心理学最新文献

Taking into account beliefs and culture is essential in behaviour analysis in various areas of life and work. However, knowledge about the links between these beliefs is sparse and imprecise. This article analyses the links between fatalistic, cultural and socio-instrumental control beliefs, by a questionnaire on a sample of 515 Cameroonian partcipants including male (N = 290) and female (N = 225), workers from the public (N = 208), formal private (N = 265) and informal (N = 40) sectors. The questionnaire consisted of the fatalism scale designed by Kouabenan (1998), the Cameroonian cultural beliefs scale by Ngueutsa et al. (2021), and the socio-instrumental control beliefs scale derived from Spector (2004). Regression analyses showed that cultural beliefs partially mediated the link between fatalistic and socio-instrumental control beliefs. The results call into question the conceptualization of fatalistic beliefs, often seen as inducers of passivity. They suggest that cultural beliefs and practices may activate a 'non-inhibiting' form of fatalism that would justify the use of cultural entities to exercise indirect control over events. The concept of active fatalism is discussed.

We conducted two reverse-correlation studies, as well as two pilot studies reported in the online supplement (total N = 1,411), on the topics of (a) whether liberals and conservatives differ in the types of dehumanization that they cognitively emphasize when mentally representing one another, and if so, (b) whether liberals and conservatives are sensitive to how they are represented in the minds of political outgroup members. Results suggest that partisans indeed differ in the types of dehumanization that they cognitively emphasize when mentally representing one another: whereas conservatives' dehumanization of liberals emphasizes immaturity (vs. savagery), liberals' dehumanization of conservatives more strongly emphasizes savagery (vs. immaturity). In addition, results suggest that partisans may be sensitive to how they are represented. That is, partisans' meta-representations-their representations of how the outgroup represents the ingroup-appear to accurately index the relative emphases of these two dimensions in the minds of political outgroup members.

Introduction: Understanding the correlates of problematic gambling among emerging adult university students is crucial for developing effective approaches to minimise harm.

Methods: This cross-sectional survey study reports on 397 18-25 year old emerging adults studying at Irish universities who completed an online survey about problematic gambling and a range of biopsychosocial variables. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses explored the relationships between problematic gambling and the biopsychosocial variables measured.

Results: Chi-square analyses showed that being male, having an online gambling account, having a mobile gambling app, novelty seeking (impulsivity), harm avoidance (fear of uncertainty), and high alcohol volume consumption were significantly associated with problematic gambling. Regression analyses showed that individuals were more likely to report problematic gambling if they were male (OR = 9.57 times), had an online gambling account (OR = 17.05 times), had a mobile gambling app (OR = 20.37 times), scored high in impulsivity (OR = 7.79 times), and reported high alcohol volume consumption (OR = 4.66 times). Individuals were less likely to report problematic gambling if they scored high in fear of uncertainty (OR = 0.26 times).

Conclusions: A high rate of problematic gambling was observed among the current study sample. Participants were more likely to reported problematic gambling if they were male, had online gambling accounts, mobile gambling apps, scored high in impulsivity, scored low in fear of uncertainty, or consumed high volumes of alcohol in typical drinking sessions. These findings have implications for Irish legislation and policy-makers, Irish higher education institutions, and young adult Irish university students.

Many casinos diffuse a pleasant ambient scent into their facilities as a customer experience management practice, but the ethics of this scenting process is questionable. Although the effect of a pleasant scent on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses has been well-documented, its effect on attention during gambling has yet to be explored. Grounded in the tenets of the top-down control of attention and cross-modal correspondence between vision and olfaction, we conduct two eye-tracking experiments that involve different electronic casino games including video slots and live Cussec. The findings consistently show that pleasant ambient scent prolongs attention and induces more frequent attention to the win/loss areas on the video screen. The findings add to the implications related to responsible gambling by inspiring the stakeholders to consider the use of ambient scent in the gambling environment. Theoretically, the findings offer insights into scent as the catalyst that directs attention to goal-related information, while scent and goal do not need to be congruent in traits.

Technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) includes different forms of digital violence, such as online gender-based violence, online gender- and sexuality-based violence, digital sexual harassment, online sexual coercion, and nonconsensual pornography. The aim of this study was to design and validate a measure to assess the perpetration and victimization of each dimension of TFSV. The relationships between the different dimensions and differences by gender and sexual orientation were also analyzed. The participants were a sample of 2,486 adults (69% women) from Spain, aged between 16 and 79 (M = 25.95; DT = 9.809) years. The Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Scales were found to be valid and reliable instruments, supporting our recommendation for the use of these scales. Network analysis and solution-based exploratory factor analyses showed that the dimensions of online sexual coercion and nonconsensual pornography clustered together. All the perpetration variables were related to sexism. Finally, cis women and nonheterosexual people reported higher victimization scores overall compared to cis men and heterosexuals, respectively, while cis men reported higher perpetration scores overall than cis women.

Objective: With the rapid improvements in drone technology, there is an increasing interest in distal pointing to diffuse drones. This study investigated the effect of depth on distal pointing when the hand does not traverse the entire distance from start to target so that the most suitable mathematical model can be assessed.

Background: Starting from the Fitts paradigm, researchers have proposed different models to predict movement time when the distance to the target is variable. They do consider distance, but they are based on statistical modeling rather than the underlying control mechanisms.

Methods: Twenty-four participants volunteered for an experiment in a full-factorial Fitts' paradigm task (3 levels of movement amplitude *7 levels of target width *3 levels of distance from participant to screen). Movement time and the number of errors were the dependent variables.

Results: Depth has a significant effect when the target width is small, but depth has no effect when the target width is large. The angular version of the two-part model is superior to the one-part Fitts' model at larger distances. Besides, Index of difficulty for distal pointing, ${ID}_{\text{DP}}$ with adjustable k achieves the best fit even though the model is very sensitive to the value of k and the complexity of the model could be resulting in an overfitting. The result implies that the effects of movement amplitude and target width are not comparable and grouping them to form a dependent index of difficulty can be misleading especially when distance is an added variable.

Conclusion: The angular version of the two-part model is a viable and meaningful description for distal pointing. Even though the ${ID}_{\text{DP}}$ with adjustable k is the best predictor for movement time when depth is an added variable, there is no physical interpretation for it.

Application: A reasonable predictive model for performance assessments and predictions in distal pointing.

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a popular neuropsychological test that is complicated to score and interpret. In an attempt to make scoring of the WCST simpler, Berry (The Clinical Neuropsychologist 10, 117-121, 1996) developed a diagrammatic scoring procedure, particularly to aid scoring of perseverative responses. We identified key limitations of Berry's diagram, including its unnecessary ambiguity and complexity, use of terminology different from that used in the standardized WCST manual, and lack of distinction between perseverative errors and perseverative responses. Our new diagrammatic scoring procedure scores each response one-by-one; we strongly suggest that the diagram is used in conjunction with the 1993 WCST manual. Our new diagrammatic scoring procedure aims to assist novice users in learning how to accurately score the task, prevent scoring errors when using the manual version of the task, and help scorers verify whether other existing computerized versions of the task (apart from the PAR version) conform to the Heaton et al. (1993) scoring method. Our diagrammatic scoring procedure holds promise to be incorporated into any future versions of the WCST manual.

Providing treatment side effect information to patients increases the risk of harm due to the nocebo effect. Nocebo education, in which patients learn about nocebo effects, is a novel strategy that can be used across a variety of situations and individuals to decrease unpleasant treatment side effects. It is currently unclear which psychological changes are induced by nocebo education, which is information required to maximize this intervention. Two pre-registered studies investigated the effects of nocebo education on side effect expectations, side effect control beliefs, feelings toward treatments, intentions to avoid or seek side effect information, and perceptions of treatment efficacy. In Study 1 (N = 220), adult participants either watched or did not watch a nocebo education intervention video prior to reading vignettes about receiving a surgical treatment for pain and a medication for pain. Study 2 (N = 252) was similar to Study 1, with the inclusion of a health behavior video control group and participants only reading about a medication treatment for pain. In both experiments, nocebo education reduced global side effect expectations and increased side effect self-efficacy beliefs. Nocebo education also increased intentions to avoid side effect information and decreased intentions to seek more side effect information. Evidence was inconclusive on whether nocebo education changes affective associations with the treatments. The findings demonstrate that nocebo education has a multi-faceted influence with the potential to change patient behavior. The results can be used to improve the management of adverse treatment side effects.

Closed-form (asymptotic) analytical power estimation is only available for limited classes of models, requiring correct model specification for most applications. Simulation-based power estimation can be applied in almost all scenarios where data following the model can be estimated. However, a general framework for calculating the required sample sizes for given power rates is still lacking. We propose a new model-implied simulation-based power estimation (MSPE) method for the z-test that makes use of the asymptotic normality property of estimates of a wide class of estimators, the M-estimators, and give theoretical justification for the approach. M-estimators include maximum-likelihood, least squares estimates and limited information estimators, but also estimators used for misspecified models, hence, the new simulation-based power modeling method is widely applicable. The MSPE employs a parametric model to describe the relationship between power and sample size, which can then be used to determine the required sample size for a specified power rate. We highlight its performance in linear and nonlinear structural equation models (SEM) for correctly specified models and models under distributional misspecification. Simulation results suggest that the new power modeling method is unbiased and shows good performance with regard to root mean squared error and type I error rates for the predicted required sample sizes and predicted power rates, outperforming alternative approaches, such as the naïve approach of selecting a discrete selection of sample sizes with linear interpolation of power or simple logistic regression approaches. The MSPE appears to be a valuable tool to estimate power for models without an (asymptotic) analytical power estimation.

Caring for children with different developmental trajectories brings various challenges, which are often exacerbated in low-resource settings. International research has shown that raising a child with autism strongly impacts family caregivers, particularly mothers. There is a dearth of information regarding caregiving for individuals with autism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and for fathers as well as mothers. This study examined the similarities and differences in caregiving for mothers and fathers of a child with autism in KRI using validated rating scales to measure various aspects of their general well-being. Over two years, a sample of 118 parents of individuals with autism (81 mothers and 37 fathers) self-completed the rating scales, which were further discussed through individual interviews with service personnel mainly known to them. The findings indicated that mothers and fathers were similarly impacted. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the ratings of their general health, sources of stress, family functioning, and satisfaction with caregiving, the majority of parents had elevated ratings on all the measures. In addition, parents who rated their children higher on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist had significantly higher scores on their general health issues and were less satisfied with their caregiving role. Parents of female individuals with autism were also significantly more stressed compared to the male individuals with autism and parents of children who received a diagnosis before three years of age, reported fewer behavioral problems with their child compared to the parents who received a diagnosis when the child was older. In this sample, mothers and fathers seem to be similarly impacted by caring for a child with autism, which is contrary to findings from other countries. However, in this region, family bonds between couples and the wider family may have had an influence which further cross-cultural research in low-resource settings could help elucidate, notwithstanding the challenges this poses. The findings have policy implications for health authorities in the KRI to improve the support provided to both mothers and fathers who care for children with autism, which presently is rarely available to them.