心理学最新文献

Younger and older L1 Chinese speakers differ in where they place their focus-young adults look more to the future, while older adults value the past-yet neither group faces toward the past. Instead, all L1 Chinese participants consistently adopt a future-facing perspective. When interpreting ambiguous temporal expressions, they rely on S-Time: "" ("qian", front) refers to earlier (past) moments and "" ("hou", back) to later (future) moments. This reflects a reference frame of S-Time rather than a backward orientation toward the past. In contrast, L1 English speakers prefer D-Time, mapping "front" onto the future and "back" onto the past. Together, these findings show that although age shifts temporal focus among L1 Chinese speakers, cultural and values background determines the dominant reference frames of temporal representations and cognition-S-Time for L1 Chinese speakers and D-Time for L1 English speakers.

Studies from individualistic cultural contexts have shown there were no or negative significant correlation between self-compassion and compassion (for others). However, there may be a closer association between them in a collectivism and Buddhism culture. This study randomly selected 441 college students in China and used measures of self-compassion, trait compassion (compassion for others), psychological resilience, and perceiving social support to investigate this relationship. The results showed a moderately positive correlation between self-compassion and compassion. Further chain-mediation analyses revealed that self-compassion not only directly predicted compassion for others but also indirectly influenced it through the mediating effects of perceiving social support and psychological resilience. The results of this study suggest that the quality of compassion may be significantly influenced by culture.

Pearson correlation, partial correlation, and multiple regression strategies determined the degree to which estimates of the level of left-handedness in each of the 48 contiguous American states related to citizen political ideology and to Democratic-Republican presidential popular vote over the past 60 years. Higher state levels of left-handedness were associated significantly with liberal ideology in each of the presidential election years from 1964 to 2016. Comparable ideology data were not available for 2020. Higher state levels of left-handedness also were associated with a greater degree of Democratic candidate popular vote support in each of the presidential election years from 1964 to 2020 except for 1976. The mean size of these 28 significant Pearson correlations involving the two political criteria was .62 (SD = .12) with a range of .38-.80, indicating handedness alone could account for a mean of 40.1% (SD = 14.9) of the variance in the two political preference variables. Corresponding multiple regressions showed that when state-level Big Five personality, White population percent, urbanization, and income variables were given the opportunity to enter the equations, handedness still emerged with a significant regression coefficient in 26 of the 28 equations. The two exceptions occurred for 1968 with either political preference criterion. It is speculated that such relations are grounded in hypothesized but poorly understood genetic links between handedness, personality, and political beliefs and attitudes, and, that a foundational genetic predisposition to left-handedness in a population may have much greater impact on correlates than overt levels of left-handedness.

A wealth of studies have revealed that foreign experiences affect various cognitive abilities. One well-established finding is that living abroad can increase creative thinking skills. However, there has been little research on the dark side of creativity. Here, we hypothesized that exposure to foreign experiences can also foster malevolent creativity, which refers to the deliberate application of original ideas to turn a profit at someone else's expense. Consistent with our hypotheses, Studies 1 and 2 found that student participants with foreign experiences showed greater malevolent creativity than those without such experiences. Relying on non-student adults, Study 3 replicated the findings of Study 1 using a different behavioral outcome of malevolent creativity. Study 4 found that participants who had decided to move overseas but had not yet done so demonstrated reduced levels of malevolent creativity compared to participants who had lived abroad, which minimized the possibility of reverse causality. Study 5 utilized an experimental design methodology and provided causal evidence for the effect of foreign experiences on malevolent creativity. These findings contribute to understanding about the range of effects that foreign experiences can have on different types of creativity.

As part of the Systematizing Confidence in Open Research and Evidence (SCORE) program, the present study reassesses the claim made in Navarrete et al. (2010) Study 1, that women's voter preference for male candidates who demonstrate cues of strong genetic fitness increases across the reproductive cycle as a function of conception risk. We report an attempt to conceptually replicate these findings, modifying the outcome variables for voter preference to reflect the 2020 election rather than the 2008 election, while maintaining fidelity to the original study by including Barack Obama as a candidate. Contrary to the original findings, conception risk did not predict greater voter support for Obama as a younger, more attractive alternative to Donald J. Trump, nor was conception risk a significant factor in other matchups we presented to participants. Candidate intelligence and participant psychopathy scores on the Dark Triad were found to be factors in preference for Obama/Biden or Trump, respectively. We discuss these results in the context of evolutionary and political psychology, suggesting the need for further research that takes political factors into account.

In this study, we examined and compared the beliefs of undergraduate nursing students at a healthcare-focused university in central Japan regarding their abilities to learn English and nursing and sustain effort in their studies. Specifically, the purposes of this research were to learn how Japanese nursing students' mindsets and effort regulation differed across the domains of English and nursing and to determine the extent to which mindsets can predict students' effort regulation in these domains. Data were collected through an online questionnaire (N = 132). We found that students' mindsets and effort regulation differed across the domains of English and nursing with no significant differences by year of study. Growth mindsets and effort regulation were significantly higher and fixed mindsets were significantly lower in nursing than in English. Mindsets in nursing were found to predict effort regulation in both nursing and English, but mindsets in English were found only to predict effort regulation in English. The findings offer valuable insights into the learning beliefs of Japanese nursing students and may provide ideas about how to better motivate nursing students in their studies. Furthermore, the study contributes to the understanding of how mindsets vary across domains and cultural contexts.

Conspiracy beliefs are prevalent among members of disadvantaged groups. Adopting a social identity perspective, we hypothesized that these beliefs would reduce the endorsement of internal attributions for inequalities that could negatively affect the image of disadvantaged ingroups. In Study 1 (n = 1,104), conspiracy mentality was negatively associated with meritocracy beliefs, which attribute success and failure to internal factors. In Studies 2 to 5 (ns = 179, 251, 221, 248), taking the perspective of a person exhibiting a high (vs. low) conspiracy mentality in a fictitious context reduced participants' meritocracy beliefs, internal attributions for a privileged outgroup's situation, and fostered negative attitudes toward the outgroup. However, it did not reduce internal attributions for the situation of a disadvantaged ingroup, nor did it improve attitudes toward the ingroup. Regarding intergroup comparison, conspiracy mentality seems to primarily deteriorate the perception of privileged outgroups rather than improve the perception of disadvantaged ingroups.

Stimulant misuse is strongly associated with behavioral impulsivity, including impairments in behavioral inhibition, yet few studies have examined drug self-administration in ways that directly assess inhibitory control. This study aimed to discover if intravenous (IV) self-administration of cocaine and d-amphetamine could be established using a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) schedule in rats and whether stimulant intake altered behavioral inhibition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press under DRL schedules with food reinforcement, then transitioned to IV cocaine (0.3 mg/kg/infusion) or d-amphetamine (0.06 mg/kg/infusion) self-administration sessions. Following the acquisition, full dose-effect curves were established with cocaine (DRL > 10 s) and d-amphetamine (DRL > 7 s), resulting in inverted- U -shaped curves for both active lever presses and infusions earned. The most active lever presses occurred at the second-highest dose for cocaine (0.3 mg/kg/infusion) and d-amphetamine (0.02 mg/kg/infusion). Analysis of cumulative probabilities of interresponse times (IRTs) revealed drug-specific effects on behavioral inhibition. At peak cocaine intake (0.1 mg/kg/infusion), approximately 65% of lever presses occurred before the DRL 10 s requirement, indicating a failure to inhibit responses. In contrast, at the highest (0.06 mg/kg/infusion) and lowest (0.006 mg/kg/infusion) doses of d-amphetamine self-administration, we observed increased long IRTs beyond the 300 s limited hold contingency, similar to saline. These findings demonstrate rats will self-administer stimulants under a DRL schedule, and cocaine and d-amphetamine differentially disrupt behavioral inhibition. This approach provides novel insight into the complex relationships between stimulant use and behavioral control and provides a foundation for future investigations into the mechanisms of behavioral inhibition.

The gut-brain axis plays a significant role in maintaining cognitive health. Akkermansia muciniphila -derived extracellular vesicles (Akk.m-EVs) improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, but their role in elderly POCD is unclear. Therefore, this study investigates whether Akk.m-EVs affect POCD in elderly patients by mediating intestinal barrier dysfunction. Akk.m-EVs were obtained via ultracentrifugation. Sevoflurane (sevo; 3%) was used to induce POCD in mouse models. The cognitive function of mice was assessed by novel objective recognition and Morris water maze tests. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines in hippocampal tissues were detected by ELISA. The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation was analyzed by, while tight junction proteins were detected by immunofluorescence western blot. Akk.m-EVs elevated exploration time, percentage of time spent exploring, identification index for novel objects, decreased escape latency, and enhanced the frequency of crossing the initial platform in sevo-induced POCD mice, highlighting the potential of Akk.m-EVs in improving cognitive, memory, and spatial learning abilities in POCD mice. In addition, Akk.m-EV treatment decreased inflammatory response and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hippocampal tissues of POCD mice, accompanied by elevated zona occludens 1 and occludin protein levels in colonic tissues, suggesting that Akk.m-EVs reduced neuroinflammation and improved intestinal barrier disorder. Akk.m-EVs ameliorate POCD in elderly patients by decreasing neuroinflammation and improving intestinal barrier dysfunction, providing a theoretical basis for the development of prevention and treatment strategies for POCD based on probiotic extracellular vesicles.

The coping pattern of individuals who experience different cultures is influenced by different worldviews and ways of dealing with problems. This study aimed to estimate the psychometric properties of the BriefCOPE inventory and to compare coping strategies between Brazilian and Finnish university students. The study also aimed to identify how individual characteristics relate to coping strategies and explore the interconnections among strategies within the student samples from both countries. This is a cross-sectional observational study. Data was collected in Brazil using paper-and-pencil (n = 398, female = 66.6%; mean age = 21.0, SD = 2.2 years) and in Finland using an online survey (n = 165, female = 67.3% mean age = 26.9, SD = 7.2 years) during 2023 and 2024. A demographic questionnaire and the BriefCOPE Inventory were used. The fit of BriefCOPE to the samples was estimated using confirmatory factor analysis. Prevalences of coping strategies commonly used by students were calculated using a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Multiple logistic regression models were developed, and the odds ratio (OR) was estimated considering each sample and its characteristics. Network analysis was carried out to identify the interconnection among coping strategies. The BriefCOPE Inventory presented adequate psychometric properties in both samples after refinement. Brazilian students showed a higher prevalence of using "Planning" and "Self-Distraction" strategies, while Finnish students showed a more uniform and balanced use of all coping strategies. In Brazil, students who reported having some type of mental health care had a greater probability of using adaptive strategies ("Active Coping": OR = 3.51). In Finland, individual characteristics seem to have little effect on the choice of coping strategies. For both samples, "Planning" was the main strategy in maintaining networks. Finnish students have a larger and diverse repertoire to face everyday problems and better manage psychosocial demands compared to Brazilian students. Expanding students' coping repertoire can be important in preventing the development of symptoms associated with mental disorders in response to stress.