心理学最新文献

Sacrificing a target to save a group violates deontological ethics against harm but upholds utilitarian ethics to maximize outcomes. Although theorists examine many factors that influence dilemma decisions, we examined justice concerns: We manipulated the moral character of sacrificial targets, then measured participants' dilemma responses and just world beliefs. Across four studies (N=1116), participants considering guilty versus innocent targets scored lower on harm-rejection (deontological) responding, but not outcome-maximizing (utilitarian) responding assessed via process dissociation. Just world beliefs (both personal and general) predicted lower utilitarian and somewhat lower deontological responding, but these effects disappeared when accounting for shared variance with psychopathy. Results suggest that dilemma decisions partly reflect the moral status of sacrificial targets and concerns about the fairness implications of sacrificing innocent targets to save innocent groups.

Little attention has been given to self-objectification, which refers to viewing oneself as an instrument or object rather than a full human, in an educational context. To address this gap, the current research aims to test self-objectification among students, and we hypothesized that a performance goal orientation would result in self-objectification (H1), which would further predict reduced authenticity (H2). Six studies (N = 1,716) confirmed our hypotheses. Studies 1-2, employing cross-sectional and 2-wave designs, found a positive association between a performance goal orientation and self-objectification among college students. Study 3 further showed the link among middle school students (i.e., adolescents). Studies 4-5b employed experimental methodologies to demonstrate the causal relationship between the performance goal orientation and self-objectification. In addition, increased self-objectification triggered by the performance goal orientation was further related to reduced authenticity (Studies 3-5b). This work advances the understanding of self-objectification in the educational domain.

Humanity's long-term welfare may lie in the hands of those who are presently living, raising the question of whether people today hold the generations of tomorrow in their moral circles. Five studies (N_Total = 1652; Prolific) reveal present-oriented bias in the moral standing of future generations, with greater perceived moral obligation, moral concern, and prosocial intentions for proximal relative to distal future targets. Yet, present-oriented bias appears stronger for socially close compared with socially distant targets and for human targets relative to non-human animals and entities in nature. Individual differences, including longtermism beliefs and subjective imaginative vividness, predict greater concern for and obligation to the future. Likewise, concern and obligation predict greater future-oriented generosity. Our studies are among the first to explore moral considerations for targets across deep temporal expanses, reconcile conflicting evidence in the extant literature on moral judgment and future-thinking, and offer practical implications for bettering the shared societal future.

University students are often victims of sexual assault (SA) with a wide range of severity, but they are the least likely to disclose the assault or to take any concrete (legal) steps against the perpetrator. Prior work reported 13 main factors that influence university students' choice of reaction post-assault: (a) Fear of personal consequences, (b) distrust in authorities, (c) downplay of assault severity, (d) psychological factors, (e) situational factors, (f) lack of evidence, (g) emotional factors, (h) fear of interpersonal consequences, (i) social factors, (j) giving a benefit of doubt, (k) seeking justice, (l) needing support, and (m) presence of witnesses. In this experimental study, we included a student sample pre-screened not to have a history of SA (N = 419), and we provided them with a vignette. Vignettes were either neutral (control condition, n = 32) or manipulated to present each of listed factors (13 conditions, 26 < n_s > 33). Students were randomly assigned to 1 of 14 conditions in total and were asked to imagine being a protagonist who was assaulted and to rate the likelihood of 8 different post-SA reactions (tell friends, tell family, confront the person, report, police report, do nothing, try to forget, and [falsely] deny). We investigated to see which of the 13 factors had the most impact on each of the reactions. Overall, our results indicate that, when comparing the manipulation groups to the neutral condition, social factors (e.g., religious family, stigma) have the highest impact on students' decision-making post-assault. Social factors increase the likelihood of all passive reactions (e.g., false denial, contrast = 1.82, p < .001) and decrease the odds of taking pro-active actions (e.g., making the report, contrast = -0.96, p = .002). The implications and the limitations of this study are discussed.

Objective: The study presented focuses on the creation of a machine learning (ML) model that uses electrophysiological (EEG) data to identify kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from healthy controls. The EEG signals are acquired during cognitive tasks to distinguish children with ADHD from their counterparts.

Methodology: The EEG data recorded in cognitive exercises was filtered using low pass Bessel filter and notch filters to remove artifacts, by the data set owners. To identify unique EEG patterns, we used many well-known classifiers, including Naïve Bayes (NB), Random Forest, Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), AdaBoost and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), to identify distinct EEG patterns. Input features comprised EEG data from nineteen channels, individually and in combination.

Findings: Study indicates that EEG-based categorization can differentiate between individuals with ADHD and healthy individuals with accuracy of 84%. The RF classifier achieved a maximum accuracy of 0.84 when particular region combinations were used. Evaluation of classification performance utilizing hemisphere-specific EEG data yielded promising outcomes, particularly in the right hemisphere channels.

Novelty: The study goes beyond traditional methodologies by investigating the effect of regional data on categorization results. The contributions of various brain regions to these classifications are being extensively researched. Understanding the role of different brain regions in ADHD can lead to better diagnosis and treatment options for individuals with ADHD. The study of categorization ability, utilizing EEG data specific to each hemisphere, particularly channels in the right hemisphere region, provides further granularity to the findings.

Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) and ADHD are considered distinct but interrelated constructs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of elevated CDS symptoms and increased ADHD risk in the general population, and their relationships with emotion regulation difficulty (ERD) and alexithymia. Out of 1166 participants, 142 with known psychiatric conditions were excluded, resulting in 1024 participants. Participants completed various scales including Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5 (ASRS-5), Barkley Adult Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-16), and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Four groups were formed based on Barkley and ASRS-5 scores: Group 1) No elevated CDS symptoms and Low risk of ADHD, Group 2) No elevated CDS symptoms and Increased risk of ADHD, Group 3) Elevated CDS symptoms and Low risk of ADHD, Group 4) Elevated CDS symptoms and Increased risk of ADHD. Elevated CDS symptoms was found in 10% of participants, and increased ADHD risk in 9.2%. Among probable ADHD cases, 40% had elevated CDS symptoms, while 60% of elevated CDS symptoms cases had increased ADHD risk. Group 4 (elevated CDS symptoms and increased risk of ADHD) had the highest ERD and alexithymia scores, while Group 1(no elevated CDS symptoms and low risk of ADHD) had the lowest. Regression analyses showed that CDS scores predicted ERD (47%) and alexithymia (32%) better than ADHD scores (ERD: 36%, alexithymia: 23%). CDS and ADHD appear as significant concepts that could be involved in the etiology of ERD and alexithymia.

Background: Emotions affect performance in learning contexts; however, their effects on medical trainees' performance in highly ecologically valid settings, like team-based simulation training, are not well understood. It is therefore imperative to know which emotions are experienced by medical trainees and the impacts of these emotions on perceptions of performance and team mood.

Aims: To extend the understanding of medical trainees' emotions in the context of team-based medical simulations using a new self-report tool (Situated Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; SERQ).

Sample: Participants were 106 medical trainees participating in team-based simulations. Seventy-one participated in multiple simulations.

Methods: A field-based, mixed-methods methodology was used. Medical trainees self-reported their emotions and perceptions of individual performance, team performance and team mood. Multi-level analyses were used to account for nestedness. Debriefings were qualitatively analysed to provide validity evidence for the SERQ.

Results: Team leaders reported significantly higher levels of shame post-simulation than team members. A variable comprising post-simulation happiness and hopefulness was a significant predictor of perceptions of team performance and team mood. Post-simulation frustration was a significant predictor of perceptions of team mood. Participants' SERQ responses demonstrated alignment or mixed alignment with their debriefing responses.

Conclusion: Using multi-level analyses, our research provides insight into medical trainees' emotions and their effects on perceptions in highly ecologically valid simulation trainings. Future medical education training may use these findings to develop curricula and simulations to induce specific emotions or practice emotion regulation. Additionally, the SERQ demonstrated promising validity evidence and may be a valuable future research and educational tool.

Although CBT has been found to be effective in the treatment of eating disorders, it is not clear if there are differences between treatment formats. We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized trials of broadly defined CBT comparing individual, group, guided self-help (GSH) and unguided self-help (USH) with each other or with a control condition. The NMA used a frequentist graph-theoretical approach and included 36 trials (53 comparisons; 3,136 participants). Only one trial was aimed at anorexia nervosa. All formats resulted in large, significant effects when compared to waitlists, with no significant difference between formats (group: g = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.84; 1.31; GSH: g = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.75; 1.13; individual: g = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.77; 1.36; USH: g = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.30; 0.93). No significant difference was found between any format and care-as-usual. Analyses limited to binge eating disorder supported the effects of individual, group and GSH formats, with no significant differences between them. Few trials with low risk of bias were available. CBT for eating disorders can probably be delivered effectively in any format, without significant differences between the formats. These results should be considered with caution because of the non-significant differences when compared to care-as-usual and the considerable risk of bias.

First responders are repeatedly exposed to trauma in the course of their work, increasing their vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Efforts to reduce the risk of PTSD could focus on individual factors that increase the risk for PTSD. Although many of these factors are immutable, others, such as high anxiety sensitivity (AS), can theoretically be targeted and fortified through intervention. The current study investigated the effectiveness of a brief (single session) cognitive behavioural therapy for AS intervention vs. a waitlist control in reducing AS, and subsequently mitigating PTSD and related mental health symptoms. Participants were 179 first responders from eight workplaces in Canada. The intervention was delivered remotely to these workplaces in a group format. Workplaces were randomly assigned to the intervention or waitlist control. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire pre-intervention, one-week post-intervention, and 8 months later (and at comparable time points in the control condition). Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that intervention conditions did not predict (a) AS during one-week follow-up or (b) PTSD and related symptoms during eight-month follow-up. Theoretical and clinical implications, including recommendations specific to interventions involving first responders, are discussed in detail.