to promote synaptic and neuronal function in the hippocampus. The optimal dose of hesperidin (10 mg/kg) for the antidepressant potential was determined after 7 consecutive days of treatments, demonstrating decreased latency to eat and increased food consumption in novelty suppressed feeding, and decreased immobility time in tail suspension test (TST). Moreover, the optimal dose also reversed the depressive phenotypes of Institute of Cancer Research mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), including reduced immobility time in the TST and increased sucrose preference in the sucrose preference test. In addition, hesperidin increased the expression of AMPA receptor protein (Glur1) and synaptic proteins (BDNF, PSD95, synapsin1) in the hippocampus of CUMS-exposed mice. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPA receptor activity by NBQX blocked the effect of hesperidin in reversing the depressive phenotypes, upregulated the expression of synaptic proteins (BDNF, PSD95, synapsin1) and cFOS-positive cells in the hippocampus, and increased the number of Ki67-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of CUMS-exposed mice. These results help to further understand the antidepressant mechanism of hesperidin and provide new ideas for the future development of antidepressant drugs.

Despite being a core psychological construct for over 70 years, research has yet to examine how perceptions of deprivation relative to other individuals and/or groups develop across adulthood. As such, this preregistered study uses cohort-sequential latent growth modeling to examine changes in individual- and group-based relative deprivation (IRD and GRD, respectively) across the adult lifespan. Across 10 annual assessments of a nationwide random sample of adults (N_total = 58,878; ethnic minority n = 11,927; 62.7% women; ages 21-80), mean levels of IRD trended downward across the lifespan, whereas mean levels of GRD generally increased from young-to-middle adulthood before declining across late adulthood. Subtle cohort effects emerged for both constructs, although both IRD and GRD largely followed a normative aging process. Critically, the development of GRD-but not IRD-differed between ethnic groups, providing insights into how one's objective status may shape subjective (dis)advantage over time.

Concordance between partner reports of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is generally low, but self-reporting of IPV and concordance between partners among expectant parents in marginalized communities has not been explored, nor have associations among each partner's reports of IPV and their behaviors in observed conflict discussions. This study will examine these gaps. One hundred and thirty-eight low-income, unmarried, Black, coparenting dyads expecting their first child together (136 mothers and 136 fathers) completed the Revised-Conflict Tactics Scale and a video recorded and coded conflict discussion. There was low concordance between parent's reports of IPV overall with moderate levels of concordance for coparents who were living together and had more harmonious relationships. Linear regression analyses indicated only mothers' reports of fathers' psychological and physical IPV but not fathers' reports of IPV were significantly associated with observed negative communication. Neither coparents' reports of psychological or physical IPV were associated with positive communication during a conflict discussion. These findings suggest that at the time of parenthood transitions, mothers' reports of fathers' IPV behaviors may be more robust in their association with negative/unhealthy couple communication patterns than fathers' reports and should be used when making safety determinations with families.

Objective: We investigated the impact of low-tempo, repetitive hand movements on vibrotactile sensitivity by employing various temporal and spatial patterns in the hand and wrist area.

Background: The investigation of a human's ability to perceive vibrotactile stimuli during dynamic hand movements remains understudied, despite the prevalence of slow to mild hand motions in applications such as hand navigation or gesture control using haptic gloves in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR).

Method: We investigated vibrotactile sensitivity, analyzing the impact of various factors, including Motion (static and low-tempo repetitive hand movements), Temporal Patterns (Single or Double vibrations with varying onset times), Tactor Placements (hand and wrist), Spatial Patterns, and Biological Sex.

Results: Our study revealed that Motion significantly influences vibrotactile sensitivity in the hand and wrist areas, leading to reduced accuracy rates during dynamic conditions. Additionally, as the stimulus onset approached in Double vibrations, accuracy rates markedly decreased. Notably, Hand Placement resulted in significantly higher accuracy rates compared to the Wrist Placement.

Conclusion: Our findings underscore the impact of motion in reducing vibrotactile sensitivity on the back of the hand and around the wrist.

Application: This research has wide-ranging practical applications, particularly in the field of VR/AR experiences, rehabilitation programs, and accessibility solutions through the use of haptic gloves. Insights from our study can be harnessed to enhance the efficacy of haptic gloves in conveying vibrotactile cues within these contexts.

The ability to convey emotions and induce pleasure is one of the most important aspects of the way that music becomes meaningful to humans. Affective responses to music are specific to both cultural and personal preferences, but little is known about the individual variability in adolescence. The Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ) is a psychometric measure that identifies five factors associated with musical pleasure: Musical Seeking, Emotional Evocation, Mood Regulation, Social Reward, and Sensory-Motor. With this study, we aimed to validate the BMRQ in Danish teens and to explore the differences in music reward experiences in relation to the amount of musical activity, between genders and over ages. Approximately 30,000 Danish adolescents participated in a mass experiment with a subset (N = 4641, 51.2% girls, age range = 13-19 years old) responding to (1) a Danish adaptation of the BMRQ and (2) the Concurrent Musical Activities (CCM) Questionnaire. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied, and a seven-factor model of the BMRQ was found to fit the Danish adolescent population. The seven-factor version of the Danish BMRQ was due to the split of the dimensions "Sensory-Motor" and "Social Reward" into two further subfactors. The students with a higher amount of musical engagement scored higher across all dimensions. In particular, the higher the musical engagement, the higher scores were found for the facet of musical pleasure related to the sharing of musical activities, especially in the earliest stages of adolescence. Furthermore, we found that sensitivity to music generally tends to increase with age, and that girls reported overall to be more sensitive to music than boys in the dimension related to evocation of emotions. A slightly different model of the BMRQ has to be taken into account when testing the Danish adolescent population. In addition to utilizing the Danish version of the BMRQ on a large sample of adolescents, this study may provide insight into the relationship between changes in the level of musical reward depending on amount of musical engagement and how musical reward unfolds within and between genders and across age groups during this developmental stage.

We assessed whether traits from the four-factor vulnerability model for substance misuse are associated with the content of emotional descriptions given by Canadian university students of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their lives. Personality traits were measured in 1185 first- and second-year undergraduates (mean age = 19.11 years; 79% female). Written responses to "Tell us about how the COVID-19 pandemic is impacting your life" were coded using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. Negative binomial analyses were run to examine links between traits and emotion word types used in responses. Anxiety sensitivity was associated with increased use of anxiety words; hopelessness was associated with increased use of negative emotion and sadness words, and decreased use of positive emotion words; and impulsivity was associated with increased use of anger words. Findings have implications for personality-tailored interventions for students vulnerable to distress resulting from highly stressful situations such as pandemics.

"Sexually violent predator" (SVP) legislation requires, in part, that an individual has a mental abnormality that causes difficulty in controlling sexual behavior. Previous research has found paraphilia not otherwise specified (NOS) as one of the most prevalent diagnoses proffered in SVP evaluations. However, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) modified paraphilia NOS diagnosis in two ways. First, this diagnosis was divided into two new diagnostic categories: other specified paraphilic disorder (OSPD) and unspecified paraphilic disorder. Second, OSPD required an added specifier to indicate the individual's source of sexual arousal. To date, no study has systematically explored how the revision to paraphilia NOS has affected diagnoses within SVP evaluations. The current study explored the frequency and diagnostic reliability of paraphilic disorders in a sample of 190 adult men evaluated for SVP civil commitment using the DSM-5. Results indicated that OSPD was the second most common paraphilic disorder, next to pedophilic disorder. However, there was poor to fair agreement (kappa = 0.21, p < .01) between independent evaluators in providing this diagnosis. Additionally, the two most common OSPD specifiers were non-consent and hebephilia, despite recent debate and rejection of these constructs from the DSM-5. While these constructs were the most prevalent, the specifiers contained quite varied terminology, suggesting vague diagnostic tendencies within these evaluations. Given that the presence of a mental abnormality is the cornerstone to the constitutionality of SVP commitment, diagnostic practices should be based in reliable and valid techniques.