心理学最新文献

Background: There are few guidelines on the appropriate clinical tools to evaluate mTBI in older adults.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the utility of a multidomain assessment to differentiate older adults with mTBI from controls.

Methods: Participants included 68 older adults (37% male) aged 60-76 (M = 66.24, SD = 4.50) years. Thirty-four patients were diagnosed with a mTBI at a specialty mTBI clinic within 90 days of injury, and age- and sex-matched to 34 community controls. Participants completed the following assessments: Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Short Fall Efficacy Scale-International (Short FES-I), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Item Scale (GAD-7), Geriatric Depression Scale-5 Item (GDS-5), Wide Range Achievement Test-Fourth Edition (WRAT-4) reading subtest, subtests of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), clock drawing, and Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening for Concussion (VOMS). Independent-samples t-tests or chi-squared analyses were used to compare assessment results between groups. A logistic regression (LR) was conducted to determine which combination of assessments best identified the mTBI group from controls.

Results: The mTBI group endorsed significantly more symptoms of concussion (p < .001), balance concerns (p < .001), anxiety (p < .001), and depression (p = 0.04), and performed worse on cognitive (p < .001), vestibular (p < .001), and oculomotor (p = .004) screening relative to controls. The LR (p < .001; r² = 0.90) correctly identified 98.5% of older adults and retained concussion (p = .01) and depression (p = .02) symptoms, and cognitive (p = .03) and vestibular (p = .04) screening in the final model.

Discussion: The current findings support a multidomain assessment model of care for evaluating mTBI in older adults.

Empathy has the potential to bridge political divides. Here, we examine barriers to cross-party empathy and explore when and why these differ for liberals and conservatives. In four studies, U.S. and U.K. participants (total N = 4,737) read hypothetical scenarios and extended less empathy to suffering political opponents than allies or neutral targets. These effects were strongly shown by liberals but were weaker among conservatives, such that conservatives consistently showed more empathy to liberals than liberals showed to conservatives. This asymmetry was partly explained by liberals' harsher moral judgments of outgroup members (Studies 1-4) and the fact that liberals saw conservatives as more harmful than conservatives saw liberals (Studies 3 and 4). The asymmetry persisted across changes in the U.S. government and was not explained by perceptions of political power (Studies 3 and 4). Implications and future directions are discussed.

Across nine experiments (eight preregistered) involving Western and Asian samples, we showed that people providing ambiguous (vs. specific) responses to questions in various social scenarios are seen as less likable. This is because, depending on the social context, response ambiguity may be interpreted as a way to conceal the truth and as a sign of social disinterest. Consequently, people reported lower inclination to befriend or date individuals who appeared to provide ambiguous responses. We also identified situations in which response ambiguity does not harm likability, such as when the questions are sensitive and the responder may need to "soften the blow." A final exploratory study showed that response ambiguity also impacts personality perceptions-individuals providing ambiguous responses are judged as less warm, less extraverted, less gullible, and more cautious. We discuss theoretical implications for the language psychology and person perception literatures and practical implications for impression management and formation.

Public safety personnel (PSP) work experiences necessitate diverse and frequent exposures to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs) and other occupational stressors, which may explain the higher prevalence of mental health disorders and suicidal ideation among PSP relative to the general population. Consequently, PSP require emotional coping skills and evidence-informed mental health training to navigate arduous situations. The Emotional Resilience Skills Training (ERST) is a pilot 13-week mental health training program led by a peer and based on the robustly evidenced Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Mental Disorders. The study assessed whether PSP: perceived the ERST as improving their mental health or their management of stressors; applied the associated knowledge and skills; and would recommend ESRT to other PSP. Data were collected using a self-report survey and focus groups. A total of 197 PSP (58% male) completed a self-report survey and 72 PSP (33% female) participated in a sector-specific focus group to assess the ERST. The results indicate that PSP perceived ERST as helpful when applied. Almost all participants would recommend the training to other PSP. PSP expressed the ongoing need for mental health skills and knowledge, but also identified mental health training gaps during early-career training and stages.

Migraine is a common neurological disorder globally. Migraines, with or without aura, are episodic and recurring with symptom-free periods. Frequent and prolonged attacks can lead to chronic migraine. This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate feasibility of therapist-guided, acceptance-based internet cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) as an adjunct to standard medical care for migraine patients in Swedish primary healthcare settings using a mixed methods approach. Participants (treatment n = 15, control n = 14) underwent qualitative and quantitative assessments to evaluate feasibility, acceptance, and initial treatment effects. Interviews with participants (n = 7) indicate that most participants had struggled with migraines for decades and expressed dissatisfaction with the limited medical care. They found the flexible, digital format particularly helpful, praising its accessibility and structured learning. While they appreciated the comprehensive content, some faced challenges with the psychological language and the program pace. Post-treatment, participants reported emotional and behavioral changes, and better migraine management. Seventy-two percent of the 29 participants completed both baseline and 3-month follow-up measures. On average, participants completed 7.7 modules, with 60% completing all 10 modules. Promising effect size indicated a reduction in migraine days during the three-month follow-up. Both qualitative and quantitative data support the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention in primary care settings.

Men experience numerous barriers in seeking help or resources after intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, with one barrier being a reluctance or lack of ability to identify that they have been victims of IPV. This study examines factors relating to male victims of IPV self-identification of abuse. Using a gender socialization approach, demographics and facets of masculine honor ideology were tested to see whether they were significantly related to self-identifying as experiencing abuse in their relationship. Using a sample of 289 men, the frequency of individuals who self-identified as someone who had been in an abusive relationship was compared to the number of individuals who indicated IPV victimization on the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), and percentages of correct identification were calculated. In addition, a binary logistic regression was run to examine factors that were related to someone identifying as a victim of IPV compared to those that were not. When directly asked if they had ever experienced abuse in a romantic relationship, a total of 41 (14.2%) men self-identified as having been a victim of IPV. However, when examining scores on the CTS2, 69 (23.9%) reported some sexual IPV, 201 (69.6%) indicated psychological abuse, and 59 (20.4%) indicated physical abuse. Subscales of the Masculine Honor Belief Scale were not found to have a significant relationship with self-identification, but differences were found among types of IPV and demographics. Specifically, men who identify as LGBTQ+ were significantly more likely to identify when they experienced IPV victimization. Barriers to male self-identification and treatment are discussed.

The role of attitudes toward women and sexual violence in predicting men's perpetration of rape has been well documented in the literature. While research on rape perpetration has primarily focused on identifying risk factors, the limited understanding of protective factors has hindered the development of psychometric measures to assess attitudinal protective factors. However, comprehending these protective factors is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the risk of rape perpetration and the advancement of strength-based approaches. This research describes the development of a new scale designed to measure anti-rape attitudes (ARA) in young heterosexual men. To generate the initial item pool, relevant information was gathered from sexual violence support service websites and academic literature. This item pool underwent an external expert review for further item generation and cognitive interviews for content validation. This qualitative phase was followed by four quantitative studies for item reduction and scale validation. The resulting 19-item scale demonstrates good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .84). The ARA scale exhibits strong negative correlations with rape myth acceptance (RMA) and hostile sexism, and strong positive correlations with positive consent attitudes (PCA), supporting the scale's construct validity. We further conducted hierarchical regression analyses to test the unique relationship of ARA with those constructs while controlling for RMA. These showed that ARA have significant, unique associations with PCA and ambivalent sexism. The development of this new scale enables a more comprehensive assessment of the risk of rape perpetration and opens up new avenues for research on protective factors against rape. Ultimately, this study constitutes an important step toward fostering strength-based approaches to combat sexual violence.

Sleep deprivation is a common health condition among people with intellectual disabilities. Studies have linked sleep problems with challenging behaviors. However, it is unclear if there is a consistent effect on challenging behavior and what reinforcement mechanism(s) might be involved. A systematic review of PsychINFO, PubMed, and Scopus identified seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria that had been published over the past 50 years. Data were extracted regarding participant characteristics, specific aim, sleep deprivation, functional behavioral assessments, results, and key findings. Studies consistently reported increased rates of challenging behavior following bouts of sleep deprivation. Five of the seven studies demonstrated negative reinforcement as the mechanism associated with increased challenging behavior. Results were unclear or lacking for other reinforcer mechanisms. Current evidence shows that sleep deprivation can increase negatively reinforced challenging behavior, but automatic and positive reinforcement mechanisms may be unaffected. Theoretical and practice implications are discussed.

In two pre-registered experiments, we assessed how people cognitively represent meat and plant-based foods, to examine processes underlying dietary polarization in society. Food descriptions from U.K.-based omnivores (N_{Exp. 1} = 109; N_{Exp. 2} = 436) and vegans (N_{Exp. 1} = 111; N_{Exp. 2} = 407) were coded for features about consumption and reward (e.g., "rich," "indulgent," and "treat") or features independent of the consumption situation (e.g., "healthy," "protein," and "eco-friendly"). Participants used more consumption and reward features for diet-congruent dishes (meat dishes for omnivores and plant-based dishes for vegans) than for diet-incongruent dishes (vice versa). Omnivores focused on abstract, long-term consequences of plant-based foods, whereas vegans focused on the socio-political associations with meat foods. Consumption and reward features also positively predicted attractiveness ratings, the likelihood of ordering a dish, and eating intentions. These findings indicate the cognitive processes of polarized dietary groups that may hinder the mainstream transition to more sustainable food choices.